MODULE 1: Terms, definitions and concepts

Dr. Don Reynolds Author

09/06/2018 Added

283 Plays

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In this module you will learn the terms, definitions and concepts important to understanding the principles of biosecurity. These will be used throughout the other modules. (40 min.)

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[00:00:02.906]Hello. I'm Dr. Don Reynolds, professor
[00:00:04.791]and poultry veterinarian at the University
[00:00:07.186]of Nebraska-Lincoln.
[00:00:08.988]Welcome to the Big Red Biosecurity
[00:00:11.267]program for poultry. This is biosecurity
[00:00:13.505]training, module one.
[00:00:19.901]Module 1 will review those terms,
[00:00:23.528]definitions and concepts important to
[00:00:25.725]understanding the principles of biosecurity.
[00:00:29.823]Let's begin by a definition of biosecurity.
[00:00:33.719]Realizing that biosecurity may mean
[00:00:35.879]different things to different peoples
[00:00:37.959]or groups of people and that the definition
[00:00:40.398]may have changed over the years, we will
[00:00:42.819]use a definition for our purposes that is
[00:00:45.249]all inclusive, and divide the word into
[00:00:48.429]"bio," meaning life and "security," meaning
[00:00:51.409]to protect. So "biosecurity" are those
[00:00:53.555]practices, operations, procedures, etc.,
[00:00:58.236]that we take an active part in protecting
[00:01:00.856]something of interest to us. For an example,
[00:01:04.105]a flock of birds or a herd of cattle, or
[00:01:06.236]perhaps facilities such as a livestock
[00:01:08.516]premise, a veterinary clinic, etc.
[00:01:12.426]This differs from biosafety, although
[00:01:14.586]very similar. "Biosafety" would be, again,
[00:01:18.586]"bio," meaning life and "safety" meaning
[00:01:21.776]to safeguard from harm. So it's those
[00:01:24.376]practices that we use to protect ourselves
[00:01:27.016]from harm. So examples might be a biosafety
[00:01:31.014]cabinet that we use in a laboratory to
[00:01:33.594]protect ourselves from infectious agents.
[00:01:36.414]Personal protective equipment, or P-P-E, a
[00:01:39.294]term you should know, is also used in
[00:01:42.684]biosafety. Here's an example of two images.
[00:01:47.474]The top image here of a crew of people
[00:01:51.474]working on hazardous material, and they
[00:01:53.814]are using biosafety personal protective
[00:01:57.814]equipment, or P-P-E. Notice they have
[00:02:00.594]Tyvek suits, gloves, hard hats, face shields
[00:02:05.144]respirators, etc., all to protect them from
[00:02:09.144]the harmful affects of the materials they
[00:02:12.024]are working with.
[00:02:13.511]Down here is another group of people
[00:02:15.533]that are getting ready to enter a poultry
[00:02:17.413]building, and you can see they
[00:02:19.313]also have personal protective equipment
[00:02:21.713]from these blue coveralls, which include
[00:02:25.813]hoods that cover their heads.
[00:02:27.623]And they are holding these
[00:02:29.273]white plastic things that are
[00:02:30.963]actually boots--they'll be disposable boots--
[00:02:33.463]as they enter in the poultry building. So
[00:02:36.563]these people have their personal protective
[00:02:39.033]equipment to protect the birds inside the
[00:02:41.423]building from things that they might
[00:02:43.633]inadvertently drag in. So "biosafety"--
[00:02:47.233]protecting ourselves. "Biosecurity"
[00:02:50.683]protecting those things of
[00:02:52.303]interest to us,
[00:02:53.323]and in our case poultry or poultry
[00:02:55.323]facilities.
[00:02:57.767]So what are we protecting from? And why
[00:03:00.207]is biosecurity so important? Well, the
[00:03:02.427]answer is diseases.
[00:03:05.097]Biosecurity is our first line of defense
[00:03:08.377]for protecting from diseases.
[00:03:11.037]These are preventive measures.
[00:03:12.937]We want to prevent exposures, prevent
[00:03:15.327]infections, prevent the spread of diseases.
[00:03:18.062]So good biosecurity programs decrease the
[00:03:21.612]spread of diseases, and in turn, decrease the
[00:03:24.292]losses due to mortality and morbidity, decrease
[00:03:27.182]the losses from economic concerns, decreases
[00:03:31.822]the public health concerns that we have for
[00:03:35.012]certain diseases. It decreases the use of
[00:03:37.772]disease treatments and preventatives
[00:03:39.972]such as antibiotics, which in turn decreases
[00:03:42.462]antimicrobial resistance, and in some cases
[00:03:45.632]our decreased use of vaccines decrease
[00:03:48.982]the spread of resistant strains of viruses
[00:03:52.982]and other agents. It also increases the health
[00:03:56.532]and well-being of the flock, increases the
[00:03:59.052]profitability of the flock. And in some
[00:04:01.852]cases it may be required by some government
[00:04:04.512]programs such as U-S-D-A's National
[00:04:07.472]Poultry Improvement Plan.
[00:04:11.902]Here's an advertisement or, I might say,
[00:04:15.292]a press release that I took off the Internet
[00:04:18.892]this past year about McDonalds' increased
[00:04:22.682]impetus in reducing antibiotics in chickens.
[00:04:26.682]Now, in order for them to do that, they
[00:04:29.712]need to make sure they have good, healthy
[00:04:33.052]chickens, and biosecurity is our first line
[00:04:36.532]of defense.
[00:04:38.982]So, let's talk about the components of a
[00:04:41.772]biosecurity program. So, there are three
[00:04:45.282]components. The conceptual biosecurity,
[00:04:48.642]which is the big, broad view, the overlooking
[00:04:51.732]view. This is the planning and selection
[00:04:54.162]of a site for physical facilities and
[00:04:56.782]structure. Then we have the structural
[00:04:59.322]biosecurity, which is actually the physcial
[00:05:02.432]facilities and the infrastructure involved,
[00:05:05.502]which includes the type of structure,
[00:05:08.202]whether it be a poultry barn and what type
[00:05:10.642]of poultry barn. It includes the materials
[00:05:13.522]that may be used in constructing that
[00:05:16.252]facility, the type of equipment that
[00:05:18.572]we use, etc. And then there's the operational
[00:05:21.542]biosecurity. These are all the practices and
[00:05:24.932]standard operating procedures that we use
[00:05:27.692]to actually operate the farm. So things such as
[00:05:30.862]traffic management, education and training
[00:05:33.332]of personnel, etc.
[00:05:37.172]Here's an example of--a real-life example--
[00:05:41.172]that happened this past year
[00:05:43.432]in a nuclear waste site. It was the Hanford
[00:05:46.362]nuclear waste site located some 45 miles
[00:05:50.602]from Yakima, Washington. In this situation,
[00:05:53.872]we had the structural biosecurity have a
[00:06:00.912]failure. You can see this is an underground
[00:06:04.622]passage where they transported these
[00:06:07.232]radioactive materials, and for some reason
[00:06:10.592]there was a collapse in this tunnel. This led
[00:06:14.172]to a number of things that happened.
[00:06:17.942]Certainly, their operational procedures where
[00:06:20.992]certain people were evacuated, other people
[00:06:24.202]donned their personal protective equipment
[00:06:27.052]were drawn to the scene. As a consequence,
[00:06:29.932]there was no incident, there was no
[00:06:32.492]exposure, there was no loss of human life
[00:06:35.022]or no one put in harm's way. But this is
[00:06:37.312]a good example of how these three portions
[00:06:41.312]or parts of a biosecurity plan act in
[00:06:44.442]coordination with one another. So our
[00:06:47.752]conceptual plan component where we had
[00:06:51.612]this distance of isolation from the nearest
[00:06:54.912]population center. We had the structural,
[00:06:57.642]which in this case failed, but we had the
[00:07:00.272]operational which kicked in, and we had
[00:07:02.872]a success in preventing any type of exposure.
[00:07:07.382]So the bottom line here is if one of our
[00:07:10.622]components fails, the others are there
[00:07:13.222]to compensate.
[00:07:16.022]Let's talk a little bit about disease. What is disease?
[00:07:19.162]A definition of a disease is a particular
[00:07:22.972]abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure
[00:07:26.422]or function that affects parts or all of an
[00:07:29.062]organism. So, common examples: a broken
[00:07:32.652]arm. That's a structural abnormality. A
[00:07:36.362]head cold. We've all had head colds. These
[00:07:38.892]are typically virus infections.
[00:07:40.952]When a disease causes death,
[00:07:43.942]we call this mortality.
[00:07:46.602]When a disease causes sickness, we call this
[00:07:50.112]morbidity. Obviously, these are both
[00:07:53.102]very important in terms of our
[00:07:55.652]health of a flock.
[00:07:57.332]What about types of disease?
[00:08:00.662]Well, typically we put a very descriptive
[00:08:03.762]term in front of the word "disease" in
[00:08:06.262]describing or typing a disease. So,
[00:08:08.692]common examples would be putting an
[00:08:11.562]organ or an organ system in front of the
[00:08:14.402]disease. We've all heard of heart disease
[00:08:16.942]or cardiovascular disease.
[00:08:19.017]We've all heard of lung disease
[00:08:20.862]or respiratory diseases.
[00:08:22.182]Or, sometimes, we put the
[00:08:23.802]descriptor of how a disease is
[00:08:26.312]transmitted. Food-borne diseases, sexually
[00:08:29.642]transmitted diseases, congenital, hereditary
[00:08:33.642]or genetic diseases, communicable,
[00:08:37.131]transmissible or contagious diseases.
[00:08:41.361]We are typically and most commonly concerned
[00:08:45.313]about infectious diseases. Infectious diseases
[00:08:49.103]are those diseases that involve a pathogen
[00:08:51.853]that replicates in a host.
[00:08:53.853]A pathogen, we also
[00:08:55.853]call the etiologic or causative agent of a
[00:08:59.083]disease.
[00:09:00.343]The host is the organism of interest.
[00:09:03.913]In our case, typically the chicken, turkey -- the bird.
[00:09:07.423]But it could be other animals. Could be
[00:09:09.703]humans, could be plants or other things.
[00:09:12.633]Typical pathogens are viruses, bacteria,
[00:09:16.793]internal and external parasites. Pathogens
[00:09:20.243]replicate and are transmitted to new hosts
[00:09:24.243]in infectious diseases. If this happens in
[00:09:27.123]humans and person to person, we typically
[00:09:29.873]call that a communicable disease.
[00:09:32.153]In our animal world, if it goes from
[00:09:34.703]chicken to chicken or animal to animal, we
[00:09:37.123]call this a transmissible infectious
[00:09:39.213]disease. If it goes from animal to person,
[00:09:43.353]we call this a zoonotic infectious disease.
[00:09:46.483]And in the rare instances where it goes
[00:09:48.913]from people to animals, we call this reverse
[00:09:51.573]zoonosis or anthroponosis diseases.
[00:09:57.143]So examples of an infectious disease of poultry.
[00:10:01.800]In all poultry, coccidiosis, avian
[00:10:04.610]influenza or Newcastle disease.
[00:10:07.280]Then there are certain infectious diseases
[00:10:10.070]that are sector specific, or species specific,
[00:10:13.890]such as in chickens. Chickens are
[00:10:17.190]susceptible to a disease called infectious
[00:10:19.500]bronchitis or infectious bursal disease
[00:10:21.810]or Marek's disease.
[00:10:23.810]Similarly, turkeys are
[00:10:26.490]susceptible to hemorrhagic enteritis and
[00:10:29.140]bordetella avium. These are diseases that
[00:10:31.730]only occur in these avian species.
[00:10:36.600]There are also noninfectious diseases.
[00:10:39.670]Noninfectious diseases also involve a
[00:10:42.790]pathogen, but these typically do not
[00:10:46.250]replicate in a host. So a pathogen is the
[00:10:49.930]etiologic (causative) agent typically
[00:10:52.040]involves a metabolic or structural
[00:10:54.560]functional abnormality.
[00:10:57.560]So some examples of noninfectious
[00:11:00.100]diseases of poultry.
[00:11:02.000]Quite commonly, suffocation. In the brooder
[00:11:05.410]house, if we have a malfunction of a
[00:11:07.530]brooder--say a brooder is no longer heating
[00:11:12.190]properly, often times birds, quote, pile up
[00:11:15.900]to try to conserve heat and stay warm.
[00:11:19.400]In so doing, those on the bottom, so to speak
[00:11:22.160]under the pile, typically will suffocate
[00:11:24.820]and die. Also, drowning is not uncommon
[00:11:28.100]especially if there's a problem with the
[00:11:30.330]water system, or just trauma--getting caught
[00:11:32.880]in doors, feeders, etc. And sometimes
[00:11:35.400]toxicities occur. Maybe some error in feed
[00:11:38.610]formulation or maybe there's a
[00:11:40.550]contamination, inadvertently, of the feed.
[00:11:45.270]A very important part, or concept, is the
[00:11:47.590]infectious dose, sometimes referred to as ID.
[00:11:51.590]The infectious dose is the amount of the
[00:11:53.970]pathogen, measured in number of
[00:11:55.980]microorganisms, required to cause an
[00:11:59.120]infection in the host.
[00:12:00.450]So we typically
[00:12:02.450]characterize these by an ID50, which means
[00:12:06.700]an infectious dose required to infect 50
[00:12:11.070]percent of the population. Often times,
[00:12:14.780]when we titer, or measure out, a virus
[00:12:18.300]we use tissue culture or cell culture. And
[00:12:21.520]then we have what we call a TCID50 or
[00:12:24.820]tissue culture infectious dose, 50 percent.
[00:12:28.410]Or sometimes we use eggs to grow viruses.
[00:12:31.340]And again, we titer it, or measure it, in
[00:12:34.670]an egg infectious dose or EID50.
[00:12:40.500]We use this in toxicology when we're
[00:12:42.180]measuring toxins. So, we have an LD50, a
[00:12:45.360]lethal dose of 50 percent. So, the important
[00:12:49.450]part is that a low infectious dose is
[00:12:53.160]inversely related to the virulence or the
[00:12:56.800]pathogenicity of the pathogen. So a low
[00:12:59.670]infectious dose means it takes very few
[00:13:02.670]organisms to cause disease, so they are
[00:13:05.280]highly virulent. A high infectious dose
[00:13:08.080]means it's a low virulence. And if you
[00:13:10.800]have high enough, the organism typically
[00:13:13.800]does not cause disease so they might be
[00:13:16.120]avirulent. Now there is an old saying that
[00:13:18.970]says too much of anything is not good for you.
[00:13:21.640]And you might remember your mother
[00:13:23.900]saying this when you wanted another piece
[00:13:26.370]of candy as a child. There is some truth
[00:13:28.650]to that. In high enough doses nearly
[00:13:31.370]everything can be toxic or infective.
[00:13:34.700]A good example might be water. Obviously we
[00:13:38.130]need water to survive, but too much water
[00:13:40.640]and we drown.
[00:13:42.983]Another very important concept is what we
[00:13:45.763]call the host / pathogen / environment
[00:13:47.873]relationship.
[00:13:48.833]This is often seen by Venn
[00:13:51.563]diagrams where there are circles or
[00:13:53.653]triangles indicating the pathogen
[00:13:57.293]environment in a host.
[00:13:58.913]Here we have a Venn diagram
[00:14:00.783]within a triangle. Here we have a triangle
[00:14:03.153]within a Venn diagrams.
[00:14:05.153]This is used in
[00:14:06.673]all types of different diseases, not only
[00:14:09.133]in animals and humans but also in plants, etc.
[00:14:13.463]So let's talk about this. What is this
[00:14:16.033]host / pathogen / environment relationship?
[00:14:19.353]Well it's a balance between
[00:14:21.953]the host's defenses and
[00:14:24.913]the pathogen and the infectious disease
[00:14:28.693]of the--I'm sorry, the infectious dose of
[00:14:31.963]the pathogens and how the environment
[00:14:34.443]affects this balance between the two.
[00:14:37.663]Let's take a very common, everyday example
[00:14:40.583]of washing our hands. When we get up in
[00:14:43.553]the morning, we start our day out. We do
[00:14:46.463]various things with our hands. We might
[00:14:48.833]make breakfast. We might make coffee. We
[00:14:51.333]might eat something. Typically we eat with
[00:14:54.233]our hands. As we go through the day we open
[00:14:58.323]doors, we shake hands with people, we use
[00:15:00.843]our cell phones. We typically may drive.
[00:15:04.713]On and on, and our hands
[00:15:06.713]end up in various places.
[00:15:08.713]Along the way, we pick up
[00:15:11.613]microorganisms. Some of these have the
[00:15:14.283]potential to be pathogenic, to cause disease.
[00:15:17.223]We also pick up dirt and debris, perhaps
[00:15:20.453]from food, etc. And as the day wears on
[00:15:23.833]our hands become dirtier, and we have more
[00:15:27.463]microorganisms.
[00:15:30.093]So what happens when we
[00:15:31.703]wash our hands? A couple things happen.
[00:15:35.083]First of all, with good soapy water the soap,
[00:15:39.083]the detergent actually inactivates many,
[00:15:41.363]many microorganisms such as bacteria and
[00:15:44.773]viruses. So, one, we kill the microorganisms.
[00:15:48.953]Two, we rinse our hands and we, quote, flush
[00:15:52.613]them down the drain so we remove them.
[00:15:55.333]We also remove the dirt and the debris in
[00:15:58.583]which these microorganisms harbor themselves
[00:16:01.823]and perhaps even grow. So what we are doing
[00:16:05.363]is that we are changing the environment back
[00:16:09.133]toward the host, and we are creating a
[00:16:12.023]favorable environment for the host by
[00:16:14.553]decreasing all of this dirt and debris on
[00:16:17.573]our hands, and decreasing the environment
[00:16:20.963]of the pathogen by not only ridding of a
[00:16:23.643]pathogen by decreasing the environment.
[00:16:26.413]So, we often hear, often hear the first line
[00:16:29.453]of defense in protecting yourselves
[00:16:32.873]against infectious diseases is
[00:16:35.433]wash your hands.
[00:16:38.944]Now this is a striking headline that I took
[00:16:43.164]out of another website.
[00:16:45.164]Your cell phone is 10 times
[00:16:47.164]dirtier than a toilet seat.
[00:16:48.684]Here's what to do about it.
[00:16:50.294]And it goes on to tell you that
[00:16:53.514]far dirtier than most people think,
[00:16:55.714]and the more germs they collect, the more
[00:16:58.184]germs you touch, and in fact your own hand
[00:17:00.704]is the biggest culprit.
[00:17:02.584]So, again, wash your hands.
[00:17:07.104]Let's talk a little about how diseases
[00:17:09.814]spread. We talk about the modes, or routes,
[00:17:12.804]of disease transmission. This is often--or
[00:17:16.013]this is taken from a human context, but
[00:17:20.013]we the same in birds and animals. So,
[00:17:23.773]it depends on the disease and the disease
[00:17:26.273]agent, but these are common routes.
[00:17:28.434]Direct contact. Here you can see shaking
[00:17:30.774]hands or kissing. In birds we have birds
[00:17:33.444]that rub up against each other, peck on
[00:17:35.894]each other, etc. Aerosol--by air. You can see
[00:17:39.894]some are expelled from the, actually from
[00:17:42.804]the respiratory system as shown here in this
[00:17:45.534]sneeze or cough. Others might float around on
[00:17:49.174]dust particles, etc., that we inhale.
[00:17:52.034]Air and aerosol is an important route.
[00:17:56.154]Indirect contact. If the objects used here
[00:18:01.934]are inanimate, we call these fomites.
[00:18:05.364]Here you see clothing, dishes, etc.
[00:18:08.204]In poultry, we might have equipment
[00:18:10.404]might be boots, might be feeders,
[00:18:13.624]might be shovels, etc.,
[00:18:16.314]that we use in the barn, that we don't
[00:18:18.494]clean. We go from barn to barn, and we spread
[00:18:21.604]these through fomites. Could be feed
[00:18:23.844]trucks, etc.
[00:18:25.844]Oral, food-borne or fecal,
[00:18:27.844]a very common way in which birds
[00:18:31.524]ingest the microorganisms.
[00:18:33.844]And then we have things
[00:18:35.364]called vectors. Insects and bugs. These are
[00:18:39.374]animate versus inanimate, which we call
[00:18:41.924]fomites.
[00:18:43.924]So vectors, we have two types.
[00:18:45.744]Mechanical vectors. A good example would
[00:18:48.484]be a fly. A fly goes over, lands on something
[00:18:51.784]and picks up an infectious agent, for
[00:18:53.904]instance, Salmonella, and it adheres to its
[00:18:56.894]legs, and it flies over and lands on something
[00:18:59.544]else and the Salmonella, or the infectious
[00:19:03.294]agent, is now deposited in a new location.
[00:19:06.404]So that's spreading it just by physically
[00:19:09.474]taking the bug from one area to another
[00:19:12.274]area. Then there are biological vectors.
[00:19:15.174]For example, mosquitoes and malaria.
[00:19:19.174]The mosquito feeds on the
[00:19:20.854]blood meal of an infected host,
[00:19:22.984]sucks up the malaria organism.
[00:19:26.214]The malaria organism actually replicates in
[00:19:29.224]the mosquito as part of the biological
[00:19:32.144]cycle. So the mosquito contributes to that
[00:19:35.824]replication cycle. The mosquito flies off,
[00:19:38.414]bites another individual or animal
[00:19:41.014]and spreads the disease.
[00:19:42.194]So we have two types of vectors:
[00:19:45.624]mechanical and biological.
[00:19:50.774]A biosecurity program and plan is based on
[00:19:54.054]common sense. Typically, there is nothing new.
[00:19:58.174]The principles and concepts are not new.
[00:20:01.754]We do put in new terminology.
[00:20:04.084]We do utilize new technology.
[00:20:06.354]Here's an example of evolving technology.
[00:20:10.744]We've all seen padlocks, the typical key
[00:20:14.744]padlocks on the barn door. So this has
[00:20:17.744]evolved into more weatherproof, and a digital
[00:20:20.614]type of combination here. Here's a mechanical
[00:20:23.294]punch type of entry system. Here we've gone
[00:20:26.704]to electronic.
[00:20:29.612]We've all seen these credit card type of
[00:20:32.482]swipe entry devices on hotel rooms, etc.
[00:20:37.272]Here's one where you just touch. Here's
[00:20:39.692]another one where it's a fob. Now we have
[00:20:42.472]biometrics where you can put your hand and
[00:20:45.202]it will read your fingerprints, etc.,
[00:20:47.542]or retinal images. Here's another one
[00:20:50.022]that is hooked up to your cell phone.
[00:20:53.062]Here's a combination of
[00:20:54.592]both video and audio to be
[00:20:56.252]more secure.
[00:20:58.692]These are now being implemented in biosecurity
[00:21:02.542]programs. For instance, here's the old
[00:21:05.742]technology but very, very effective of a sign.
[00:21:09.442]"No entry. Strict biosecurity in effect."
[00:21:13.102]Here's a more modern type of device, a
[00:21:16.582]pass card. These pass cards are actually
[00:21:20.242]monitored now and wherever that pass card
[00:21:23.542]goes, it's tracked. So if this owner of this
[00:21:27.172]pass card goes into an area that may be
[00:21:30.052]off limits or may be for some reason
[00:21:34.532]undesirable for them to be in--maybe there
[00:21:38.222]are other poultry or whatever in that area,
[00:21:41.412]this pass card will actually restrict access
[00:21:44.712]for a period of time until those people are
[00:21:49.222]deemed safe to go in.
[00:21:53.928]Now, a biosecurity program and plan.
[00:21:56.838]And let's come back again to
[00:21:58.788]our components.
[00:22:00.678]We talked about the conceptual,
[00:22:02.648]which is site selection.
[00:22:04.468]This is where we would place facilities,
[00:22:06.758]roadways, gateways, entryways, etc. Typically,
[00:22:10.358]we want to isolate our facilities away from
[00:22:14.428]traffic or populations. In poultry, particularly,
[00:22:19.558]we want to consider such things as wild
[00:22:23.048]water fowl and migration through the flyways,
[00:22:26.788]the crops that might draw them there, and
[00:22:29.668]certainly ponds and waterways in which they
[00:22:32.378]may be residing. Sometimes it's not
[00:22:36.048]possible or perhaps we're limited in our
[00:22:38.768]selection, so we have to rely on our other
[00:22:41.578]components. Structural--remember these are
[00:22:44.518]types of facilities, types of
[00:22:46.178]rearing facilities
[00:22:47.838]We have, in poultry, open range
[00:22:50.183]versus buildings.
[00:22:51.963]Sometimes the open range
[00:22:54.053]have more challenges in terms of biosecurity.
[00:22:57.243]But it also includes building materials.
[00:22:59.593]The different types of equipment, etc.
[00:23:02.033]And then we have operational which is our
[00:23:04.693]procedures and our practices. For instance,
[00:23:07.203]traffic, both vehicular and personnel.
[00:23:09.873]We can control the signage, the personal
[00:23:12.983]protective equipment, access, etc.
[00:23:16.093]And there's always the training, compliance
[00:23:18.913]and documentation.
[00:23:22.423]Again, we come back to this example when
[00:23:26.583]one fails, the other compensates, and it
[00:23:30.063]takes all three--conceptual, structural and
[00:23:33.163]operational.
[00:23:35.243]Now let's get down to the basics.
[00:23:37.763]How do we keep our, quote, enemies,
[00:23:39.943]intruders-- or in our case pathogens--away?
[00:23:42.843]And the old castle is a good example.
[00:23:46.233]Here's a cartoon.
[00:23:47.833]Here's an actual picture of a Medieval castle,
[00:23:50.433]and notice we have a moat.
[00:23:52.213]What's the function of a moat?
[00:23:54.653]Well, the function of a moat
[00:23:56.843]is to deter people from getting too
[00:23:58.873]close to the castle. And we also have limited
[00:24:01.703]access here in this gateway, so we can control
[00:24:06.043]who comes in and goes out.
[00:24:08.333]We also have fortified walls
[00:24:10.293]around this to help us
[00:24:12.183]protect, in terms of Medieval times protect
[00:24:14.943]against arrows and things that might be
[00:24:17.243]hurled at the castle.
[00:24:19.643]So we have this moat, and
[00:24:22.283]we have these fortified walls.
[00:24:24.793]In our biosecurity plan we call
[00:24:29.263]the walls our lines of separation,
[00:24:32.173]and we call moat our
[00:24:34.013]perimeter buffer area.
[00:24:36.633]Now here's a diagram of a modern schematic
[00:24:42.413]of an animal facility, and you can see this
[00:24:46.253]is a public road. People would come in.
[00:24:49.433]Here it's designated employee and this is
[00:24:52.853]their parking. People would enter the site
[00:24:55.803]here, and if they would be allowed and
[00:24:59.353]authorized, they could go ahead and enter
[00:25:02.993]the complex through the perimeter buffer
[00:25:05.463]area, which is this light blue area, so they
[00:25:07.923]go through. They would put on their personal
[00:25:10.573]protective equipment such as clean
[00:25:12.663]coveralls and footwear, and then they would
[00:25:15.583]be inside the complex. In order to get into
[00:25:19.273]a building, and notice the red outline here.
[00:25:22.073]These are our lines of separation which
[00:25:24.913]separate the animals, in our case the birds,
[00:25:27.853]from the perimeter buffer area. They would
[00:25:30.653]go in through an entry system. So again this
[00:25:33.813]would be analogous to a moat. This would
[00:25:36.543]be our gateway or bridge across the moat,
[00:25:40.253]and these lines of separation are like our
[00:25:42.813]fortified walls. Notice a few other things.
[00:25:45.903]We have feed bins that are inside a
[00:25:48.503]perimeter buffer area. We have some that
[00:25:51.123]are outside. This is a controlled entry area
[00:25:54.663]but it is not in the perimeter buffer area.
[00:25:57.783]We also have a dead bird collection
[00:26:01.183]container that borders the outside and
[00:26:05.283]the perimeter buffer area, so no one has to
[00:26:07.863]actually enter the perimeter buffer area
[00:26:10.453]to collect dead birds.
[00:26:14.493]Here's a schematic of what we call the
[00:26:17.953]Danish poultry farmers entry system.
[00:26:20.483]Again, coming in from the outside. Coming
[00:26:23.903]into an area where you can take off your
[00:26:27.643]dirty clothes. And there's a changing zone.
[00:26:30.353]Often times this would have showers so you
[00:26:32.923]would shower in, shower out. Then you enter
[00:26:35.703]into a clean zone where you would don new
[00:26:40.043]clean protective personal equipment.
[00:26:42.903]And you would enter into where the birds are.
[00:26:46.123]Here's an actual example of someone coming
[00:26:49.403]in out of a perimeter buffer area and going
[00:26:52.113]through a boot wash here, just an extra
[00:26:54.433]step, and they would take off their dirty
[00:26:57.363]clothes here and go through the entry
[00:26:59.663]system.
[00:27:01.683]Different areas have different terms.
[00:27:06.173]Here's one. We talk about the boundary line.
[00:27:11.283]The red, this delineates the
[00:27:13.283]perimeter buffer area.
[00:27:14.773]Then we have the yellow which is called the
[00:27:17.242]barn boundary. We would call these the lines
[00:27:19.782]of separation.
[00:27:21.659]Here's a complex. This could be an animal
[00:27:25.569]complex, production complex. This could be
[00:27:28.919]poultry, could be swine, but a couple of
[00:27:31.899]things. One, look at the conceptual.
[00:27:34.059]We have a site selection here that is very
[00:27:37.849]isolated. It looks like we have another
[00:27:40.249]complex here, but there's a lot of room
[00:27:43.309]between them. Very isolated. Not much in
[00:27:46.169]terms of vehicular traffic. It looks like this
[00:27:48.619]is a dead-end road here. We can look at
[00:27:50.969]here the horizon. We don't see many
[00:27:54.829]waterways. We don't see population
[00:27:57.139]centers, etc. We look closer at our facility,
[00:28:01.329]we see the outside fence, which delineates
[00:28:05.129]the outside from the perimeter buffer area.
[00:28:07.809]We see the facilities, and these walls
[00:28:11.559]represent lines of separation, and we can
[00:28:14.029]see these entry points which would be the
[00:28:16.459]entry system.
[00:28:20.039]Now, infectious diseases, infectious agents,
[00:28:23.859]pathogens. Where are these things?
[00:28:26.749]Most of our diseases in poultry occur from
[00:28:30.749]infectious diseases. And most of these
[00:28:33.339]infectious diseases are either viruses,
[00:28:35.979]bacteria or parasites. So some examples of
[00:28:39.579]virus, and you'll hear me all through these
[00:28:42.379]modules talking about avian influenza and
[00:28:45.329]Newcastle disease. These are the big
[00:28:47.639]diseases that we want to prevent and use
[00:28:51.639]biosecurity to keep them out of your
[00:28:53.929]operations. Bacteria--Salmonella is also
[00:28:57.839]very important for us. E. coli, parasites--
[00:29:02.289]coccidia, ascarids--these are worms, very
[00:29:06.289]common. External parasites such as Northern
[00:29:08.969]fowl mites or lice. Microorganisms can't be
[00:29:12.419]seen with the naked eye so we must use
[00:29:15.139]some type of instrument to see them, and
[00:29:17.599]most typically, a microscope.
[00:29:20.249]Now, viruses. Just very, very rudimentary,
[00:29:24.219]basic knowledge about some viruses.
[00:29:26.819]Viruses are the smallest and simplest
[00:29:29.249]among microorganisms that replicate.
[00:29:32.829]Now, they're so small that we must use an
[00:29:35.299]electron microscope to see them. So, only
[00:29:38.799]under a very certain exception, we really
[00:29:43.049]can't see viruses with light microscopes
[00:29:45.389]so we need an electron microscope.
[00:29:48.049]We know that viruses can attach to dust
[00:29:50.489]particles, droplets, etc., so we need to think
[00:29:53.259]about that in terms of our spread of
[00:29:55.379]disease. There are many types of viruses and
[00:29:57.969]many characteristics of viruses. They have
[00:30:00.559]different shapes and different sizes.
[00:30:03.129]Some are pathogenic and cause disease.
[00:30:05.499]Others aren't. We sometimes call them high
[00:30:08.379]path meaning highly pathogenic that cause
[00:30:11.629]disease, and low path meaning
[00:30:13.629]low pathogenic or not causing
[00:30:15.629]disease, or if they do, very subtle
[00:30:17.749]diseases. Some have very long survival times
[00:30:21.179]in the environment, some are not. Some
[00:30:24.009]are very labile and can be inactivated.
[00:30:26.289]This is very important that all viruses
[00:30:29.409]need a living cell to replicate and reproduce.
[00:30:32.919]Therefore, the virus cannot replicate on
[00:30:36.649]itself without a bird. That's very important
[00:30:40.089]in terms of certain management practices
[00:30:42.599]like barn down time. We know that if we do
[00:30:46.289]not expose the barn if there has been an
[00:30:49.669]infection, we do not put birds in there
[00:30:51.859]right away. The longer we leave that barn
[00:30:54.949]unattended by birds, the more time we'll
[00:30:57.879]have for these viruses to inactivate
[00:31:00.769]themselves and die out. Organic matter
[00:31:03.639]such as dirt, feces, feathers, etc., protect
[00:31:07.759]viruses. It's very important that our cleaning
[00:31:11.719]and disinfecting procedures remove all
[00:31:14.209]dirt and organic material.
[00:31:16.769]Let's talk a little bit about bacteria.
[00:31:18.929]Bacteria are very small but they're larger
[00:31:22.094]and a little bit more complex than viruses.
[00:31:24.554]They can be seen with a typical light
[00:31:27.654]microscope. Like viruses, many bacteria
[00:31:31.394]can attach to dust particles and droplets and
[00:31:34.264]can be spread through the air. There are
[00:31:36.584]many types of bacteria, just like there
[00:31:38.764]are many types of viruses. They come in
[00:31:41.114]many sizes and shapes, and again some
[00:31:43.404]are pathogenic--they cause disease, but
[00:31:45.924]some are very good for us. They're healthy.
[00:31:48.634]We call these normal microbiota. We hear
[00:31:52.124]more and more all the time about gut
[00:31:54.294]health and how good bacteria are good
[00:31:56.684]for us and for our birds. They do have survival
[00:32:00.804]times for long periods in the environment.
[00:32:03.564]A very important feature about bacteria
[00:32:07.564]that distinguishes them from viruses are
[00:32:10.494]the bacteria can grow on their own if the
[00:32:13.484]conditions are right. That is, they do not
[00:32:16.314]need a living organism for replication.
[00:32:19.884]They need the right temperatures.
[00:32:21.984]They need the right substrates and media,
[00:32:24.584]but they can grow on their own.
[00:32:27.334]Now, notice that even
[00:32:28.953]though they need nice warm temperatures
[00:32:31.473]for good growing condition, extreme
[00:32:34.173]temperatures kills them or inactivates them.
[00:32:37.083]That's why we boil water or we boil certain
[00:32:40.243]things to get rid of our bacteria. Baking,
[00:32:43.443]cooking, autoclaving--all these things at
[00:32:45.783]high temperatures help kill and inactivate
[00:32:49.213]bacteria. Bacteria needs substrates, that is
[00:32:51.663]media. They need food for their growth, so
[00:32:54.643]again it's very important in cleaning along
[00:32:58.423]with disinfecting to remove all of the that
[00:33:00.793]organic material that bacteria use for
[00:33:03.903]growing. Bacteria can be treated with
[00:33:06.173]antibiotics. Now we must remember antibiotics
[00:33:10.633]kill bad bacteria, but they also kill good
[00:33:14.473]bacteria along with the bad bacteria, so we
[00:33:18.313]must be very, very judicious in how we use
[00:33:21.073]antibiotics. Also, bacteria can develop
[00:33:24.973]resistance to antibiotics, and this is a major
[00:33:27.873]concern to animal and human health.
[00:33:30.453]Antimicrobial resistance, sometimes
[00:33:32.993]abbreviated A-M-R. So good biosecurity
[00:33:36.993]leads to healthier birds, less disease,
[00:33:40.693]less antibiotic usage. You might come across
[00:33:44.293]something, now it has become very
[00:33:46.963]popular, NAE, which means no antibiotics
[00:33:50.083]ever, which is a trend now that poultry
[00:33:54.083]producers and others are using in terms of
[00:33:57.523]good management practice, good biosecurity.
[00:34:01.981]Parasites. Parasites are the largest and
[00:34:05.031]most complex of a microorganisms, and
[00:34:08.551]many can be seen with the naked eye.
[00:34:11.141]For instance, intestinal worms. We also have
[00:34:13.940]external parasites such as mites and lice.
[00:34:16.411]Some of the life stages such as their eggs
[00:34:19.571]or oocysts are only seen with a microscope.
[00:34:22.231]Here we have oocysts in this picture.
[00:34:26.551]Many types and characteristics of these
[00:34:28.831]parasites and many sizes and shapes. Some
[00:34:31.351]are pathogenic, others are not so pathogenic.
[00:34:34.741]Some survive for long periods of time in
[00:34:37.221]the environment. Many parasites have
[00:34:39.931]complicated life cycles that involve other
[00:34:42.670]animals, other animal species. Again,
[00:34:45.851]organic matter--dirt, feces, feathers, etc.--
[00:34:49.481]protects and harbors the parasites or their
[00:34:52.601]eggs. Though, again, very important to
[00:34:54.991]remove all that dirt and organic matter when
[00:34:57.561]you're cleaning and disinfecting. Certain
[00:34:59.871]environmental conditions favor the
[00:35:01.931]propagation or infectivity of parasites.
[00:35:04.431]For instance, warm, wet litter condition
[00:35:07.391]often favors formation of coccidiosis and
[00:35:12.291]makes them very infective. Parasites can be
[00:35:15.551]treated with drugs. However, like bacteria,
[00:35:19.201]parasites too develop resistance to these
[00:35:22.901]drugs.
[00:35:25.201]I want to spend just a minute talking about
[00:35:28.021]the National Poultry Improvement Plan, or
[00:35:31.401]N-P-I-P. What is the N-P-I-P? Well, more
[00:35:37.421]information can be found on this website:
[00:35:40.381]www.poultryimprovement.org. But just
[00:35:44.031]very briefly. The National Poultry
[00:35:47.351]Improvement Plan was established in the
[00:35:49.951]1930s to eliminate the very challenging
[00:35:53.161]disease to poultry and poultry operators
[00:35:56.371]called Pullorum, also called bacillary white
[00:36:00.041]diarrhea. Now this particular disease is
[00:36:04.621]caused by Salmonella pullorum. Now, it was
[00:36:08.751]found that Salmonella pullorum is
[00:36:12.181]transmitted through the egg, so hens that
[00:36:14.961]were infected with Salmonella pullorum could
[00:36:17.581]infect their progeny. And so until we broke
[00:36:21.081]the cycle of this egg transmission, it was
[00:36:25.021]nearly impossible to control this disease.
[00:36:27.971]So, it was recognized that something had to
[00:36:31.721]be done. So it was a cooperative partnership
[00:36:34.551]between the poultry industry--and recognize
[00:36:37.241]that this is a voluntary participation in the
[00:36:40.331]National Poultry Improvement Plan. Also
[00:36:42.751]involves state government and federal
[00:36:45.071]government officials. The goal is to apply new
[00:36:49.071]diagnostic technology for the improvement
[00:36:51.981]of poultry health in poultry products. Now,
[00:36:55.481]it has extended from the basic beginning of
[00:36:59.591]Salmonella pullorum and now includes
[00:37:02.141]Salmonella typhoid, Salmonella enteridis,
[00:37:05.201]mycoplasmas: M-G -- mycoplasma
[00:37:09.201]gallesepticum, M-S -- Mycoplasma synoviae,
[00:37:11.931]Mycoplasma meleagridis -- M-M, and
[00:37:14.081]Avian influenza. It includes all different
[00:37:17.341]types of birds. Commercial poultry-- the layers
[00:37:19.991]and broiler chickens. Turkeys, waterfowl,
[00:37:22.491]exhibition and backyard poultry, gamebirds.
[00:37:25.991]So, again, it's a voluntary participation, a
[00:37:30.361]collaborative, cooperative partnership
[00:37:33.641]between the poultry industries and producers,
[00:37:36.471]state and federal governments in order to
[00:37:40.471]improve our poultry health and poultry
[00:37:42.721]products.
[00:37:45.719]The National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:37:48.529]has initiated a biosecurity program. It has
[00:37:52.099]established 14 principles for evaluating
[00:37:54.689]poultry biosecurity. These principles will
[00:37:58.249]be addressed in these biosecurity training
[00:38:00.689]modules. These are referred to as the 14
[00:38:03.369]biosecurity principles in Standard E.
[00:38:06.799]The audits of the biosecurity program will
[00:38:09.979]be conducted by the appropriate state
[00:38:12.259]agencies. The N-P-I-P audits will be what we
[00:38:17.569]call a table-top audit, that it it will not
[00:38:20.739]be a site visit but it will be a questionnaire.
[00:38:24.039]They will be required every two years, and it
[00:38:27.779]will require a biosecurity plan training
[00:38:31.049]material, documentation of implementation
[00:38:33.779]of the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:38:36.559]biosecurity principles, corrective actions
[00:38:39.349]if they were needed, biosecurity officer
[00:38:42.849]annual review, completeness and compliance
[00:38:46.029]for the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:38:48.559]biosecurity principles. We will be delving
[00:38:51.039]more in depth on these in upcoming modules,
[00:38:55.039]but I wanted to expose you to the National
[00:38:58.439]Poultry Improvement Plan.
[00:39:00.449]These are the 14 biosecurity principles of that
[00:39:05.289]plan.
[00:39:07.553]This is the end of Module 1. Thank you very much.

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MODULE 1: Terms, definitions and concepts

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