FCGMOs GE Basics

Robert Vavala Author

03/27/2018 Added

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General information about the steps involved in the process of genetic engineering

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[00:00:01.120]We have learned about GMOs, non-GMOs,
[00:00:04.460]recognized when each technology is useful.
[00:00:08.610]So we're gonna call this bonus presentation,
[00:00:10.940]well, let's just get an idea of the basic steps
[00:00:13.140]that genetic engineers use.
[00:00:14.640]So, we're gonna take a look at transgenic soybeans,
[00:00:17.560]the example we talked about with the Roundup resistance.
[00:00:21.030]That agrobacteria, this single-celled organism,
[00:00:24.880]was the source of the coding region of the gene.
[00:00:27.650]They got a virus to contribute the promoter.
[00:00:31.360]So the basic steps here, these three basic steps,
[00:00:34.750]let's go through them.
[00:00:35.620]They would have had to have isolated all the DNA
[00:00:39.000]from the organisms that donated the transgene
[00:00:42.890]and then isolate and make copies of clone,
[00:00:46.400]the coding region that encoded this
[00:00:51.930]bacteria version of the Roundup
[00:00:56.210]enzyme target protein.
[00:00:59.400]This protein helps the bacteria grow and develop
[00:01:05.010]in the presence of Roundup.
[00:01:07.010]So you can transfer that protein to your soybeans.
[00:01:09.610]They will accomplish the same thing.
[00:01:11.960]But you gotta add a promoter
[00:01:13.670]that will allow the gene to be turned on in plant cells.
[00:01:18.070]So they do that modification
[00:01:21.580]as the final part of step one.
[00:01:24.420]Isolating the gene, discovering the gene,
[00:01:26.800]modifying it so it will work properly,
[00:01:29.190]in this case in the plant cells.
[00:01:31.974]What do you think step two is?
[00:01:33.160]Now that you've got the gene in a test tube,
[00:01:35.340]where does it have to go next?
[00:01:37.340]It has to end up in living plant cells.
[00:01:40.290]So you can grow plant cells in a Petri dish
[00:01:44.890]and from individual cells clone entire plants.
[00:01:48.820]So those cells,
[00:01:49.840]those individual cells growing in a Petri dish,
[00:01:53.050]are the target of your transgenes.
[00:01:54.840]If you can get those transgenes to insert into these cells
[00:01:59.130]and then clone entire plants from those cells,
[00:02:02.910]those plants will have this new gene,
[00:02:04.910]this transgene in every one of those cells.
[00:02:07.100]So that's the second step.
[00:02:09.450]Once you have plants that have this transgene,
[00:02:11.930]they're expressing it,
[00:02:12.970]they show in this case the herbicide resistance,
[00:02:15.560]you can move on to step three.
[00:02:17.430]That's where you hand the seeds
[00:02:20.620]from these transgenic plants off to the plant breeder,
[00:02:24.330]and they will then cross those
[00:02:27.350]with the kinds of soybean plants that farmers like to grow.
[00:02:32.190]Good yielding, disease-resistant,
[00:02:35.070]stress-resistant varieties.
[00:02:37.470]And if you make the cross, you can select varieties
[00:02:42.000]that have the best combinations of both traits,
[00:02:44.300]the good productivity traits from the
[00:02:49.980]elite parents
[00:02:51.700]and the Roundup resistance trait from the transgenic line.
[00:02:56.740]With the breeding,
[00:02:57.850]you can then introduce this new trait into varieties
[00:03:02.400]that the farmer would be excited about growing.
[00:03:04.830]Those are the basic steps
[00:03:06.480]in the plant genetic engineering process.
[00:03:09.970]You can change the trait or you can change the crop.
[00:03:13.020]You still have to do these basic steps.
[00:03:16.350]How about animal genetic engineering?
[00:03:18.530]How would that be similar and how would that be different?
[00:03:21.540]Okay, well, it's very similar.
[00:03:23.730]You have to isolate the genes from the organisms
[00:03:27.110]that contribute the coding region or the promoter.
[00:03:31.020]One of the big differences here is in step two.
[00:03:33.930]Instead of introducing the transgene into tissue culture,
[00:03:38.350]you have to introduce that transgene into an animal cell
[00:03:42.250]that has the capability
[00:03:43.650]of developing into an entire new animal.
[00:03:47.830]So you have to use fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells,
[00:03:52.690]some cell that had that capability
[00:03:57.330]of starting the new animal development process.
[00:04:01.050]The other important difference is
[00:04:03.220]that you don't clone animals from these cells.
[00:04:07.410]You have to place these cells where you've tried
[00:04:09.720]to insert the copies of the transgene into the nucleus
[00:04:14.330]and hope at least one of those transgene copies inserts.
[00:04:17.910]You have to take these cells
[00:04:19.600]and put 'em into surrogate mothers
[00:04:21.980]and then hope that some of the offspring born
[00:04:25.010]have this new transgene in every one of their cells.
[00:04:28.420]So it involves some different steps
[00:04:30.720]because of the nature of animal reproduction,
[00:04:33.760]different steps
[00:04:37.320]involving the use of a mother
[00:04:40.840]rather than cloning on a Petri dish.
[00:04:43.840]But then it finishes in a very similar way
[00:04:46.210]with the breeding process.
[00:04:48.270]So the basic steps are the same,
[00:04:50.840]but, again, it's gonna be dependent
[00:04:52.870]upon the reproductive biology
[00:04:55.620]of the living thing that you're working with.
[00:04:57.440]So, understanding the basics of genetic engineering
[00:05:01.550]and how genetic change with transgenes is different
[00:05:06.610]than mutations at the DNA level is really important,
[00:05:10.240]and then you can start to learn more
[00:05:12.900]about the genetic engineering process
[00:05:15.640]that has been developed to be used successfully
[00:05:18.580]in both plants, and how that's different
[00:05:20.850]from the genetic engineering process in animals.
[00:05:24.410]Okay, this gives us a good quick look
[00:05:28.060]at how genetic engineers operate
[00:05:30.590]to make improvements in animals and in plants.

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FCGMOs GE Basics

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