Chap 13 ee

Raymond Hames Author

09/07/2017 Added

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[00:00:00.605]Good afternoon again, on this fine summer day.
[00:00:03.916]Now we're onto chapter 13,
[00:00:05.331]Political Life: Social Order and Disorder,
[00:00:08.211]and we're gonna be talking about the different kinds
[00:00:11.520]of political organizations that have existed through time,
[00:00:14.841]from the most simple and small-scale
[00:00:17.114]to the most complex and large.
[00:00:19.736]And then also, the spread of state societies.
[00:00:23.090]State societies are the most complex
[00:00:25.706]and largest of all kinds of political organizations,
[00:00:29.051]and they tend to spread at the expense
[00:00:32.307]of chiefdoms, and tribes, and bands.
[00:00:35.414]We'll talk about that in the course.
[00:00:37.695]Looking at variation of political process,
[00:00:40.087]and here we're gonna talk about who can be leaders,
[00:00:43.457]what voice individuals have in the political process.
[00:00:47.233]And then finally, we'll turn to the resolution of conflict.
[00:00:50.437]Conflict is normal in any societies.
[00:00:52.932]People that don't get along for a variety of reasons.
[00:00:55.485]Misunderstandings to outright criminal behavior,
[00:00:59.555]and so we'll review the forms of conflict resolution
[00:01:04.104]that have occurred.
[00:01:05.550]And some of those would include such things as warfare,
[00:01:09.827]raiding, and feuding, et cetera, et cetera.
[00:01:12.226]So that's the agenda for chapter 13.
[00:01:16.311]So we'll be talking about, and you'll see in the next slide
[00:01:20.173]which is a table from your text,
[00:01:23.801]moving from band level societies, to tribal,
[00:01:26.262]to chiefdom, and state level organizations.
[00:01:29.273]I have quiet a bit of experience doing research
[00:01:32.003]among the Yanomamo tribal people.
[00:01:34.433]Band level societies are the oldest kind of societies.
[00:01:37.651]They've characterized our social organization,
[00:01:40.325]sociopolitical organization for you know,
[00:01:44.194]probably 95% of our existence as a species.
[00:01:48.244]These are the kind of like original human form
[00:01:51.388]of social organization,
[00:01:53.099]and then up through finally, state organizations.
[00:01:56.679]Here's an examination of the column here,
[00:01:59.660]band, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
[00:02:02.243]And then across the rows,
[00:02:04.558]highest levels of political integration.
[00:02:06.862]For example, in simple band level societies,
[00:02:09.046]the local group is the kind of only group
[00:02:12.017]that exists as an independent political entity.
[00:02:14.907]Then we move to tribe,
[00:02:16.115]then sometimes different local groups,
[00:02:18.617]different villages band together to form a single unit.
[00:02:22.610]And that's a major step in the sociocultural evolution.
[00:02:26.482]And then we move to chiefdoms.
[00:02:27.985]Same thing except that multi local groups are standard,
[00:02:33.379]and we begin to have more specialization in leadership.
[00:02:39.124]And these are correlated too,
[00:02:41.046]with the motive of subsistence.
[00:02:44.095]What we generally find in this kind of march
[00:02:46.380]from band, tribe, chiefdom, to state
[00:02:48.428]is that more intensive food production
[00:02:52.320]leading to a greater population density,
[00:02:54.973]leads to more complex forms of social organizations.
[00:02:58.561]So population growth is kind of like the motor, if you will,
[00:03:01.676]the engine for the development of these different forms
[00:03:04.882]of social organization.
[00:03:07.889]And then we'll look at status differences too.
[00:03:11.250]Egalitarian, and here essentially, it's not egalitarian
[00:03:14.911]because men are equal to one another,
[00:03:17.584]but women typically take a back seat
[00:03:20.382]in the political process.
[00:03:22.598]And so this is standard patriarchy,
[00:03:24.309]which occurs in all these levels of society here.
[00:03:27.376]And then different forms of food and service distributions
[00:03:34.857]that we talked about earlier,
[00:03:36.885]I think in chapter nine of this course.
[00:03:40.670]Take a look at that table because it nicely summarizes
[00:03:43.334]some of the trends that we're gonna be talking about
[00:03:46.080]in the following slides.
[00:03:48.651]In band level organization, the community
[00:03:50.908]is the largest group that acts as a political unit.
[00:03:53.841]And you have to think of these band level societies,
[00:03:56.007]each band, each community acts
[00:03:58.404]as if it were an independent political nation.
[00:04:02.561]They make peace with whomever they want.
[00:04:04.250]They make war on whoever they want.
[00:04:06.564]And so these are like for example,
[00:04:09.208]the people I studied, there's about oh,
[00:04:13.520]150 different villages.
[00:04:15.476]Each one of them is independent of the other,
[00:04:18.501]and can decide whether to make war or peace
[00:04:23.092]on its neighbors.
[00:04:23.986]Typically there's loss of alliances,
[00:04:25.919]which is a way to protect yourself
[00:04:27.678]in an environment of intensive warfare.
[00:04:30.807]The leadership is informal.
[00:04:33.963]Typically the leader is called the head man,
[00:04:36.588]and he really doesn't have the ability
[00:04:41.139]to his coercion to settle disputes.
[00:04:43.427]He has to essentially use persuasion
[00:04:45.610]in the term head man has had
[00:04:46.970]because women typically never occupy this position.
[00:04:50.969]And more or less, everyone is equal,
[00:04:53.216]that is if you're a male, and old enough.
[00:04:55.603]Then we have these societies
[00:04:57.922]are the original democratic societies.
[00:05:01.002]Forget what your history professors say
[00:05:03.283]about Greece and democracy.
[00:05:05.837]It began early on.
[00:05:07.143]In fact, it's kind of typical of human nature
[00:05:10.595]to have this kind of highly democratic social system.
[00:05:14.985]But again, remember it's restricted to men only,
[00:05:18.388]or equal in their political power.
[00:05:20.976]Obviously some guys have greater status,
[00:05:24.811]a greater influence.
[00:05:26.259]Potentially, everyone's equal.
[00:05:28.905]Then if we look at tribal organizations
[00:05:31.127]we begin to get the kind of merging or strong alliances
[00:05:36.098]between different villages.
[00:05:39.738]Typically these alliances are based on kinship
[00:05:43.065]such as lineages or clan organizations.
[00:05:45.654]The communities are still small.
[00:05:47.375]The leadership is still informal.
[00:05:50.298]We have a head man, but he's beginning
[00:05:51.654]to get a little bit more power as time goes on.
[00:05:58.164]The economic system moves from hunting, and gathering,
[00:06:00.870]and fishing, to extensive agriculture.
[00:06:03.615]But still, a good amount of hunting, and gathering,
[00:06:07.313]and fishing, or sometimes herding.
[00:06:09.862]And again, as I mentioned, still egalitarian.
[00:06:12.468]And here's an example of a tribal multi-local
[00:06:15.521]kind of organization where we have essentially,
[00:06:19.640]a village here and a village here,
[00:06:21.857]and they have their own kind of areas.
[00:06:27.077]But they're linked by ties to kinship,
[00:06:29.325]so they're kind of like higher level groups.
[00:06:32.000]They can protect each other in case someone
[00:06:34.972]from C or D might want to take some of their land,
[00:06:38.448]or cattle, or something of that nature,
[00:06:40.523]and so begin to get these hierarchies developing.
[00:06:44.604]And actually, these tribal segments
[00:06:48.586]can become very, very large,
[00:06:50.491]numbering into the hundreds of thousands of people.
[00:06:52.696]They typically don't act as a unit
[00:06:54.599]unless they are attacked by some other ethnic group.
[00:06:58.731]So the power of this what they in text,
[00:07:01.588]described as a segmentary lineage system,
[00:07:04.694]is that one can rapidly mobilize
[00:07:07.838]to engage in heavy duty warfare.
[00:07:11.514]Or also, others who are members of the alliance
[00:07:15.079]might try to use persuasion to ask C and D
[00:07:19.119]to settle their dispute peacefully
[00:07:22.921]if they happen to have a dispute.
[00:07:24.487]And so the leadership in three for E and F
[00:07:31.025]may ask those groups to stop
[00:07:34.024]the squabbling with one another.
[00:07:37.459]It's a really interesting kind of organization
[00:07:40.000]that's common throughout the world
[00:07:44.068]that allows these kinds of groups
[00:07:46.547]to have a much more political power as a unit.
[00:07:52.758]Then we move to chiefdom level organization.
[00:07:55.595]Again, we have multilocal groups.
[00:07:57.833]Largers communities.
[00:07:59.339]Chief has higher rank than others.
[00:08:01.263]And the real important thing here
[00:08:03.800]is that these are ranked societies,
[00:08:05.867]in that we have the development
[00:08:08.102]of what's known as hereditary inequality.
[00:08:10.627]That means that your ability to rise in the political system
[00:08:13.598]depends on who your father was,
[00:08:16.803]and what kind of rank he has in the system.
[00:08:19.803]And so we kind of have for example,
[00:08:22.051]the leadership class, the commoners,
[00:08:24.483]then at the bottom, maybe slaves,
[00:08:27.388]in this kind of organization.
[00:08:30.622]Agriculture begins to become more intensive.
[00:08:34.436]That is, people are producing more food per area of land.
[00:08:42.498]And as mentioned, we have this ranking system.
[00:08:46.214]State organizations again, we're getting even larger scale.
[00:08:50.919]We have cities and towns.
[00:08:53.254]Some of those cities are administrative centers.
[00:08:56.713]There's a great deal of specialization
[00:08:59.299]in the political hierarchy.
[00:09:00.715]We have police, we have army, we have tax collectors.
[00:09:04.877]We have people who work
[00:09:07.744]at infrastructure, maintaining canals.
[00:09:10.386]And so we get this kind of growth of government,
[00:09:13.532]which largely serves pro-social ends.
[00:09:16.290]That is, ends that largely allow people to be better off.
[00:09:21.386]For example, the leadership may provide famine relief.
[00:09:24.930]They may help in the construction of needed infrastructure
[00:09:27.795]like irrigation canals and roads.
[00:09:30.831]The military protects them from outside forces.
[00:09:36.288]And then since these societies are larger,
[00:09:39.742]they have higher population densities,
[00:09:41.576]even more intensive agriculture and herding,
[00:09:45.587]and we get the development of kind of class-based societies.
[00:09:48.815]Distinguish on land holding,
[00:09:50.881]that leads to differences as well.
[00:09:54.508]Sometimes there's a great deal of rigidity
[00:09:56.983]in these systems such that you can only marry
[00:10:00.991]into your own caste, or you can't marry
[00:10:03.813]into a caste above you to kind of like,
[00:10:05.843]add some upward mobility.
[00:10:07.753]And so we've moved essentially from in bands and tribes,
[00:10:10.511]to a highly democratic organization.
[00:10:12.659]To here, we have a highly hierarchical organization
[00:10:17.209]where there's not a lot of ability to move up the scale,
[00:10:21.144]depending on owing to your own skills,
[00:10:24.169]and strengths, et cetera, et cetera.
[00:10:25.459]You're kind of stuck in this sort of system.
[00:10:28.170]And as the highlight mentions,
[00:10:33.499]we get to in a little bit,
[00:10:35.356]but you see that highlight there on democracy,
[00:10:38.420]that we kind of move from a very egalitarian system
[00:10:41.539]through cultural evolution,
[00:10:42.691]to a hierarchical system of inequality.
[00:10:45.826]And now, are moving back to a more democratic
[00:10:48.732]way of living in modern societies.
[00:10:54.383]So look at variation in types of political organization.
[00:10:58.522]Here's a generalization.
[00:11:01.349]We're moving from changes in food collection,
[00:11:04.704]to more into less hunting and gathering,
[00:11:06.550]to more intensive food production.
[00:11:08.493]Intensive agriculture from small to large communities,
[00:11:11.655]from low to high population densities,
[00:11:13.681]and this is what the story of the development
[00:11:17.702]of the state has been through time.
[00:11:22.256]What's really clear is that state level societies
[00:11:25.082]are extremely effective in expanding their domains,
[00:11:30.395]and incorporating more simply organized societies
[00:11:33.889]such as bands and tribes into their political control.
[00:11:38.566]And so this state level of politics dominates the world.
[00:11:43.861]There's 192 officially recognized states
[00:11:47.711]in the United Nations.
[00:11:50.380]Before that time, there were thousands
[00:11:52.795]of independent political entities,
[00:11:54.253]but now there are only 192.
[00:11:56.680]And based on past history, a number of investigations,
[00:12:01.265]actually I should say investigators,
[00:12:02.879]have suggested that the entire world
[00:12:04.418]will eventually become politically integrated.
[00:12:07.945]Now through globalization we're becoming
[00:12:10.384]more and more economically integrated.
[00:12:13.067]And with for example, the European economic community
[00:12:18.530]where there's a lot of economic integration,
[00:12:20.326]or Brexit is an example where that's
[00:12:22.666]kind of beginning to fall apart.
[00:12:24.776]But we have all these sorts of international organizations
[00:12:28.673]that try and integrate the interests of each nation
[00:12:33.628]in the world as a whole.
[00:12:36.390]So there's more and more political integration
[00:12:39.950]as time has moved on, as we've reduced a number
[00:12:43.350]of independent political entities
[00:12:45.680]from thousands, to only 192 today,
[00:12:50.067]and they cover the entire Earth.
[00:12:52.831]Variation in political process.
[00:12:54.907]We're gonna be talking about getting to be a leader,
[00:12:57.538]and then also political participation,
[00:12:59.902]which I just talked about a few seconds ago.
[00:13:03.205]But basically, we have this in egalitarian societies,
[00:13:10.531]band level societies, we have head men.
[00:13:13.160]And then as things became a bit more complex
[00:13:16.421]in the later stages of tribal organization,
[00:13:18.637]we have big men.
[00:13:20.044]And frequently, these individuals are political
[00:13:22.701]or economic entrepreneurs that have clients
[00:13:27.138]that serve them, that help them out
[00:13:29.330]based on the leader's wealth and influence.
[00:13:33.664]Typically, we don't have big women.
[00:13:35.533]There's a section there on the Vanatinai,
[00:13:39.034]where women are able to compete
[00:13:43.248]in certain areas of life with men,
[00:13:45.538]especially as the text mentions, in trade organizations.
[00:13:49.550]And this may have come about because of the relative amount
[00:13:54.203]of peacefulness in the area of the Pacific
[00:13:59.415]where this island is located.
[00:14:03.247]You know, if we compare patrilineal societies
[00:14:05.537]to the matrilineal societies,
[00:14:07.599]it seems that in matrilineal societies
[00:14:09.585]there's a bit more sexual equality going on there.
[00:14:15.053]In that women have a larger role than their sisters
[00:14:18.851]in patrilineal societies.
[00:14:21.173]But even though they have stronger rights,
[00:14:25.045]and the ability to get ahead,
[00:14:27.804]and sometimes ascend to positions of leadership,
[00:14:35.597]it's still even in these matrilineal societies,
[00:14:38.726]patriarchy reins, and males dominate
[00:14:42.052]most of the political, economic,
[00:14:44.717]and social dimensions of life.
[00:14:48.426]Now we're turning to resolution of conflict,
[00:14:50.336]and you can think of two ways of doing things.
[00:14:52.635]Peaceful resolution, making a settlement
[00:14:56.629]through some kind of negotiation.
[00:14:58.678]Or violent resolutions of conflict,
[00:15:00.923]and here we're talking about warfare.
[00:15:02.850]And by the way, the research by Carol Enver and Mel Enver
[00:15:06.323]has been kind of leading the way
[00:15:08.738]in an anthropological understanding of warfare.
[00:15:13.660]And I would say that they're probably more recognized
[00:15:17.243]in this area of anthropological theory
[00:15:19.855]than any of the other areas that they worked in,
[00:15:22.528]although they've had influence
[00:15:24.179]in quite a number of different areas.
[00:15:28.301]One way to resolve a conflict
[00:15:30.464]is simply to avoid the troublemaker.
[00:15:32.786]And one of the ways one can do it
[00:15:34.775]is essentially voting with one's feet.
[00:15:36.945]That is one could reduce the potential of conflict,
[00:15:43.415]put it between people who for one reason or the other,
[00:15:46.292]just can't get along, they may move
[00:15:48.289]to different ends of the village.
[00:15:50.019]Or one may essentially decide,
[00:15:52.164]one family group for example,
[00:15:53.530]may decide to leave and join another group.
[00:15:57.534]Communities are very interested
[00:15:59.607]in maintaining orderliness,
[00:16:02.543]and a lot of times, other members of the community
[00:16:05.138]will step in and propose some kind of resolution
[00:16:10.376]through negotiation and mediation.
[00:16:13.059]Sometimes we have ritual reconciliation
[00:16:18.533]through a kind of formal apology,
[00:16:21.548]after the community has judged one person
[00:16:24.638]to be more in the wrong than others.
[00:16:29.492]We're talking about community action,
[00:16:30.768]what are we talking about?
[00:16:31.634]We're talking about elder men
[00:16:35.510]who have some kind of status and respect
[00:16:38.536]in conjunction with a head man
[00:16:41.009]to try and engage in a kind of informal trial, if you will,
[00:16:47.667]that may lead to a negotiation, a mediation,
[00:16:50.969]or a ritual apology.
[00:16:52.631]Then we have ordeals, oaths and ordeals
[00:16:56.520]to determine guilt or innocent.
[00:16:59.730]And then finally, when we move into state level societies,
[00:17:04.578]we have a very formal system through adjudication.
[00:17:07.292]Through courts and codified law.
[00:17:08.769]And really interesting thing here
[00:17:11.131]is that the state has a monopoly
[00:17:15.317]on the use of physical coercion to punish people.
[00:17:18.515]And band to tribal level societies,
[00:17:20.530]if you didn't like the result of a community
[00:17:25.359]kind of judgment, you could essentially still decide
[00:17:30.589]to take the law into your own hands.
[00:17:32.921]Not so in a modern state system.
[00:17:37.027]If you do take the law in your own hands
[00:17:39.550]because you're angry with someone,
[00:17:41.822]or you're dissatisfied with a court decision,
[00:17:44.185]then you're guilty of a crime.
[00:17:46.188]And so typically what we mean here,
[00:17:48.272]a crime is essentially something against the state.
[00:17:53.454]If you steal from someone, or if you injure someone,
[00:17:56.276]the state regards it as a crime against the state.
[00:18:00.671]Nothing personal here, although it's highly personal,
[00:18:03.028]and they reserve the right to impose a decision,
[00:18:07.425]make some kind of punishment, or other necessary things
[00:18:12.667]such as a fine to essentially end the conflict,
[00:18:18.904]and to maybe allow people to start anew.
[00:18:23.873]Violent resolutions of conflict are very common.
[00:18:27.767]If we were to look at the frequency
[00:18:29.807]of warfare cross-culturally,
[00:18:31.837]about 90, or even a little bit higher percent
[00:18:34.301]of all societies engage in warfare, at least occasionally.
[00:18:38.469]And so we talk about we can look at different levels
[00:18:42.165]of violence as we look at this list here.
[00:18:45.363]Individual violence is one-on-one.
[00:18:48.022]People either within families or between families fight.
[00:18:52.878]Sometimes the fights are deadly.
[00:18:54.980]Feuding generally takes place
[00:18:57.156]between different kinship groups
[00:18:59.598]that can wreck a community, divide it up.
[00:19:05.254]Raiding is really interesting because if you look
[00:19:08.871]at the warfare mortality statistics,
[00:19:12.441]most of the deaths occur in raiding.
[00:19:14.819]And these typically are stealthy raids on enemy villages,
[00:19:20.505]where your goal is to essentially kill
[00:19:23.267]as many people are you can, and not lose any of your own.
[00:19:28.137]And so these essentially are sneak attacks.
[00:19:30.930]We also have sometimes large-scale confrontations,
[00:19:34.173]but these typically, these are armies
[00:19:36.357]facing off on an open field,
[00:19:39.055]and everybody lines up and starts fighting.
[00:19:42.615]These typically occur in later stages of cultural evolution.
[00:19:46.835]We find them in chiefdoms or in state level society.
[00:19:50.560]So feuding and raiding, typically occur in bands,
[00:19:54.839]in tribal level societies.
[00:19:56.517]Whereas large-scale confrontations occur
[00:20:01.556]in chiefdom or state level societies.
[00:20:07.039]As I just mentioned, the type of warfare
[00:20:09.081]varies in scope and complexity from society to society.
[00:20:13.002]Generally, preindustrial societies
[00:20:14.674]with higher warfare frequencies are likely
[00:20:16.996]to have had a history of unpredictable disasters
[00:20:19.659]that destroy food supplies.
[00:20:22.243]This is an important contribution, as the Envers have made,
[00:20:25.553]in that if we look at preindustrial societies,
[00:20:27.936]the biggest predictor of the frequency of warfare
[00:20:32.599]has to do with the history of unpredictable disasters
[00:20:35.199]that destroy food supplies.
[00:20:37.325]The idea here is that although you may be at peace
[00:20:41.277]with your neighbor, you know that a disaster can strike,
[00:20:45.621]and that will seriously harm your food supply.
[00:20:49.974]So what you try to do to buffer that
[00:20:52.009]is to add land to your area of control,
[00:20:55.152]such that you can more effectively buffer
[00:20:58.930]any kind of downturns in the food supply.
[00:21:03.810]Much of what we've seen in the way of warfare,
[00:21:06.302]essentially is economic in basis,
[00:21:09.340]and has to do with a competition over scarce resources
[00:21:12.991]that people need to live happy and productive lives.
[00:21:20.188]There's a note here that dramatic changes
[00:21:22.585]in a political system can occur more or less, voluntarily.
[00:21:26.885]We can see for example, what happened to the Russian empire.
[00:21:29.744]It just kinda fell apart.
[00:21:32.008]And perhaps the most striking type of political change
[00:21:34.479]in recent years is the spread of participatory forms
[00:21:39.549]of government that is democracy.
[00:21:42.043]And one interesting thing about a democratic society,
[00:21:45.991]in terms of their warfare patterns,
[00:21:47.984]is that democratic nations tend to fight
[00:21:51.448]just as much compared to non-democratic nations,
[00:21:56.256]but they tend to fight less with other democratic nations,
[00:22:02.003]which suggests that these nations
[00:22:04.499]have a history of negotiation where they can talk things out
[00:22:08.283]and settle their disputes peacefully.
[00:22:11.951]But it also relates to another issue I talked about earlier,
[00:22:15.064]if we looked in band and tribal level societies,
[00:22:17.750]was the case that it was pretty egalitarian and democratic,
[00:22:22.343]and then moved into the classical civilizations,
[00:22:24.711]we find really strong hierarchies
[00:22:27.712]and a great deal of inequality.
[00:22:29.698]And as we're moving along, these days we're moving
[00:22:33.437]from this kind of highly stratified
[00:22:37.137]and non-democratic form of governance
[00:22:40.673]to a more democratic form of governance.
[00:22:46.324]So here's some key concepts and key terms.
[00:22:48.982]Know the difference between bands, tribes,
[00:22:51.043]chiefdoms, and states.
[00:22:52.268]Again, that table will help you do that.
[00:22:56.842]Warfare, as I mentioned, tends to be associated
[00:22:58.658]with unpredictable food shortages.
[00:23:01.196]And again, warfare is essentially,
[00:23:05.013]not solely, but very frequently a matter of competition
[00:23:08.998]over scarce resources.
[00:23:10.863]Peaceful means of conflict resolution.
[00:23:13.329]We've seen negotiation and mediation,
[00:23:16.614]and kind of community, and trials, et cetera.
[00:23:22.911]Resource problems is a cause of warfare
[00:23:24.567]in small scale societies, which is kind of a repeat
[00:23:26.742]of what I just said about you know,
[00:23:28.364]that tends to be much more common in tribal societies.
[00:23:35.387]But when we look to the modern states,
[00:23:39.740]they essentially conquer and incorporate other groups
[00:23:42.131]simply because they can, and it will benefit the people
[00:23:45.857]who are members of their own society.
[00:23:47.837]So state level societies become very predatory in nature,
[00:23:53.572]and since they're so large,
[00:23:56.776]they can put up larger military forces
[00:24:00.126]than small scale societies.
[00:24:01.727]They tend to gobble them up and incorporate them
[00:24:04.305]within their domains.
[00:24:06.441]High status of leadership tends to be hereditary
[00:24:08.758]in chiefdoms and state level societies,
[00:24:10.365]although that's changing in modern democratic societies.
[00:24:14.772]In egalitarian societies, in bands and tribes,
[00:24:18.185]your status, whether it's high or low,
[00:24:20.447]is essentially earned.
[00:24:21.678]It's independent of what your father
[00:24:25.128]or your mother's status was.
[00:24:30.509]Peaceful resolutions of conflict are achieved
[00:24:32.471]in a variety of ways, and I gave you that list
[00:24:35.066]about five slides ago, so take a look at those means.
[00:24:38.341]Whether it's voting with your feet,
[00:24:40.606]whether it's negotiation or mediation.
[00:24:44.791]The frequency and intensity of warfare
[00:24:47.001]varies with social organization.
[00:24:48.756]What is really interesting is that if you look
[00:24:51.546]at the frequency of warfare in band and tribal
[00:24:54.120]level of society, it seems to be higher
[00:24:56.364]than what we have in modern level societies.
[00:25:00.353]And also, the evidence is so far
[00:25:03.362]that it tends to be more devastating
[00:25:05.420]in that you have a higher probability of being killed
[00:25:09.486]by another person in a band or tribal level society
[00:25:12.891]than you do in the state level society.
[00:25:16.539]But in state level societies, the downside has been
[00:25:20.217]there's quite a bit of inequality.
[00:25:22.470]And so you only kind of gain one area and lose in another.
[00:25:26.355]And then look at that highlight on democracy
[00:25:28.700]and economic development to kind of look
[00:25:31.845]at this kind of odd trajectory we face
[00:25:34.241]going from egalitarian, to stratified,
[00:25:36.163]to more egalitarian democratic forms of social organization.
[00:25:41.945]That's it for chapter 13.

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