MODULE 1: Terms, definitions and concepts

Dr. Don Reynolds Author

09/06/2018 Added

347 Plays

Description

In this module you will learn the terms, definitions and concepts important to understanding the principles of biosecurity. These will be used throughout the other modules. (40 min.)

Searchable Transcript

Search:

[00:00:02.906]Hello. I'm Dr. Don Reynolds, professor
[00:00:04.791]and poultry veterinarian at the University
[00:00:07.186]of Nebraska-Lincoln.
[00:00:08.988]Welcome to the Big Red Biosecurity
[00:00:11.267]program for poultry. This is biosecurity
[00:00:13.505]training, module one.
[00:00:19.901]Module 1 will review those terms,
[00:00:23.528]definitions and concepts important to
[00:00:25.725]understanding the principles of biosecurity.
[00:00:29.823]Let's begin by a definition of biosecurity.
[00:00:33.719]Realizing that biosecurity may mean
[00:00:35.879]different things to different peoples
[00:00:37.959]or groups of people and that the definition
[00:00:40.398]may have changed over the years, we will
[00:00:42.819]use a definition for our purposes that is
[00:00:45.249]all inclusive, and divide the word into
[00:00:48.429]"bio," meaning life and "security," meaning
[00:00:51.409]to protect. So "biosecurity" are those
[00:00:53.555]practices, operations, procedures, etc.,
[00:00:58.236]that we take an active part in protecting
[00:01:00.856]something of interest to us. For an example,
[00:01:04.105]a flock of birds or a herd of cattle, or
[00:01:06.236]perhaps facilities such as a livestock
[00:01:08.516]premise, a veterinary clinic, etc.
[00:01:12.426]This differs from biosafety, although
[00:01:14.586]very similar. "Biosafety" would be, again,
[00:01:18.586]"bio," meaning life and "safety" meaning
[00:01:21.776]to safeguard from harm. So it's those
[00:01:24.376]practices that we use to protect ourselves
[00:01:27.016]from harm. So examples might be a biosafety
[00:01:31.014]cabinet that we use in a laboratory to
[00:01:33.594]protect ourselves from infectious agents.
[00:01:36.414]Personal protective equipment, or P-P-E, a
[00:01:39.294]term you should know, is also used in
[00:01:42.684]biosafety. Here's an example of two images.
[00:01:47.474]The top image here of a crew of people
[00:01:51.474]working on hazardous material, and they
[00:01:53.814]are using biosafety personal protective
[00:01:57.814]equipment, or P-P-E. Notice they have
[00:02:00.594]Tyvek suits, gloves, hard hats, face shields
[00:02:05.144]respirators, etc., all to protect them from
[00:02:09.144]the harmful affects of the materials they
[00:02:12.024]are working with.
[00:02:13.511]Down here is another group of people
[00:02:15.533]that are getting ready to enter a poultry
[00:02:17.413]building, and you can see they
[00:02:19.313]also have personal protective equipment
[00:02:21.713]from these blue coveralls, which include
[00:02:25.813]hoods that cover their heads.
[00:02:27.623]And they are holding these
[00:02:29.273]white plastic things that are
[00:02:30.963]actually boots--they'll be disposable boots--
[00:02:33.463]as they enter in the poultry building. So
[00:02:36.563]these people have their personal protective
[00:02:39.033]equipment to protect the birds inside the
[00:02:41.423]building from things that they might
[00:02:43.633]inadvertently drag in. So "biosafety"--
[00:02:47.233]protecting ourselves. "Biosecurity"
[00:02:50.683]protecting those things of
[00:02:52.303]interest to us,
[00:02:53.323]and in our case poultry or poultry
[00:02:55.323]facilities.
[00:02:57.767]So what are we protecting from? And why
[00:03:00.207]is biosecurity so important? Well, the
[00:03:02.427]answer is diseases.
[00:03:05.097]Biosecurity is our first line of defense
[00:03:08.377]for protecting from diseases.
[00:03:11.037]These are preventive measures.
[00:03:12.937]We want to prevent exposures, prevent
[00:03:15.327]infections, prevent the spread of diseases.
[00:03:18.062]So good biosecurity programs decrease the
[00:03:21.612]spread of diseases, and in turn, decrease the
[00:03:24.292]losses due to mortality and morbidity, decrease
[00:03:27.182]the losses from economic concerns, decreases
[00:03:31.822]the public health concerns that we have for
[00:03:35.012]certain diseases. It decreases the use of
[00:03:37.772]disease treatments and preventatives
[00:03:39.972]such as antibiotics, which in turn decreases
[00:03:42.462]antimicrobial resistance, and in some cases
[00:03:45.632]our decreased use of vaccines decrease
[00:03:48.982]the spread of resistant strains of viruses
[00:03:52.982]and other agents. It also increases the health
[00:03:56.532]and well-being of the flock, increases the
[00:03:59.052]profitability of the flock. And in some
[00:04:01.852]cases it may be required by some government
[00:04:04.512]programs such as U-S-D-A's National
[00:04:07.472]Poultry Improvement Plan.
[00:04:11.902]Here's an advertisement or, I might say,
[00:04:15.292]a press release that I took off the Internet
[00:04:18.892]this past year about McDonalds' increased
[00:04:22.682]impetus in reducing antibiotics in chickens.
[00:04:26.682]Now, in order for them to do that, they
[00:04:29.712]need to make sure they have good, healthy
[00:04:33.052]chickens, and biosecurity is our first line
[00:04:36.532]of defense.
[00:04:38.982]So, let's talk about the components of a
[00:04:41.772]biosecurity program. So, there are three
[00:04:45.282]components. The conceptual biosecurity,
[00:04:48.642]which is the big, broad view, the overlooking
[00:04:51.732]view. This is the planning and selection
[00:04:54.162]of a site for physical facilities and
[00:04:56.782]structure. Then we have the structural
[00:04:59.322]biosecurity, which is actually the physcial
[00:05:02.432]facilities and the infrastructure involved,
[00:05:05.502]which includes the type of structure,
[00:05:08.202]whether it be a poultry barn and what type
[00:05:10.642]of poultry barn. It includes the materials
[00:05:13.522]that may be used in constructing that
[00:05:16.252]facility, the type of equipment that
[00:05:18.572]we use, etc. And then there's the operational
[00:05:21.542]biosecurity. These are all the practices and
[00:05:24.932]standard operating procedures that we use
[00:05:27.692]to actually operate the farm. So things such as
[00:05:30.862]traffic management, education and training
[00:05:33.332]of personnel, etc.
[00:05:37.172]Here's an example of--a real-life example--
[00:05:41.172]that happened this past year
[00:05:43.432]in a nuclear waste site. It was the Hanford
[00:05:46.362]nuclear waste site located some 45 miles
[00:05:50.602]from Yakima, Washington. In this situation,
[00:05:53.872]we had the structural biosecurity have a
[00:06:00.912]failure. You can see this is an underground
[00:06:04.622]passage where they transported these
[00:06:07.232]radioactive materials, and for some reason
[00:06:10.592]there was a collapse in this tunnel. This led
[00:06:14.172]to a number of things that happened.
[00:06:17.942]Certainly, their operational procedures where
[00:06:20.992]certain people were evacuated, other people
[00:06:24.202]donned their personal protective equipment
[00:06:27.052]were drawn to the scene. As a consequence,
[00:06:29.932]there was no incident, there was no
[00:06:32.492]exposure, there was no loss of human life
[00:06:35.022]or no one put in harm's way. But this is
[00:06:37.312]a good example of how these three portions
[00:06:41.312]or parts of a biosecurity plan act in
[00:06:44.442]coordination with one another. So our
[00:06:47.752]conceptual plan component where we had
[00:06:51.612]this distance of isolation from the nearest
[00:06:54.912]population center. We had the structural,
[00:06:57.642]which in this case failed, but we had the
[00:07:00.272]operational which kicked in, and we had
[00:07:02.872]a success in preventing any type of exposure.
[00:07:07.382]So the bottom line here is if one of our
[00:07:10.622]components fails, the others are there
[00:07:13.222]to compensate.
[00:07:16.022]Let's talk a little bit about disease. What is disease?
[00:07:19.162]A definition of a disease is a particular
[00:07:22.972]abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure
[00:07:26.422]or function that affects parts or all of an
[00:07:29.062]organism. So, common examples: a broken
[00:07:32.652]arm. That's a structural abnormality. A
[00:07:36.362]head cold. We've all had head colds. These
[00:07:38.892]are typically virus infections.
[00:07:40.952]When a disease causes death,
[00:07:43.942]we call this mortality.
[00:07:46.602]When a disease causes sickness, we call this
[00:07:50.112]morbidity. Obviously, these are both
[00:07:53.102]very important in terms of our
[00:07:55.652]health of a flock.
[00:07:57.332]What about types of disease?
[00:08:00.662]Well, typically we put a very descriptive
[00:08:03.762]term in front of the word "disease" in
[00:08:06.262]describing or typing a disease. So,
[00:08:08.692]common examples would be putting an
[00:08:11.562]organ or an organ system in front of the
[00:08:14.402]disease. We've all heard of heart disease
[00:08:16.942]or cardiovascular disease.
[00:08:19.017]We've all heard of lung disease
[00:08:20.862]or respiratory diseases.
[00:08:22.182]Or, sometimes, we put the
[00:08:23.802]descriptor of how a disease is
[00:08:26.312]transmitted. Food-borne diseases, sexually
[00:08:29.642]transmitted diseases, congenital, hereditary
[00:08:33.642]or genetic diseases, communicable,
[00:08:37.131]transmissible or contagious diseases.
[00:08:41.361]We are typically and most commonly concerned
[00:08:45.313]about infectious diseases. Infectious diseases
[00:08:49.103]are those diseases that involve a pathogen
[00:08:51.853]that replicates in a host.
[00:08:53.853]A pathogen, we also
[00:08:55.853]call the etiologic or causative agent of a
[00:08:59.083]disease.
[00:09:00.343]The host is the organism of interest.
[00:09:03.913]In our case, typically the chicken, turkey -- the bird.
[00:09:07.423]But it could be other animals. Could be
[00:09:09.703]humans, could be plants or other things.
[00:09:12.633]Typical pathogens are viruses, bacteria,
[00:09:16.793]internal and external parasites. Pathogens
[00:09:20.243]replicate and are transmitted to new hosts
[00:09:24.243]in infectious diseases. If this happens in
[00:09:27.123]humans and person to person, we typically
[00:09:29.873]call that a communicable disease.
[00:09:32.153]In our animal world, if it goes from
[00:09:34.703]chicken to chicken or animal to animal, we
[00:09:37.123]call this a transmissible infectious
[00:09:39.213]disease. If it goes from animal to person,
[00:09:43.353]we call this a zoonotic infectious disease.
[00:09:46.483]And in the rare instances where it goes
[00:09:48.913]from people to animals, we call this reverse
[00:09:51.573]zoonosis or anthroponosis diseases.
[00:09:57.143]So examples of an infectious disease of poultry.
[00:10:01.800]In all poultry, coccidiosis, avian
[00:10:04.610]influenza or Newcastle disease.
[00:10:07.280]Then there are certain infectious diseases
[00:10:10.070]that are sector specific, or species specific,
[00:10:13.890]such as in chickens. Chickens are
[00:10:17.190]susceptible to a disease called infectious
[00:10:19.500]bronchitis or infectious bursal disease
[00:10:21.810]or Marek's disease.
[00:10:23.810]Similarly, turkeys are
[00:10:26.490]susceptible to hemorrhagic enteritis and
[00:10:29.140]bordetella avium. These are diseases that
[00:10:31.730]only occur in these avian species.
[00:10:36.600]There are also noninfectious diseases.
[00:10:39.670]Noninfectious diseases also involve a
[00:10:42.790]pathogen, but these typically do not
[00:10:46.250]replicate in a host. So a pathogen is the
[00:10:49.930]etiologic (causative) agent typically
[00:10:52.040]involves a metabolic or structural
[00:10:54.560]functional abnormality.
[00:10:57.560]So some examples of noninfectious
[00:11:00.100]diseases of poultry.
[00:11:02.000]Quite commonly, suffocation. In the brooder
[00:11:05.410]house, if we have a malfunction of a
[00:11:07.530]brooder--say a brooder is no longer heating
[00:11:12.190]properly, often times birds, quote, pile up
[00:11:15.900]to try to conserve heat and stay warm.
[00:11:19.400]In so doing, those on the bottom, so to speak
[00:11:22.160]under the pile, typically will suffocate
[00:11:24.820]and die. Also, drowning is not uncommon
[00:11:28.100]especially if there's a problem with the
[00:11:30.330]water system, or just trauma--getting caught
[00:11:32.880]in doors, feeders, etc. And sometimes
[00:11:35.400]toxicities occur. Maybe some error in feed
[00:11:38.610]formulation or maybe there's a
[00:11:40.550]contamination, inadvertently, of the feed.
[00:11:45.270]A very important part, or concept, is the
[00:11:47.590]infectious dose, sometimes referred to as ID.
[00:11:51.590]The infectious dose is the amount of the
[00:11:53.970]pathogen, measured in number of
[00:11:55.980]microorganisms, required to cause an
[00:11:59.120]infection in the host.
[00:12:00.450]So we typically
[00:12:02.450]characterize these by an ID50, which means
[00:12:06.700]an infectious dose required to infect 50
[00:12:11.070]percent of the population. Often times,
[00:12:14.780]when we titer, or measure out, a virus
[00:12:18.300]we use tissue culture or cell culture. And
[00:12:21.520]then we have what we call a TCID50 or
[00:12:24.820]tissue culture infectious dose, 50 percent.
[00:12:28.410]Or sometimes we use eggs to grow viruses.
[00:12:31.340]And again, we titer it, or measure it, in
[00:12:34.670]an egg infectious dose or EID50.
[00:12:40.500]We use this in toxicology when we're
[00:12:42.180]measuring toxins. So, we have an LD50, a
[00:12:45.360]lethal dose of 50 percent. So, the important
[00:12:49.450]part is that a low infectious dose is
[00:12:53.160]inversely related to the virulence or the
[00:12:56.800]pathogenicity of the pathogen. So a low
[00:12:59.670]infectious dose means it takes very few
[00:13:02.670]organisms to cause disease, so they are
[00:13:05.280]highly virulent. A high infectious dose
[00:13:08.080]means it's a low virulence. And if you
[00:13:10.800]have high enough, the organism typically
[00:13:13.800]does not cause disease so they might be
[00:13:16.120]avirulent. Now there is an old saying that
[00:13:18.970]says too much of anything is not good for you.
[00:13:21.640]And you might remember your mother
[00:13:23.900]saying this when you wanted another piece
[00:13:26.370]of candy as a child. There is some truth
[00:13:28.650]to that. In high enough doses nearly
[00:13:31.370]everything can be toxic or infective.
[00:13:34.700]A good example might be water. Obviously we
[00:13:38.130]need water to survive, but too much water
[00:13:40.640]and we drown.
[00:13:42.983]Another very important concept is what we
[00:13:45.763]call the host / pathogen / environment
[00:13:47.873]relationship.
[00:13:48.833]This is often seen by Venn
[00:13:51.563]diagrams where there are circles or
[00:13:53.653]triangles indicating the pathogen
[00:13:57.293]environment in a host.
[00:13:58.913]Here we have a Venn diagram
[00:14:00.783]within a triangle. Here we have a triangle
[00:14:03.153]within a Venn diagrams.
[00:14:05.153]This is used in
[00:14:06.673]all types of different diseases, not only
[00:14:09.133]in animals and humans but also in plants, etc.
[00:14:13.463]So let's talk about this. What is this
[00:14:16.033]host / pathogen / environment relationship?
[00:14:19.353]Well it's a balance between
[00:14:21.953]the host's defenses and
[00:14:24.913]the pathogen and the infectious disease
[00:14:28.693]of the--I'm sorry, the infectious dose of
[00:14:31.963]the pathogens and how the environment
[00:14:34.443]affects this balance between the two.
[00:14:37.663]Let's take a very common, everyday example
[00:14:40.583]of washing our hands. When we get up in
[00:14:43.553]the morning, we start our day out. We do
[00:14:46.463]various things with our hands. We might
[00:14:48.833]make breakfast. We might make coffee. We
[00:14:51.333]might eat something. Typically we eat with
[00:14:54.233]our hands. As we go through the day we open
[00:14:58.323]doors, we shake hands with people, we use
[00:15:00.843]our cell phones. We typically may drive.
[00:15:04.713]On and on, and our hands
[00:15:06.713]end up in various places.
[00:15:08.713]Along the way, we pick up
[00:15:11.613]microorganisms. Some of these have the
[00:15:14.283]potential to be pathogenic, to cause disease.
[00:15:17.223]We also pick up dirt and debris, perhaps
[00:15:20.453]from food, etc. And as the day wears on
[00:15:23.833]our hands become dirtier, and we have more
[00:15:27.463]microorganisms.
[00:15:30.093]So what happens when we
[00:15:31.703]wash our hands? A couple things happen.
[00:15:35.083]First of all, with good soapy water the soap,
[00:15:39.083]the detergent actually inactivates many,
[00:15:41.363]many microorganisms such as bacteria and
[00:15:44.773]viruses. So, one, we kill the microorganisms.
[00:15:48.953]Two, we rinse our hands and we, quote, flush
[00:15:52.613]them down the drain so we remove them.
[00:15:55.333]We also remove the dirt and the debris in
[00:15:58.583]which these microorganisms harbor themselves
[00:16:01.823]and perhaps even grow. So what we are doing
[00:16:05.363]is that we are changing the environment back
[00:16:09.133]toward the host, and we are creating a
[00:16:12.023]favorable environment for the host by
[00:16:14.553]decreasing all of this dirt and debris on
[00:16:17.573]our hands, and decreasing the environment
[00:16:20.963]of the pathogen by not only ridding of a
[00:16:23.643]pathogen by decreasing the environment.
[00:16:26.413]So, we often hear, often hear the first line
[00:16:29.453]of defense in protecting yourselves
[00:16:32.873]against infectious diseases is
[00:16:35.433]wash your hands.
[00:16:38.944]Now this is a striking headline that I took
[00:16:43.164]out of another website.
[00:16:45.164]Your cell phone is 10 times
[00:16:47.164]dirtier than a toilet seat.
[00:16:48.684]Here's what to do about it.
[00:16:50.294]And it goes on to tell you that
[00:16:53.514]far dirtier than most people think,
[00:16:55.714]and the more germs they collect, the more
[00:16:58.184]germs you touch, and in fact your own hand
[00:17:00.704]is the biggest culprit.
[00:17:02.584]So, again, wash your hands.
[00:17:07.104]Let's talk a little about how diseases
[00:17:09.814]spread. We talk about the modes, or routes,
[00:17:12.804]of disease transmission. This is often--or
[00:17:16.013]this is taken from a human context, but
[00:17:20.013]we the same in birds and animals. So,
[00:17:23.773]it depends on the disease and the disease
[00:17:26.273]agent, but these are common routes.
[00:17:28.434]Direct contact. Here you can see shaking
[00:17:30.774]hands or kissing. In birds we have birds
[00:17:33.444]that rub up against each other, peck on
[00:17:35.894]each other, etc. Aerosol--by air. You can see
[00:17:39.894]some are expelled from the, actually from
[00:17:42.804]the respiratory system as shown here in this
[00:17:45.534]sneeze or cough. Others might float around on
[00:17:49.174]dust particles, etc., that we inhale.
[00:17:52.034]Air and aerosol is an important route.
[00:17:56.154]Indirect contact. If the objects used here
[00:18:01.934]are inanimate, we call these fomites.
[00:18:05.364]Here you see clothing, dishes, etc.
[00:18:08.204]In poultry, we might have equipment
[00:18:10.404]might be boots, might be feeders,
[00:18:13.624]might be shovels, etc.,
[00:18:16.314]that we use in the barn, that we don't
[00:18:18.494]clean. We go from barn to barn, and we spread
[00:18:21.604]these through fomites. Could be feed
[00:18:23.844]trucks, etc.
[00:18:25.844]Oral, food-borne or fecal,
[00:18:27.844]a very common way in which birds
[00:18:31.524]ingest the microorganisms.
[00:18:33.844]And then we have things
[00:18:35.364]called vectors. Insects and bugs. These are
[00:18:39.374]animate versus inanimate, which we call
[00:18:41.924]fomites.
[00:18:43.924]So vectors, we have two types.
[00:18:45.744]Mechanical vectors. A good example would
[00:18:48.484]be a fly. A fly goes over, lands on something
[00:18:51.784]and picks up an infectious agent, for
[00:18:53.904]instance, Salmonella, and it adheres to its
[00:18:56.894]legs, and it flies over and lands on something
[00:18:59.544]else and the Salmonella, or the infectious
[00:19:03.294]agent, is now deposited in a new location.
[00:19:06.404]So that's spreading it just by physically
[00:19:09.474]taking the bug from one area to another
[00:19:12.274]area. Then there are biological vectors.
[00:19:15.174]For example, mosquitoes and malaria.
[00:19:19.174]The mosquito feeds on the
[00:19:20.854]blood meal of an infected host,
[00:19:22.984]sucks up the malaria organism.
[00:19:26.214]The malaria organism actually replicates in
[00:19:29.224]the mosquito as part of the biological
[00:19:32.144]cycle. So the mosquito contributes to that
[00:19:35.824]replication cycle. The mosquito flies off,
[00:19:38.414]bites another individual or animal
[00:19:41.014]and spreads the disease.
[00:19:42.194]So we have two types of vectors:
[00:19:45.624]mechanical and biological.
[00:19:50.774]A biosecurity program and plan is based on
[00:19:54.054]common sense. Typically, there is nothing new.
[00:19:58.174]The principles and concepts are not new.
[00:20:01.754]We do put in new terminology.
[00:20:04.084]We do utilize new technology.
[00:20:06.354]Here's an example of evolving technology.
[00:20:10.744]We've all seen padlocks, the typical key
[00:20:14.744]padlocks on the barn door. So this has
[00:20:17.744]evolved into more weatherproof, and a digital
[00:20:20.614]type of combination here. Here's a mechanical
[00:20:23.294]punch type of entry system. Here we've gone
[00:20:26.704]to electronic.
[00:20:29.612]We've all seen these credit card type of
[00:20:32.482]swipe entry devices on hotel rooms, etc.
[00:20:37.272]Here's one where you just touch. Here's
[00:20:39.692]another one where it's a fob. Now we have
[00:20:42.472]biometrics where you can put your hand and
[00:20:45.202]it will read your fingerprints, etc.,
[00:20:47.542]or retinal images. Here's another one
[00:20:50.022]that is hooked up to your cell phone.
[00:20:53.062]Here's a combination of
[00:20:54.592]both video and audio to be
[00:20:56.252]more secure.
[00:20:58.692]These are now being implemented in biosecurity
[00:21:02.542]programs. For instance, here's the old
[00:21:05.742]technology but very, very effective of a sign.
[00:21:09.442]"No entry. Strict biosecurity in effect."
[00:21:13.102]Here's a more modern type of device, a
[00:21:16.582]pass card. These pass cards are actually
[00:21:20.242]monitored now and wherever that pass card
[00:21:23.542]goes, it's tracked. So if this owner of this
[00:21:27.172]pass card goes into an area that may be
[00:21:30.052]off limits or may be for some reason
[00:21:34.532]undesirable for them to be in--maybe there
[00:21:38.222]are other poultry or whatever in that area,
[00:21:41.412]this pass card will actually restrict access
[00:21:44.712]for a period of time until those people are
[00:21:49.222]deemed safe to go in.
[00:21:53.928]Now, a biosecurity program and plan.
[00:21:56.838]And let's come back again to
[00:21:58.788]our components.
[00:22:00.678]We talked about the conceptual,
[00:22:02.648]which is site selection.
[00:22:04.468]This is where we would place facilities,
[00:22:06.758]roadways, gateways, entryways, etc. Typically,
[00:22:10.358]we want to isolate our facilities away from
[00:22:14.428]traffic or populations. In poultry, particularly,
[00:22:19.558]we want to consider such things as wild
[00:22:23.048]water fowl and migration through the flyways,
[00:22:26.788]the crops that might draw them there, and
[00:22:29.668]certainly ponds and waterways in which they
[00:22:32.378]may be residing. Sometimes it's not
[00:22:36.048]possible or perhaps we're limited in our
[00:22:38.768]selection, so we have to rely on our other
[00:22:41.578]components. Structural--remember these are
[00:22:44.518]types of facilities, types of
[00:22:46.178]rearing facilities
[00:22:47.838]We have, in poultry, open range
[00:22:50.183]versus buildings.
[00:22:51.963]Sometimes the open range
[00:22:54.053]have more challenges in terms of biosecurity.
[00:22:57.243]But it also includes building materials.
[00:22:59.593]The different types of equipment, etc.
[00:23:02.033]And then we have operational which is our
[00:23:04.693]procedures and our practices. For instance,
[00:23:07.203]traffic, both vehicular and personnel.
[00:23:09.873]We can control the signage, the personal
[00:23:12.983]protective equipment, access, etc.
[00:23:16.093]And there's always the training, compliance
[00:23:18.913]and documentation.
[00:23:22.423]Again, we come back to this example when
[00:23:26.583]one fails, the other compensates, and it
[00:23:30.063]takes all three--conceptual, structural and
[00:23:33.163]operational.
[00:23:35.243]Now let's get down to the basics.
[00:23:37.763]How do we keep our, quote, enemies,
[00:23:39.943]intruders-- or in our case pathogens--away?
[00:23:42.843]And the old castle is a good example.
[00:23:46.233]Here's a cartoon.
[00:23:47.833]Here's an actual picture of a Medieval castle,
[00:23:50.433]and notice we have a moat.
[00:23:52.213]What's the function of a moat?
[00:23:54.653]Well, the function of a moat
[00:23:56.843]is to deter people from getting too
[00:23:58.873]close to the castle. And we also have limited
[00:24:01.703]access here in this gateway, so we can control
[00:24:06.043]who comes in and goes out.
[00:24:08.333]We also have fortified walls
[00:24:10.293]around this to help us
[00:24:12.183]protect, in terms of Medieval times protect
[00:24:14.943]against arrows and things that might be
[00:24:17.243]hurled at the castle.
[00:24:19.643]So we have this moat, and
[00:24:22.283]we have these fortified walls.
[00:24:24.793]In our biosecurity plan we call
[00:24:29.263]the walls our lines of separation,
[00:24:32.173]and we call moat our
[00:24:34.013]perimeter buffer area.
[00:24:36.633]Now here's a diagram of a modern schematic
[00:24:42.413]of an animal facility, and you can see this
[00:24:46.253]is a public road. People would come in.
[00:24:49.433]Here it's designated employee and this is
[00:24:52.853]their parking. People would enter the site
[00:24:55.803]here, and if they would be allowed and
[00:24:59.353]authorized, they could go ahead and enter
[00:25:02.993]the complex through the perimeter buffer
[00:25:05.463]area, which is this light blue area, so they
[00:25:07.923]go through. They would put on their personal
[00:25:10.573]protective equipment such as clean
[00:25:12.663]coveralls and footwear, and then they would
[00:25:15.583]be inside the complex. In order to get into
[00:25:19.273]a building, and notice the red outline here.
[00:25:22.073]These are our lines of separation which
[00:25:24.913]separate the animals, in our case the birds,
[00:25:27.853]from the perimeter buffer area. They would
[00:25:30.653]go in through an entry system. So again this
[00:25:33.813]would be analogous to a moat. This would
[00:25:36.543]be our gateway or bridge across the moat,
[00:25:40.253]and these lines of separation are like our
[00:25:42.813]fortified walls. Notice a few other things.
[00:25:45.903]We have feed bins that are inside a
[00:25:48.503]perimeter buffer area. We have some that
[00:25:51.123]are outside. This is a controlled entry area
[00:25:54.663]but it is not in the perimeter buffer area.
[00:25:57.783]We also have a dead bird collection
[00:26:01.183]container that borders the outside and
[00:26:05.283]the perimeter buffer area, so no one has to
[00:26:07.863]actually enter the perimeter buffer area
[00:26:10.453]to collect dead birds.
[00:26:14.493]Here's a schematic of what we call the
[00:26:17.953]Danish poultry farmers entry system.
[00:26:20.483]Again, coming in from the outside. Coming
[00:26:23.903]into an area where you can take off your
[00:26:27.643]dirty clothes. And there's a changing zone.
[00:26:30.353]Often times this would have showers so you
[00:26:32.923]would shower in, shower out. Then you enter
[00:26:35.703]into a clean zone where you would don new
[00:26:40.043]clean protective personal equipment.
[00:26:42.903]And you would enter into where the birds are.
[00:26:46.123]Here's an actual example of someone coming
[00:26:49.403]in out of a perimeter buffer area and going
[00:26:52.113]through a boot wash here, just an extra
[00:26:54.433]step, and they would take off their dirty
[00:26:57.363]clothes here and go through the entry
[00:26:59.663]system.
[00:27:01.683]Different areas have different terms.
[00:27:06.173]Here's one. We talk about the boundary line.
[00:27:11.283]The red, this delineates the
[00:27:13.283]perimeter buffer area.
[00:27:14.773]Then we have the yellow which is called the
[00:27:17.242]barn boundary. We would call these the lines
[00:27:19.782]of separation.
[00:27:21.659]Here's a complex. This could be an animal
[00:27:25.569]complex, production complex. This could be
[00:27:28.919]poultry, could be swine, but a couple of
[00:27:31.899]things. One, look at the conceptual.
[00:27:34.059]We have a site selection here that is very
[00:27:37.849]isolated. It looks like we have another
[00:27:40.249]complex here, but there's a lot of room
[00:27:43.309]between them. Very isolated. Not much in
[00:27:46.169]terms of vehicular traffic. It looks like this
[00:27:48.619]is a dead-end road here. We can look at
[00:27:50.969]here the horizon. We don't see many
[00:27:54.829]waterways. We don't see population
[00:27:57.139]centers, etc. We look closer at our facility,
[00:28:01.329]we see the outside fence, which delineates
[00:28:05.129]the outside from the perimeter buffer area.
[00:28:07.809]We see the facilities, and these walls
[00:28:11.559]represent lines of separation, and we can
[00:28:14.029]see these entry points which would be the
[00:28:16.459]entry system.
[00:28:20.039]Now, infectious diseases, infectious agents,
[00:28:23.859]pathogens. Where are these things?
[00:28:26.749]Most of our diseases in poultry occur from
[00:28:30.749]infectious diseases. And most of these
[00:28:33.339]infectious diseases are either viruses,
[00:28:35.979]bacteria or parasites. So some examples of
[00:28:39.579]virus, and you'll hear me all through these
[00:28:42.379]modules talking about avian influenza and
[00:28:45.329]Newcastle disease. These are the big
[00:28:47.639]diseases that we want to prevent and use
[00:28:51.639]biosecurity to keep them out of your
[00:28:53.929]operations. Bacteria--Salmonella is also
[00:28:57.839]very important for us. E. coli, parasites--
[00:29:02.289]coccidia, ascarids--these are worms, very
[00:29:06.289]common. External parasites such as Northern
[00:29:08.969]fowl mites or lice. Microorganisms can't be
[00:29:12.419]seen with the naked eye so we must use
[00:29:15.139]some type of instrument to see them, and
[00:29:17.599]most typically, a microscope.
[00:29:20.249]Now, viruses. Just very, very rudimentary,
[00:29:24.219]basic knowledge about some viruses.
[00:29:26.819]Viruses are the smallest and simplest
[00:29:29.249]among microorganisms that replicate.
[00:29:32.829]Now, they're so small that we must use an
[00:29:35.299]electron microscope to see them. So, only
[00:29:38.799]under a very certain exception, we really
[00:29:43.049]can't see viruses with light microscopes
[00:29:45.389]so we need an electron microscope.
[00:29:48.049]We know that viruses can attach to dust
[00:29:50.489]particles, droplets, etc., so we need to think
[00:29:53.259]about that in terms of our spread of
[00:29:55.379]disease. There are many types of viruses and
[00:29:57.969]many characteristics of viruses. They have
[00:30:00.559]different shapes and different sizes.
[00:30:03.129]Some are pathogenic and cause disease.
[00:30:05.499]Others aren't. We sometimes call them high
[00:30:08.379]path meaning highly pathogenic that cause
[00:30:11.629]disease, and low path meaning
[00:30:13.629]low pathogenic or not causing
[00:30:15.629]disease, or if they do, very subtle
[00:30:17.749]diseases. Some have very long survival times
[00:30:21.179]in the environment, some are not. Some
[00:30:24.009]are very labile and can be inactivated.
[00:30:26.289]This is very important that all viruses
[00:30:29.409]need a living cell to replicate and reproduce.
[00:30:32.919]Therefore, the virus cannot replicate on
[00:30:36.649]itself without a bird. That's very important
[00:30:40.089]in terms of certain management practices
[00:30:42.599]like barn down time. We know that if we do
[00:30:46.289]not expose the barn if there has been an
[00:30:49.669]infection, we do not put birds in there
[00:30:51.859]right away. The longer we leave that barn
[00:30:54.949]unattended by birds, the more time we'll
[00:30:57.879]have for these viruses to inactivate
[00:31:00.769]themselves and die out. Organic matter
[00:31:03.639]such as dirt, feces, feathers, etc., protect
[00:31:07.759]viruses. It's very important that our cleaning
[00:31:11.719]and disinfecting procedures remove all
[00:31:14.209]dirt and organic material.
[00:31:16.769]Let's talk a little bit about bacteria.
[00:31:18.929]Bacteria are very small but they're larger
[00:31:22.094]and a little bit more complex than viruses.
[00:31:24.554]They can be seen with a typical light
[00:31:27.654]microscope. Like viruses, many bacteria
[00:31:31.394]can attach to dust particles and droplets and
[00:31:34.264]can be spread through the air. There are
[00:31:36.584]many types of bacteria, just like there
[00:31:38.764]are many types of viruses. They come in
[00:31:41.114]many sizes and shapes, and again some
[00:31:43.404]are pathogenic--they cause disease, but
[00:31:45.924]some are very good for us. They're healthy.
[00:31:48.634]We call these normal microbiota. We hear
[00:31:52.124]more and more all the time about gut
[00:31:54.294]health and how good bacteria are good
[00:31:56.684]for us and for our birds. They do have survival
[00:32:00.804]times for long periods in the environment.
[00:32:03.564]A very important feature about bacteria
[00:32:07.564]that distinguishes them from viruses are
[00:32:10.494]the bacteria can grow on their own if the
[00:32:13.484]conditions are right. That is, they do not
[00:32:16.314]need a living organism for replication.
[00:32:19.884]They need the right temperatures.
[00:32:21.984]They need the right substrates and media,
[00:32:24.584]but they can grow on their own.
[00:32:27.334]Now, notice that even
[00:32:28.953]though they need nice warm temperatures
[00:32:31.473]for good growing condition, extreme
[00:32:34.173]temperatures kills them or inactivates them.
[00:32:37.083]That's why we boil water or we boil certain
[00:32:40.243]things to get rid of our bacteria. Baking,
[00:32:43.443]cooking, autoclaving--all these things at
[00:32:45.783]high temperatures help kill and inactivate
[00:32:49.213]bacteria. Bacteria needs substrates, that is
[00:32:51.663]media. They need food for their growth, so
[00:32:54.643]again it's very important in cleaning along
[00:32:58.423]with disinfecting to remove all of the that
[00:33:00.793]organic material that bacteria use for
[00:33:03.903]growing. Bacteria can be treated with
[00:33:06.173]antibiotics. Now we must remember antibiotics
[00:33:10.633]kill bad bacteria, but they also kill good
[00:33:14.473]bacteria along with the bad bacteria, so we
[00:33:18.313]must be very, very judicious in how we use
[00:33:21.073]antibiotics. Also, bacteria can develop
[00:33:24.973]resistance to antibiotics, and this is a major
[00:33:27.873]concern to animal and human health.
[00:33:30.453]Antimicrobial resistance, sometimes
[00:33:32.993]abbreviated A-M-R. So good biosecurity
[00:33:36.993]leads to healthier birds, less disease,
[00:33:40.693]less antibiotic usage. You might come across
[00:33:44.293]something, now it has become very
[00:33:46.963]popular, NAE, which means no antibiotics
[00:33:50.083]ever, which is a trend now that poultry
[00:33:54.083]producers and others are using in terms of
[00:33:57.523]good management practice, good biosecurity.
[00:34:01.981]Parasites. Parasites are the largest and
[00:34:05.031]most complex of a microorganisms, and
[00:34:08.551]many can be seen with the naked eye.
[00:34:11.141]For instance, intestinal worms. We also have
[00:34:13.940]external parasites such as mites and lice.
[00:34:16.411]Some of the life stages such as their eggs
[00:34:19.571]or oocysts are only seen with a microscope.
[00:34:22.231]Here we have oocysts in this picture.
[00:34:26.551]Many types and characteristics of these
[00:34:28.831]parasites and many sizes and shapes. Some
[00:34:31.351]are pathogenic, others are not so pathogenic.
[00:34:34.741]Some survive for long periods of time in
[00:34:37.221]the environment. Many parasites have
[00:34:39.931]complicated life cycles that involve other
[00:34:42.670]animals, other animal species. Again,
[00:34:45.851]organic matter--dirt, feces, feathers, etc.--
[00:34:49.481]protects and harbors the parasites or their
[00:34:52.601]eggs. Though, again, very important to
[00:34:54.991]remove all that dirt and organic matter when
[00:34:57.561]you're cleaning and disinfecting. Certain
[00:34:59.871]environmental conditions favor the
[00:35:01.931]propagation or infectivity of parasites.
[00:35:04.431]For instance, warm, wet litter condition
[00:35:07.391]often favors formation of coccidiosis and
[00:35:12.291]makes them very infective. Parasites can be
[00:35:15.551]treated with drugs. However, like bacteria,
[00:35:19.201]parasites too develop resistance to these
[00:35:22.901]drugs.
[00:35:25.201]I want to spend just a minute talking about
[00:35:28.021]the National Poultry Improvement Plan, or
[00:35:31.401]N-P-I-P. What is the N-P-I-P? Well, more
[00:35:37.421]information can be found on this website:
[00:35:40.381]www.poultryimprovement.org. But just
[00:35:44.031]very briefly. The National Poultry
[00:35:47.351]Improvement Plan was established in the
[00:35:49.951]1930s to eliminate the very challenging
[00:35:53.161]disease to poultry and poultry operators
[00:35:56.371]called Pullorum, also called bacillary white
[00:36:00.041]diarrhea. Now this particular disease is
[00:36:04.621]caused by Salmonella pullorum. Now, it was
[00:36:08.751]found that Salmonella pullorum is
[00:36:12.181]transmitted through the egg, so hens that
[00:36:14.961]were infected with Salmonella pullorum could
[00:36:17.581]infect their progeny. And so until we broke
[00:36:21.081]the cycle of this egg transmission, it was
[00:36:25.021]nearly impossible to control this disease.
[00:36:27.971]So, it was recognized that something had to
[00:36:31.721]be done. So it was a cooperative partnership
[00:36:34.551]between the poultry industry--and recognize
[00:36:37.241]that this is a voluntary participation in the
[00:36:40.331]National Poultry Improvement Plan. Also
[00:36:42.751]involves state government and federal
[00:36:45.071]government officials. The goal is to apply new
[00:36:49.071]diagnostic technology for the improvement
[00:36:51.981]of poultry health in poultry products. Now,
[00:36:55.481]it has extended from the basic beginning of
[00:36:59.591]Salmonella pullorum and now includes
[00:37:02.141]Salmonella typhoid, Salmonella enteridis,
[00:37:05.201]mycoplasmas: M-G -- mycoplasma
[00:37:09.201]gallesepticum, M-S -- Mycoplasma synoviae,
[00:37:11.931]Mycoplasma meleagridis -- M-M, and
[00:37:14.081]Avian influenza. It includes all different
[00:37:17.341]types of birds. Commercial poultry-- the layers
[00:37:19.991]and broiler chickens. Turkeys, waterfowl,
[00:37:22.491]exhibition and backyard poultry, gamebirds.
[00:37:25.991]So, again, it's a voluntary participation, a
[00:37:30.361]collaborative, cooperative partnership
[00:37:33.641]between the poultry industries and producers,
[00:37:36.471]state and federal governments in order to
[00:37:40.471]improve our poultry health and poultry
[00:37:42.721]products.
[00:37:45.719]The National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:37:48.529]has initiated a biosecurity program. It has
[00:37:52.099]established 14 principles for evaluating
[00:37:54.689]poultry biosecurity. These principles will
[00:37:58.249]be addressed in these biosecurity training
[00:38:00.689]modules. These are referred to as the 14
[00:38:03.369]biosecurity principles in Standard E.
[00:38:06.799]The audits of the biosecurity program will
[00:38:09.979]be conducted by the appropriate state
[00:38:12.259]agencies. The N-P-I-P audits will be what we
[00:38:17.569]call a table-top audit, that it it will not
[00:38:20.739]be a site visit but it will be a questionnaire.
[00:38:24.039]They will be required every two years, and it
[00:38:27.779]will require a biosecurity plan training
[00:38:31.049]material, documentation of implementation
[00:38:33.779]of the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:38:36.559]biosecurity principles, corrective actions
[00:38:39.349]if they were needed, biosecurity officer
[00:38:42.849]annual review, completeness and compliance
[00:38:46.029]for the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:38:48.559]biosecurity principles. We will be delving
[00:38:51.039]more in depth on these in upcoming modules,
[00:38:55.039]but I wanted to expose you to the National
[00:38:58.439]Poultry Improvement Plan.
[00:39:00.449]These are the 14 biosecurity principles of that
[00:39:05.289]plan.
[00:39:07.553]This is the end of Module 1. Thank you very much.

The screen size you are trying to search captions on is too small!

You can always jump over to MediaHub and check it out there.

Comments

0 Comments

MODULE 1: Terms, definitions and concepts

Description

Searchable Transcript

Comments icon comment

Related Channels

Comments