MODULE 5: Biosecurity practices and principles

Dr. Don Reynolds Author

09/06/2018 Added

104 Plays

Description

Module 5 reviews NPIP Biosecurity Principles 9 through 14 and provides examples of management practices and strategies to comply with these principles. Included: Manure and litter management, replacement poultry, water supplies, feed and replacement litter, reporting morbidity and mortality, and auditing. (35 min.)

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[00:00:02.431]Hello, I'm Dr. Don Reynolds,
[00:00:04.671]professor and poultry veterinarian
[00:00:06.681]at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
[00:00:08.891]Welcome to the Big Red Biosecurity
[00:00:10.961]program for poultry.
[00:00:12.459]This is Biosecurity Training Module 5:
[00:00:15.199]Biosecurity Principles and Practices.
[00:00:18.455]In Module 5 we will review the N-P-I-P
[00:00:21.485]Biosecurity Principles 9 through 14 and
[00:00:24.295]provide examples of management practices
[00:00:26.805]and strategies to comply with these principles.
[00:00:29.435]Further resources can be found on the
[00:00:31.965]website under the www.PoultryImprovement.org.
[00:00:36.855]link.
[00:00:38.847]Biosecurity Principle 9: Manure and
[00:00:40.947]Litter Management.
[00:00:42.607]Manure and spent litter should be removed,
[00:00:45.497]stored and disposed of in a manner to
[00:00:47.737]prevent exposure of susceptible poultry to
[00:00:50.187]disease agents. Onsite litter and manure
[00:00:52.537]storage should limit attraction of wild
[00:00:54.747]birds, rodents, insects and other animals.
[00:00:58.435]The audit guidelines.
[00:01:00.318]Is the manure and spent litter handled in a
[00:01:02.808]manner that limits the spread
[00:01:04.608]of infectious diseases?
[00:01:06.348]Procedures--example: written instructions,
[00:01:08.798]manure, litter handling log sheets,
[00:01:10.788]protocols, permits, guidance for contractors, etc.--
[00:01:13.628]should be provided showing how disease
[00:01:15.988]risk from manure and litter management
[00:01:18.338]has been addressed.
[00:01:20.378]Waste management.
[00:01:21.958]Animal waste.
[00:01:23.574]Low threat is normal operation. For instance,
[00:01:26.181]manure, litter can be spread on fields.
[00:01:28.901]Oftentimes it's composted. There are
[00:01:31.071]in-house composting and then it is reused.
[00:01:33.861]These things are windrowed. The litter is
[00:01:36.611]windrowed within the houses. This allows the
[00:01:39.211]compost to somewhat generate heat and heat
[00:01:42.411]within the house. It's spread out and then
[00:01:44.931]new, fresh litter is applied.
[00:01:48.341]There's also out-of-house composting to
[00:01:50.881]improve the nutrient value of the litter,
[00:01:53.151]which is typically done onsite in three-sided
[00:01:56.381]bins, and sometimes in sheds.
[00:01:58.761]People and equipment.
[00:02:01.391]A Level D--Level D refers to a biosecurity
[00:02:05.681]procedure and environmental health
[00:02:07.999]and safety, which is a low level of security.
[00:02:14.426]Level D P-P-E-- protective personal equipment
[00:02:19.069]such as coveralls, boots and gloves--
[00:02:21.176]should be utilized.
[00:02:22.376]Equipment should be washed and sanitized
[00:02:24.986]after use. And beware that equipment and
[00:02:27.429]people may be shared. Example, crews going
[00:02:29.979]to different farms or operations.
[00:02:34.109]Here are some equipment used in waste
[00:02:37.335]management. You can see here is a
[00:02:40.195]front end loader that's removing some of
[00:02:42.585]the litter. Here is a litter conditioner
[00:02:45.215]and spreader.
[00:02:47.125]This is one of the machines used for
[00:02:50.081]windrowing litter inside a poultry facility.
[00:02:54.315]Here's a three-sided bin. Again, more
[00:02:58.315]equipment used. Here's an outside, big
[00:03:00.985]front end loader used for composting outside.
[00:03:04.125]Here's a tumbler composter.
[00:03:08.662]Animal waste. High threat...In high threat
[00:03:12.352]situations. I mean under quarantine are
[00:03:14.862]situations that will be directed by the
[00:03:17.022]authorities. The manure and litter will be
[00:03:19.352]composted in an enclosed facility, typically
[00:03:22.482]in the poultry barn, and it will be monitored.
[00:03:26.293]So, key points to remember about
[00:03:28.553]waste management.
[00:03:30.103]Describe and document.
[00:03:31.613]Describe the procedures used for manure
[00:03:34.063]and litter management.
[00:03:36.155]How often is litter and manure removed
[00:03:38.465]from the facility? How often is equipment
[00:03:40.865]cleaned and disinfected?
[00:03:42.555]Where and how is litter or manure
[00:03:45.716]spread and applied?
[00:03:47.347]Specific measures to limit the spread of
[00:03:49.617]disease should be incorporated, written down,
[00:03:52.237]in your biosecurity program.
[00:03:54.077]Document the program.
[00:03:55.630]Document the procedure. Have log sheets of
[00:03:58.220]when procedures were done. Document when
[00:04:00.840]program was reviewed. If a commercial
[00:04:03.140]company does any part of the procedure, copy
[00:04:05.860]their procedure and plan, and make sure it's
[00:04:08.370]written in the biosecurity manual.
[00:04:12.370]Biosecurity Principle 10: Replacement Poultry.
[00:04:15.460]Replacement poultry should be sourced from
[00:04:18.060]healthy, health-monitored flocks which
[00:04:20.980]are in compliance with the N-P-I-P guidelines.
[00:04:24.100]They sould be transported in equipment
[00:04:26.430]and vehicles that are regularly cleaned,
[00:04:28.700]disinfected and inspected. Biosecurity
[00:04:30.900]protocols should be in place for equipment
[00:04:33.350]and personnel involved in the transport of
[00:04:35.780]replacement poultry.
[00:04:37.980]Audit guidelines.
[00:04:39.160]Is replacement poultry sourced from flocks
[00:04:41.631]which are in compliance with N-P-I-P
[00:04:44.041]provisions and program standards?
[00:04:46.199]Replacement poultry is defined as poultry
[00:04:48.609]from hatch to maturity intended to
[00:04:50.649]become laying hens or breeders.
[00:04:53.119]Provide supporting documentation--V-S 9-2 form
[00:04:58.129]or V-S 9-3 form and or N-P-I-P hatchery
[00:05:01.899]production records showing that source
[00:05:04.439]flocs are active and compliant
[00:05:06.561]participants in the N-P-I-P.
[00:05:09.248]Is replacement poultry transported in
[00:05:11.408]equipment and vehicles that are regularly
[00:05:13.788]cleaned, disinfected and inspected?
[00:05:15.858]Supporting documentation. Example, written
[00:05:18.428]instructions, wash station reports and or
[00:05:20.938]logs, inspection reports, invoices, etc., should
[00:05:23.740]be provided.
[00:05:24.957]The biosecurity plan should be followed
[00:05:27.267]as written, and clearly define "regular cleaning."
[00:05:31.566]Are biosecurity protocols in place for
[00:05:34.096]equipment and personnel involved in the
[00:05:36.466]transport of replacement poultry?
[00:05:38.456]Supporting documention, example, signed
[00:05:40.896]statements, acknowledgement forms, visitor
[00:05:43.436]log-in sheets, policy documents, standard
[00:05:45.816]operating procedures, Best Management
[00:05:48.166]Practices, etc., should be provided for
[00:05:50.346]personnel involved in the transport of
[00:05:52.536]replacement poultry.
[00:05:53.846]Supporting documentation, example, written
[00:05:56.406]instructions, protocols, procedures, training
[00:05:58.916]videos, standard operating procedures, Best
[00:06:01.456]Management Practices, etc., should be
[00:06:03.666]provided for equipment involved in the
[00:06:05.936]transport of replacement poultry.
[00:06:07.896]Key points to remember about replacement
[00:06:10.386]poultry.
[00:06:11.166]Replacement poultry defined as birds raised
[00:06:13.966]to be used for egg laying and breeding purposes.
[00:06:17.066]These birds need to come from N-P-I-P
[00:06:19.766]participant flocks.
[00:06:21.760]Document with the appropriate form or forms.
[00:06:25.110]Transport vehicle and equipment.
[00:06:27.933]Biosecurity program or plan specified for
[00:06:30.613]vehicles and equipment.
[00:06:32.454]Regularly cleaned and disinfected.
[00:06:34.584]A quality control program testing for
[00:06:36.994]specific agents such as Salmonella.
[00:06:39.914]Written Standard Operating Procedures--S-O-Ps--
[00:06:43.084]and Best Management Practices.
[00:06:45.704]The personnel.
[00:06:47.044]Biosecurity program or plan in place for
[00:06:49.514]personnel. Document activities, log sheets
[00:06:53.724]training, policy updates. Written Standard
[00:06:56.771]Operating Procedures--S-O-Ps--and Best
[00:06:59.081]Management Practices for the personnel.
[00:07:01.951]Document compliance and corrective actions
[00:07:04.511]for any noncompliance.
[00:07:06.641]All of this needs to be documented, written
[00:07:09.819]and placed in your biosecurity manual.
[00:07:14.775]Biosecurity Principle 11: Water Supplies.
[00:07:17.485]It is recommended that drinking water or
[00:07:19.845]water used for evaporative cooling be
[00:07:22.055]sourced from a contained supply such as
[00:07:24.405]a well or municipal system.
[00:07:26.045]If drinking water comes from a surface
[00:07:28.265]water source, water treatment must be used
[00:07:30.795]to reduce the level of disease agents.
[00:07:32.955]If surfaces have been cleaned or flushed
[00:07:35.275]with surface water, subsequent disinfection
[00:07:37.765]should be employed to prevent disease
[00:07:40.025]transmission. If water treatment is not
[00:07:42.265]possible, a risk analysis should be
[00:07:44.235]performed to determine actions needed to
[00:07:46.675]mitigate risks.
[00:07:47.665]Audit guidelines.
[00:07:48.785]Is drinking water or water used for
[00:07:50.805]evaporative cooling sourced from a contained
[00:07:53.425]supply such as a well or municipal system?
[00:07:55.865]If water comes from a surface water source,
[00:07:58.375]is water treatment used to reduce the level
[00:08:00.825]of disease agents?
[00:08:02.035]If yes, describe the water treatment used.
[00:08:04.425]If water treatment is not possible, is a risk
[00:08:06.805]analysis performed to determine actions
[00:08:09.125]needed to mitigate these risks?
[00:08:10.975]The biosecurity coordinator should provide
[00:08:13.435]evidence that the risk of an untreated system
[00:08:16.025]has been considered and demonstrate steps
[00:08:18.755]to mitigate that risk if feasible.
[00:08:21.182]Risk assessment should have considered risks
[00:08:23.802]from the water supply. This guidance does
[00:08:26.242]not require a peer-reviewed professional
[00:08:28.602]risk assessment to be performed.
[00:08:31.775]If surfaces have been cleaned or flushed
[00:08:34.125]with surface water, is subsequent
[00:08:36.432]disinfection employed to prevent disease
[00:08:38.862]transmission?
[00:08:40.302]If the surfaces were cleaned or flushed
[00:08:42.572]with surface water and subsequent disinfection
[00:08:45.272]was employed, a description of the
[00:08:47.342]subsequent disinfection and or supporting
[00:08:49.812]documentation should be provided.
[00:08:51.892]So, examples: invoices for chemicals used
[00:08:54.312]and purchased treatment equipment,
[00:08:56.482]treatment plans, etc.
[00:08:57.802]If surfaces were cleaned or flushed with
[00:09:00.102]surface water and subsequent disinfection
[00:09:02.542]was not employed, see item 11.3.2. above.
[00:09:09.499]Guiding principles for water.
[00:09:12.639]A few things to remember here.
[00:09:14.809]Animals drink more than they eat.
[00:09:17.800]Water needs to be considered as a
[00:09:20.717]disease vector or a vector for disease
[00:09:22.887]transmission.
[00:09:24.177]Water treatment versus water disinfection.
[00:09:27.653]Water treatment means water quality.
[00:09:30.843]Animals perform at their full genetic potential.
[00:09:34.233]Water disinfection means only to
[00:09:36.353]eliminate pathogens.
[00:09:38.662]Water sources.
[00:09:40.922]A well, typical primary source in the
[00:09:43.002]rural environment.
[00:09:45.040]Municipal water. Typical source in an
[00:09:47.210]urban environment.
[00:09:48.820]A surface such as a pond, a stream or
[00:09:51.020]a river.
[00:09:51.890]Other, such as a cistern. A cistern catches
[00:09:55.120]rainwater. A piped-in water such as rural water.
[00:09:59.460]Consider the problem and practical solutions.
[00:10:02.710]Range animals or animals outdoors may
[00:10:06.050]be a challenge. Why is this?
[00:10:08.090]Because they may drink from puddles and
[00:10:10.550]other sources of water. It's hard to control.
[00:10:15.109]Determine the problem, the pathogen to be
[00:10:17.909]resolved and targeted.
[00:10:19.449]Start with a water sample. Determine what
[00:10:21.949]the water quality is. What's the pH, what are
[00:10:24.884]the solids, what's the mineral, what are the
[00:10:27.324]coliforms, etc.
[00:10:29.004]Determine the plumbing and the water
[00:10:31.295]system and its limitations.
[00:10:33.765]Elaborate drinking systems with water
[00:10:35.985]monitoring, conditioning and medicator, on
[00:10:38.465]one side of the spectrum, versus
[00:10:40.925]pans in a pen that are filled perhaps daily,
[00:10:44.925]perhaps less to provide water for animals
[00:10:48.535]and, in this case, poultry.
[00:10:50.685]Establish a plan and strategy for disinfection.
[00:10:53.935]Should be economically feasible.
[00:10:56.565]Anyone, everyone, at the facility understands
[00:10:59.139]and can comply can achieve these goals.
[00:11:02.819]Use chemicals that are E-P-A registered,
[00:11:05.440]approved and used by label directions.
[00:11:08.290]Follow up and reevaluate your water in the plan.
[00:11:13.907]Chemical disinfection of water.
[00:11:16.637]These are the most typical.
[00:11:19.267]Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, peroxide, Iodine,
[00:11:22.377]iodophor, acid.
[00:11:24.077]Chlorine, by far, is the most frequently used.
[00:11:29.045]Here is an example of chlorination, the
[00:11:31.805]process most frequently used.
[00:11:34.615]It is supplied in different forms, perhaps
[00:11:37.435]the most common is just liquid bleach
[00:11:39.785]in which we pour a measured amount into
[00:11:43.905]a measured amount of water. Also comes
[00:11:47.905]in solids such as pucks. This is quite common
[00:11:50.475]in swimming pools. Gas, chlorine gas, although
[00:11:55.635]be careful with this. There are some cautions
[00:11:59.973]and safety measures to be observed.
[00:12:02.944]Chlorine products, and this refers to the
[00:12:05.704]graph over here, has a chorite ion, O-C-L,
[00:12:10.174]at the high pH's. And hypocholrous acid,
[00:12:14.236]H-O-C-L at the low pH's.
[00:12:17.166]So both of these inactivate microorganisms.
[00:12:20.481]So we have good chemical inactivation of
[00:12:25.221]organisms at different pH levels.
[00:12:27.851]Chlorine is relatively safe although as I
[00:12:30.141]mentioned before we must be cautious
[00:12:32.761]with chlorine gas. The gas itself is toxic.
[00:12:36.731]Bleach used by outdoor enthusiasts for
[00:12:39.060]treating drinking water. Again, oftentimes
[00:12:41.670]there are some procedures where you can
[00:12:44.110]take a couple drops and add to a cup of
[00:12:46.720]water and have pretty good indication that
[00:12:49.874]this will disinfect it for those hikers and
[00:12:52.475]campers, etc. that want to have outside
[00:12:56.205]drinking sources.
[00:12:59.454]This is a chart that shows some of the
[00:13:02.424]pathogens that have shown some chlorine
[00:13:05.234]resistance. And as you can see, there are
[00:13:08.014]many and it includes both bacteria and
[00:13:10.824]viruses and other parasites.
[00:13:15.272]Other methods of water disinfection.
[00:13:18.012]There is filtration. Certainly heating, boiling
[00:13:21.612]or autoclaving. Ozone, which is very common
[00:13:25.142]for large operations like sanitizing or
[00:13:30.322]sterilizing drinking water that we get in
[00:13:33.805]a gallon jug or that you can buy in small
[00:13:36.695]containers. Ultraviolet light is another way.
[00:13:41.829]Some information resources on how to go
[00:13:45.139]about looking at approaching water problems.
[00:13:48.899]Certainly, there's university extension services.
[00:13:52.057]There's commercial companies. There's federal
[00:13:54.877]services such as the E-P-A and the Center for
[00:13:57.717]Disease Control.
[00:14:00.307]Key points to remember about water supplies.
[00:14:03.417]Water uses. Drinking, evaporative cooling,
[00:14:06.577]cleaning of facilities, equipment, etc.,
[00:14:09.570]personnel use in your facility--toilets,
[00:14:12.630]showers, washrooms.
[00:14:14.760]The water source.
[00:14:16.660]No problem or concerns if water comes
[00:14:19.699]from a subsurface source such as a well,
[00:14:23.020]typically tested negative for coliforms upon
[00:14:25.830]initial use. Municipal water systems have been
[00:14:29.110]professionally treated.
[00:14:31.180]So these are what we call abiotic, good sources,
[00:14:35.043]pure, no problems. But there are concerns
[00:14:37.733]if surface water is used, such as a pond or
[00:14:40.403]a stream. Obviously, ponds and streams are
[00:14:43.826]good sources for waterfowl. Waterfowl
[00:14:46.676]transmit diseases. Things like avian influenza.
[00:14:49.789]So we have to be very cognizant and have to
[00:14:52.309]be very careful about the use.
[00:14:54.229]Describe and document water treatments
[00:14:56.619]and their uses.
[00:14:57.679]If no water treatment, demonstrate the
[00:15:00.606]steps you will use to mitigate the risk.
[00:15:03.546]Risk of what? The risk of disease transmission.
[00:15:06.690]Risk assessment should be performed.
[00:15:09.390]If surface water is used for cleaning,
[00:15:11.810]then a disinfection procedure needs
[00:15:13.940]to be described and documented.
[00:15:15.960]If no disinfection procedure is used,
[00:15:18.400]then a risk assessment, as state above,
[00:15:20.830]should be performed.
[00:15:23.908]Biosecurity Principle 12: Feed and Replacement
[00:15:28.768]Litter.
[00:15:29.444]Feed, feed ingredients, bedding and litter
[00:15:31.834]should be delivered, stored and maintained
[00:15:34.334]in a manner that limits exposure to and
[00:15:36.614]contamination by wild birds, rodents,
[00:15:38.764]insects and other animals.
[00:15:40.364]Feed spills within the perimeter buffer area,
[00:15:42.854]outside of the line of separation, should be
[00:15:45.334]cleaned up and disposed of in a timely fashion.
[00:15:48.554]Audit guidelines.
[00:15:50.164]Is feed, feed ingredients and litter stored
[00:15:53.094]and maintained in a manner that limits
[00:15:55.355]exposure to and contamination by wild
[00:15:57.625]birds, rodents, insects and other animals?
[00:16:00.015]Guidance applies to the feed ingredients
[00:16:02.345]and litter which are under the direct control
[00:16:04.825]of the entity being audited.
[00:16:06.505]A description or examples--examples include
[00:16:09.055]written instructions, feed or replacement
[00:16:11.425]litter handling, log sheets, protocols, permits,
[00:16:13.995]guidance for contractors, etc.--should be
[00:16:16.665]provided showing how exposure to and
[00:16:18.955]contamination by wild birds, rodents, insects
[00:16:21.505]and other animals is limited.
[00:16:23.275]Occasional exceptions may be necessary.
[00:16:25.665]Example: seasonal storage, acts of God, etc.
[00:16:28.817]Guidance applies to the feed ingredients
[00:16:31.737]and litter which are under the direct
[00:16:33.907]control of the entity being audited.
[00:16:35.937]Does the biosecurity plan address feed spills
[00:16:38.497]within the perimeter buffer area, outside
[00:16:41.697]of the line of separation?
[00:16:46.067][cough] Excuse me.
[00:16:48.526]Approach.
[00:16:51.066]Determine the problem. Is feed a health
[00:16:53.446]problem for the animal?
[00:16:54.996]Feed formulation. Perhaps it's a nutritional
[00:16:57.456]deficiency. Feed toxicity. Perhaps it's a
[00:17:00.066]mycotoxin, wrong formulation or contamination.
[00:17:03.502]Infectious disease such as Salmonella.
[00:17:05.958]Contaminated feed such as hardware disease.
[00:17:09.336]Is the feed a food safety concern such as
[00:17:12.306]introduction to Salmonella into the poultry.
[00:17:14.946]Is feed the origin of the problem?
[00:17:16.986]Is feed contributing to the problem?
[00:17:19.086]Determine the pathogen or pathogens involved.
[00:17:25.053]Determine the problem.
[00:17:26.743]Pathogen to be resolved or targeted.
[00:17:29.313]Start with a feed sample. May request a
[00:17:32.046]nutritional feed analysis. May request
[00:17:34.226]microbiological determination. May request
[00:17:36.736]specific toxin analysis, etc.
[00:17:39.375]Determine the feeding system and its
[00:17:42.175]limitations. Elaborate systems with monitoring
[00:17:46.355]versus pans in a pen that are typically
[00:17:50.039]just filled daily, or perhaps less than daily.
[00:17:53.269]Establish a plan, strategy, for safe feed.
[00:17:56.459]Involve feed mill, manufacturer, a must.
[00:17:58.989]Involve a nutritionist.
[00:18:02.729]Economically feasible. Make sure that the
[00:18:05.509]plan and strategy for safe feeds follow-up
[00:18:08.649]and reevaluate.
[00:18:12.649]Things you should know about a modern feed
[00:18:15.279]mill. Traditionally feed mills practiced
[00:18:18.069]good Manufacturing Practices, or G-M-Ps;
[00:18:21.659]however, the Food Safety Modernization Act,
[00:18:25.319]F-S-M-A, became law in January 2011.
[00:18:29.399]The good manufacturing practices, G-M-Ps,
[00:18:33.445]were revised and now are called Current
[00:18:36.346]Good Manufacturing Practices--C-G-M-Ps.
[00:18:41.396]Feed mills must have a Hazardous Analysis
[00:18:45.367]Critical Control Point--"hossip" H-A-C-C-P--
[00:18:50.333]plan incorporating International Organization
[00:18:54.333]Standards, I-S-Os, and a biosecurity program.
[00:18:58.333]These are required. The regulatory authorities
[00:19:04.913]involved are the Federal Drug Administration,
[00:19:09.049]the F-D-A; United States Department of
[00:19:11.334]Agriculture, U-S-D-A; and Homeland Security.
[00:19:16.414]Must update facilities and practices.
[00:19:19.473]All feed mills must update their facilities
[00:19:21.923]and practices for food production instead
[00:19:25.963]of feed manufacturing for animals.
[00:19:28.943]So this has been a major overhaul of the
[00:19:31.803]feed mill situation.
[00:19:36.053]These are the principles, eight principles
[00:19:38.773]of HACCP, the Hazard Analysis Critical
[00:19:41.403]Control Point. Just for your information.
[00:19:46.784]Biosecurity for feed and feedstuffs.
[00:19:49.424]Feed mill biosecurity. Frequent sources of
[00:19:51.894]pathogen introduction within a feed mill:
[00:19:55.344]personnel, personnel that work there, visitors, feed
[00:19:59.894]ingredients themselves bring in pathogens,
[00:20:03.894]airborne particles such as dust. Salmonella
[00:20:06.866]is a good example in an air to dust and
[00:20:11.496]get on feed. Pests--rodents, birds, insects--
[00:20:15.189]can transmit pathogens.
[00:20:17.139]Equipment such as lubricants, moisture,
[00:20:20.179]even personnel that maintain or
[00:20:22.219]operate the equipment.
[00:20:24.619]The facility design for pretreatment and
[00:20:27.339]dirty, and post-treatment clean areas
[00:20:29.759]should be described in feed mills.
[00:20:32.549]Employee training is essential and mandatory
[00:20:37.280]now in these updated regulations for feed mills.
[00:20:42.592]Environmental monitoring for
[00:20:44.362]pathogens is a must.
[00:20:46.422]Feed hygiene. What can we do to help make
[00:20:51.212]the feed clean of pathogens?
[00:20:53.915]There are sanitizing and decontaminating
[00:20:56.685]feed post-processing procedures.
[00:20:58.855]For instance, heat. Based on time,
[00:21:01.255]temperature, moisture and pressure.
[00:21:03.965]Many types of commercial processes and
[00:21:06.415]technologies and affiliated equipment
[00:21:09.325]are available to do this.
[00:21:11.935]However, be aware that heat also breaks
[00:21:14.335]down and changes nutrients such as vitamins,
[00:21:16.965]proteins and starches. Note, at one time it
[00:21:20.085]was thought that just the act of pelleting
[00:21:23.815]feed decontaminated feed. It does help a lot
[00:21:27.665]but it's not fully effective. There are chemicals
[00:21:31.392]that can be added to feed. Chemicals such as
[00:21:34.462]acids--propionic acid, acetic acid, formic
[00:21:37.702]acid. These change the pH of the feed and
[00:21:40.730]help to inactivate or kill certain pathogens.
[00:21:45.070]Formaldehyde products can be incorporated
[00:21:47.863]into the feed.
[00:21:49.093]How products are applied to the feed
[00:21:51.423]is an important consideration. If they're done
[00:21:54.093]post-processing, during the treatment, etc.
[00:21:57.759]Assessment of chemical and or heat
[00:21:59.939]treatment--excessive monitoring. That needs
[00:22:02.909]to be done, and the best way to do that is
[00:22:06.493]through microbiological evaluation.
[00:22:09.303]Actually taking samples, culturing the feed
[00:22:12.443]and see what grows.
[00:22:15.715]Feed ingredient selection. Certain ingredients
[00:22:18.825]historically have had high levels of Salmonella
[00:22:21.805]contamination. Things such as animal
[00:22:23.975]byproducts, fish meal, certain vegetable oils,
[00:22:26.795]even certain cereals. Feed storage is a
[00:22:31.963]concern. At the feed mill and after the
[00:22:34.473]feed mill. So predelivery, on-site. Where are
[00:22:38.253]the ingredients stored, where are--after the
[00:22:41.873]feed has been formulated--where has it been
[00:22:45.834]stored? The buildings and the feed bins.
[00:22:50.104]Feed delivery. Trucks may contaminate the feed.
[00:22:53.654]Trucks and drivers may serve as vectors
[00:22:56.864]for pathogens. Be cognizant of that.
[00:22:59.361]Feeders and feed systems should be cleaned
[00:23:02.161]and functioning, should be insect, rodent,
[00:23:04.641]and wild animal resistant or proof.
[00:23:07.581]Old feed should be discarded and not reused.
[00:23:10.731]There should be a plan and a procedure for
[00:23:13.201]cleaning up feed spills. Feed spills draw
[00:23:16.861]insects, draw rodents, are just a
[00:23:19.271]nidus for problems.
[00:23:20.711]Employees and personnel should be trained
[00:23:24.231]and should be in compliance with these
[00:23:26.901]procedures.
[00:23:28.963]Here's a collage of pictures showing various
[00:23:31.513]types of feed storage, from the very simple
[00:23:34.733]bins up here that you can see to the different
[00:23:37.663]types of plastic drums. Again, this isn't what
[00:23:43.468]you would call ideal. Looks like we have some
[00:23:46.065]spilled feed here and we have birds running
[00:23:48.835]around. Again, modern feed storage system
[00:23:53.244]here.
[00:23:56.268]Feed delivery systems. From the very modern
[00:24:01.691]and large types of situations--as you can
[00:24:06.311]see a diagram here --to more portable
[00:24:10.079]types of things, and more of the standards.
[00:24:14.849]So, information sources. Where to go to
[00:24:17.162]learn more about feed, feed mills, how to
[00:24:19.542]handle feed. Certainly feed manufacturers
[00:24:21.972]are good sources. Nutritionists, universities,
[00:24:25.392]and there are federal and state agencies
[00:24:27.722]that can help as well.
[00:24:30.472]Key points to remember about feed and
[00:24:32.962]replacement litter.
[00:24:34.362]Feed and litter storage. Document and
[00:24:36.582]describe where and how feed and litter
[00:24:39.662]are stored. Provide a map or diagram showing
[00:24:43.822]the site. This may be very useful. That should
[00:24:46.400]be in your biosecurity manual.
[00:24:48.450]Indicate the measures for monitoring and
[00:24:50.780]controlling pests and vermin. For instance,
[00:24:54.044]the rodents and the insects.
[00:24:56.344]How's it done? How is it kept away from
[00:24:58.634]the feed, etc.
[00:24:59.584]Written guidelines and protocols on how
[00:25:01.904]feed and litter is delivered. Who delivers it?
[00:25:05.126]Have log sheets. Have biosecurity measures
[00:25:07.796]between deliveries. Protocol for delivery
[00:25:10.816]vehicles. Protocol for handling feed spills.
[00:25:14.716]Again, signage may be very useful in
[00:25:17.386]these situations.
[00:25:20.146]Biosecurity Principle 13: Reporting Elevated
[00:25:23.896]Morbidity and Mortality.
[00:25:26.076]Elevations in morbidity and or mortality above
[00:25:29.118]expected levels, as defined by the
[00:25:31.368]biosecurity plan, should be reported as
[00:25:34.096]required in the site-specific biosecurity
[00:25:36.786]plan, and appropriate actions should be taken
[00:25:39.396]to rule out reportable disease agents.
[00:25:42.426]Audit guidelines.
[00:25:43.907]Does the biosecurity plan address elevated
[00:25:47.697]morbidity and or mortality above expected
[00:25:50.737]levels? A description of the actions and or
[00:25:53.127]documentation--examples: evidence of
[00:25:55.417]investigation, tracking graphs, mortality
[00:25:57.697]morbidity patterns, case reports mortality
[00:26:00.507]logs, etc.--used to monitor morbidity and or
[00:26:03.257]mortality should be provided. The biosecurity
[00:26:06.320]coordinator is responsible for communicating
[00:26:08.930]what constitutes elevated morbidity and or
[00:26:11.620]mortality in the biosecurity plan.
[00:26:13.980]Is there a plan to report to responsible
[00:26:16.340]authorities and take appropriate actions
[00:26:18.680]should you suspect and need to rule out
[00:26:21.010]reportable disease agents?
[00:26:22.640]Provide the written procedure to report and
[00:26:25.160]take appropriate actions when disease agents
[00:26:27.780]are suspected. The biosecurity coordinator is
[00:26:30.360]responsible for providing the written procedures.
[00:26:33.140]The written procedures should identify
[00:26:35.390]the responsible reporting authorities.
[00:26:37.570]The biosecurity coordinator is responsible for
[00:26:40.160]clearly communicating who the responsible
[00:26:42.650]authorities are.
[00:26:44.970]Key points to remember about morbidity,
[00:26:48.070]mortality increasing.
[00:26:50.350]Document and describe. How is elevated
[00:26:52.940]morbidity or mortality determined? It can
[00:26:55.800]be determined through daily, weekly morbidity
[00:26:59.110]mortality logs, charts or records. Graphs or
[00:27:01.950]investigation reports, etc. Who determines
[00:27:05.250]elevated morbidity and mortality? What is
[00:27:08.370]acceptable? What is normal morbidity and
[00:27:10.773]mortality? This should be written, documented
[00:27:13.773]in the biosecurity manual. When mortality
[00:27:17.083]and mortality is elevated, and disease--
[00:27:19.723]infectious disease--is suspected, who
[00:27:22.676]determines that? What actions are to be
[00:27:25.256]taken? Report to whom? At least two
[00:27:28.308]contacts should be listed. One primary, one
[00:27:31.168]backup. Again, this should be written down
[00:27:33.969]in the biosecurity manual. Full contact
[00:27:37.179]information needs to be written down and
[00:27:39.619]updated periodically. If a reportable disease
[00:27:42.539]is suspected, for instance Avian Influenza
[00:27:45.428]or Exotic Newcastle Disease...[clears throat]
[00:27:48.168]Excuse me. Biosecurity coordinator is
[00:27:50.513]responsible for communicating who the
[00:27:52.863]responsible authorities are and having
[00:27:55.463]contact information. Typically, this is the
[00:27:58.263]state veterinarian or state veterinarian's
[00:28:00.697]office.
[00:28:01.687]What actions are to be taken during the
[00:28:03.957]interim period and should be written in
[00:28:06.957]the biosecurity manual. Example:
[00:28:10.255]an increased threat level.
[00:28:15.431]Biosecurity Principle 14: Auditing.
[00:28:18.291]Auditing of the biosecurity principles is
[00:28:20.541]based on flock size as outlined in
[00:28:22.511]9 C-F-R 53.10.
[00:28:25.131]Audits shall be conducted at least once
[00:28:27.411]every two years or a sufficient number of
[00:28:29.801]times during that period by the Official
[00:28:32.041]State Agency to ensure the participation
[00:28:34.401]is in compliance. Each audit shall require
[00:28:36.751]the biosecurity plan's training materials,
[00:28:39.061]documentation of implementation of the
[00:28:41.391]N-P-I-P Biosecurity Principles, corrective
[00:28:43.671]actions taken, and the Biosecurity Coordinator's
[00:28:46.381]annual review to be audited for completeness
[00:28:48.971]and compliance with the N-P-I-P Biosecurity
[00:28:51.451]Principles. An audit summary report
[00:28:53.541]containing satisfactory and unsatisfactory
[00:28:55.931]audits will be provided to the N-P-I-P
[00:28:58.061]National Office by the OSAs.
[00:29:00.591]The O-S-As, again, are the official state agencies.
[00:29:04.951]These participants who failed the initial
[00:29:07.201]document audit conducted by the N-P-I-P
[00:29:10.732]O-S-A may elect to have a check audit performed
[00:29:13.582]by a team appointed by the National N-P-I-P
[00:29:16.732]Office including: and APHIS poultry subject
[00:29:19.221]matter expert, the O-S-A and a licensed,
[00:29:22.211]accredited poultry veterinarian familiar with
[00:29:24.751]that type of operation. If these participants
[00:29:27.551]seek to be reinstated as being in compliance
[00:29:30.091]with the Biosecurity Principles by the
[00:29:32.241]N-P-I-P O-S-A, they must demonstrate that
[00:29:34.671]corrective actions were taken following the audit
[00:29:37.501]by the team appointed by N-P-I-P.
[00:29:42.447]Who is exempt from audits?
[00:29:45.097]Producers exempt from the N-P-I-P audits
[00:29:47.687]are those that produce less than 75,000
[00:29:50.347]commercial egg layers on premises or that
[00:29:54.177]have less than 75,000 commercial egg layers
[00:29:58.027]on premises, or have less than 100,000
[00:30:00.937]broilers slaughtered per year, that have
[00:30:04.134]less than 30,000 turkeys slaughtered per year,
[00:30:06.964]have less than 50,000 waterfowl or upland
[00:30:09.789]game birds slaughtered per year, have less
[00:30:13.306]than 25,000 game birds raised for release
[00:30:15.926]per year.
[00:30:17.436]Small-flock owners that do not meet the
[00:30:19.743]minimum inventory requirements are
[00:30:21.933]eligible for up to 100 percent of the
[00:30:24.923]High Path Avian Influenza indemnity.
[00:30:30.153]Please note that this is different--these
[00:30:32.558]requirements are different--from the N-P-I-P
[00:30:35.444]size requirements to participate in 9-CFR
[00:30:40.024]Part 146 Commercial poultry H5/H7 Avian
[00:30:43.326]Influenza Monitored Program.
[00:30:45.766]Also, please note that no producer is exempt
[00:30:49.266]from having a biosecurity plan, regardless
[00:30:53.356]of the number or inventory.
[00:30:57.836]Here's how the biosecurity principle
[00:31:00.466]auditing decision tree works.
[00:31:03.753]A participant signs up. They establish their
[00:31:07.873]biosecurity program. The official state agency--
[00:31:11.873]this is typically someone from the state
[00:31:14.143]veterinarian's office will audit this every
[00:31:17.453]two years. If the audit is good, everything
[00:31:21.466]checks out, no problem, you are eligible
[00:31:24.504]for indemnity payments. If it's not good,
[00:31:28.128]then they go through a corrective action.
[00:31:30.498]If it's resolved, it's checked off and, again,
[00:31:33.778]you're eligible for indemnity payments in
[00:31:39.050]case of an Avian Influenza outbreak. If it's
[00:31:45.150]unresolved and it continues to be unresolved,
[00:31:49.150]then you are indemnity ineligible. However,
[00:31:52.050]you can also go through this trio team. As you
[00:31:54.720]remember, this is a APHIS veterinarian,
[00:31:58.730]someone from the O-S-A--the official
[00:32:01.744]state agency--and a licensed, accredited
[00:32:06.219]poultry expert.
[00:32:09.684]And then this trio team goes through and
[00:32:12.644]sees, suggests your corrective actions. If
[00:32:15.034]these corrective actions are taken, then it's
[00:32:19.654]resolved and you are eligible. If not, it's
[00:32:22.785]unresolved until these corrective actions
[00:32:25.815]can be undertaken.
[00:32:30.665]So, key points to remember about auditing.
[00:32:33.828]Who does the auditing? The official state
[00:32:36.910]agency, the O-S-A, typically the state
[00:32:39.340]veterinarian's office.
[00:32:40.870]When will the audits be conducted? At least
[00:32:43.710]every two years. What will be audited?
[00:32:46.720]The training materials, documentation of the
[00:32:49.370]implementation of the N-P-I-P biosecurity
[00:32:51.890]program principles. Any corrective actions
[00:32:55.250]taken. The biosecurity coordinator's annual
[00:32:58.474]review of the program, and it needs to be
[00:33:02.474]in accordance with completeness of the
[00:33:04.754]N-P-I-P biosecurity program principles, and
[00:33:07.594]in compliance with the N-P-I-P biosecurity
[00:33:10.543]program principles. What are the results
[00:33:15.623]or what happens to the results, and then
[00:33:18.013]what happens?
[00:33:19.783]The audit will be deemed satisfactory or
[00:33:22.093]unsatisfactory by the auditor. A summary
[00:33:24.453]report will be submitted by the official
[00:33:28.063]state agency to the N-P-I-P national office.
[00:33:31.783]What happens if you fail the audit?
[00:33:34.183]You can elect to have another audit performed.
[00:33:36.893]A team appointed by N-P-I-P will conduct the
[00:33:39.453]audit. Must demonstrate corrective actions
[00:33:42.093]cited by the audit team.
[00:33:44.748]Who is exempt?
[00:33:46.278]Small producers are exempt but still
[00:33:48.410]qualify for indemnity payments in the case
[00:33:51.050]of a High Path Avian Influenza outbreak.
[00:33:53.740]All producers need a biosecurity plan
[00:33:56.670]regardless of size.
[00:34:01.030]For N-P-I-P contact information or questions
[00:34:03.770]about the National Poultry Improvement Program,
[00:34:06.950]you can contact the N-P-I-P at this address
[00:34:10.010]and this contact information.
[00:34:14.126]This ends Module 5.
[00:34:16.425]Thank you very much for your attention.

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MODULE 5: Biosecurity practices and principles

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