FCGMOs GE Basics

Robert Vavala Author

03/27/2018 Added

355 Plays

Description

General information about the steps involved in the process of genetic engineering

Searchable Transcript

Search:

[00:00:01.120]We have learned about GMOs, non-GMOs,
[00:00:04.460]recognized when each technology is useful.
[00:00:08.610]So we're gonna call this bonus presentation,
[00:00:10.940]well, let's just get an idea of the basic steps
[00:00:13.140]that genetic engineers use.
[00:00:14.640]So, we're gonna take a look at transgenic soybeans,
[00:00:17.560]the example we talked about with the Roundup resistance.
[00:00:21.030]That agrobacteria, this single-celled organism,
[00:00:24.880]was the source of the coding region of the gene.
[00:00:27.650]They got a virus to contribute the promoter.
[00:00:31.360]So the basic steps here, these three basic steps,
[00:00:34.750]let's go through them.
[00:00:35.620]They would have had to have isolated all the DNA
[00:00:39.000]from the organisms that donated the transgene
[00:00:42.890]and then isolate and make copies of clone,
[00:00:46.400]the coding region that encoded this
[00:00:51.930]bacteria version of the Roundup
[00:00:56.210]enzyme target protein.
[00:00:59.400]This protein helps the bacteria grow and develop
[00:01:05.010]in the presence of Roundup.
[00:01:07.010]So you can transfer that protein to your soybeans.
[00:01:09.610]They will accomplish the same thing.
[00:01:11.960]But you gotta add a promoter
[00:01:13.670]that will allow the gene to be turned on in plant cells.
[00:01:18.070]So they do that modification
[00:01:21.580]as the final part of step one.
[00:01:24.420]Isolating the gene, discovering the gene,
[00:01:26.800]modifying it so it will work properly,
[00:01:29.190]in this case in the plant cells.
[00:01:31.974]What do you think step two is?
[00:01:33.160]Now that you've got the gene in a test tube,
[00:01:35.340]where does it have to go next?
[00:01:37.340]It has to end up in living plant cells.
[00:01:40.290]So you can grow plant cells in a Petri dish
[00:01:44.890]and from individual cells clone entire plants.
[00:01:48.820]So those cells,
[00:01:49.840]those individual cells growing in a Petri dish,
[00:01:53.050]are the target of your transgenes.
[00:01:54.840]If you can get those transgenes to insert into these cells
[00:01:59.130]and then clone entire plants from those cells,
[00:02:02.910]those plants will have this new gene,
[00:02:04.910]this transgene in every one of those cells.
[00:02:07.100]So that's the second step.
[00:02:09.450]Once you have plants that have this transgene,
[00:02:11.930]they're expressing it,
[00:02:12.970]they show in this case the herbicide resistance,
[00:02:15.560]you can move on to step three.
[00:02:17.430]That's where you hand the seeds
[00:02:20.620]from these transgenic plants off to the plant breeder,
[00:02:24.330]and they will then cross those
[00:02:27.350]with the kinds of soybean plants that farmers like to grow.
[00:02:32.190]Good yielding, disease-resistant,
[00:02:35.070]stress-resistant varieties.
[00:02:37.470]And if you make the cross, you can select varieties
[00:02:42.000]that have the best combinations of both traits,
[00:02:44.300]the good productivity traits from the
[00:02:49.980]elite parents
[00:02:51.700]and the Roundup resistance trait from the transgenic line.
[00:02:56.740]With the breeding,
[00:02:57.850]you can then introduce this new trait into varieties
[00:03:02.400]that the farmer would be excited about growing.
[00:03:04.830]Those are the basic steps
[00:03:06.480]in the plant genetic engineering process.
[00:03:09.970]You can change the trait or you can change the crop.
[00:03:13.020]You still have to do these basic steps.
[00:03:16.350]How about animal genetic engineering?
[00:03:18.530]How would that be similar and how would that be different?
[00:03:21.540]Okay, well, it's very similar.
[00:03:23.730]You have to isolate the genes from the organisms
[00:03:27.110]that contribute the coding region or the promoter.
[00:03:31.020]One of the big differences here is in step two.
[00:03:33.930]Instead of introducing the transgene into tissue culture,
[00:03:38.350]you have to introduce that transgene into an animal cell
[00:03:42.250]that has the capability
[00:03:43.650]of developing into an entire new animal.
[00:03:47.830]So you have to use fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells,
[00:03:52.690]some cell that had that capability
[00:03:57.330]of starting the new animal development process.
[00:04:01.050]The other important difference is
[00:04:03.220]that you don't clone animals from these cells.
[00:04:07.410]You have to place these cells where you've tried
[00:04:09.720]to insert the copies of the transgene into the nucleus
[00:04:14.330]and hope at least one of those transgene copies inserts.
[00:04:17.910]You have to take these cells
[00:04:19.600]and put 'em into surrogate mothers
[00:04:21.980]and then hope that some of the offspring born
[00:04:25.010]have this new transgene in every one of their cells.
[00:04:28.420]So it involves some different steps
[00:04:30.720]because of the nature of animal reproduction,
[00:04:33.760]different steps
[00:04:37.320]involving the use of a mother
[00:04:40.840]rather than cloning on a Petri dish.
[00:04:43.840]But then it finishes in a very similar way
[00:04:46.210]with the breeding process.
[00:04:48.270]So the basic steps are the same,
[00:04:50.840]but, again, it's gonna be dependent
[00:04:52.870]upon the reproductive biology
[00:04:55.620]of the living thing that you're working with.
[00:04:57.440]So, understanding the basics of genetic engineering
[00:05:01.550]and how genetic change with transgenes is different
[00:05:06.610]than mutations at the DNA level is really important,
[00:05:10.240]and then you can start to learn more
[00:05:12.900]about the genetic engineering process
[00:05:15.640]that has been developed to be used successfully
[00:05:18.580]in both plants, and how that's different
[00:05:20.850]from the genetic engineering process in animals.
[00:05:24.410]Okay, this gives us a good quick look
[00:05:28.060]at how genetic engineers operate
[00:05:30.590]to make improvements in animals and in plants.

The screen size you are trying to search captions on is too small!

You can always jump over to MediaHub and check it out there.

Comments

0 Comments

FCGMOs GE Basics

Description

Searchable Transcript

Comments icon comment

Related Channels

Comments