Chap 12 EE

Raymond Hames Author

09/04/2017 Added

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[00:00:01.353]Good morning, everyone.
[00:00:02.772]Now we're on to Chapter 12.
[00:00:05.224]We're gonna be dealing with associations
[00:00:07.045]and interest groups.
[00:00:10.391]And we're gonna look at non-voluntary associations,
[00:00:14.006]which may seem a little bit strange to you.
[00:00:16.193]Voluntary associations,
[00:00:17.805]and given that you're at the University of Nebraska,
[00:00:23.089]there are all sorts of associations
[00:00:24.774]that you can join on a voluntary basis.
[00:00:27.874]And then we're gonna look at some ideas
[00:00:29.552]that explain variation in associations.
[00:00:32.442]And note that in previous chapters,
[00:00:34.904]with the focus on small scale societies,
[00:00:37.507]group membership in associations
[00:00:39.845]was largely based on kinship or residence.
[00:00:42.720]And now we're talking about
[00:00:44.924]voluntary associations in this chapter,
[00:00:49.154]or non-voluntary associations,
[00:00:51.046]that are not very common in small scale societies,
[00:00:55.783]but are more common in more complex societies.
[00:00:58.493]Although associations also exist in small scale societies.
[00:01:04.592]So, on to associations and interest groups.
[00:01:08.103]Associations or interest groups
[00:01:09.816]have the following characteristics in common.
[00:01:12.931]Some kind of formal institutional structure exists,
[00:01:16.468]there's some kind of leadership and rules and regulations.
[00:01:19.652]some peoples are excluded from membership
[00:01:22.285]based on a variety of criteria, it could be age,
[00:01:24.995]could be sex, it could be interests, skill, etc., etc.
[00:01:30.078]Membership is based on commonly shared
[00:01:32.177]interests and purposes.
[00:01:33.735]And there's a clear sense of mutual pride and belonging.
[00:01:37.244]That is, there's some kind of solidarity, esprit de corps,
[00:01:40.774]that exists in these associations and interest groups.
[00:01:45.855]Non-voluntary associations are more characteristic
[00:01:48.919]of relatively unstratified or egalitarian societies.
[00:01:53.062]And so in the text, we see age-sets,
[00:01:56.587]and we'll explore some of those,
[00:01:58.040]and then also unisex associations,
[00:02:00.552]for example, where only women can be members
[00:02:03.397]or only men can be members.
[00:02:07.304]And here are some examples of
[00:02:10.676]different kinds of associations.
[00:02:12.850]Some are universally ascribed or variably ascribed,
[00:02:15.666]and some are based on achievement.
[00:02:17.913]And to kind of give you some detail,
[00:02:22.450]so here we're talking about criteria for membership,
[00:02:25.581]and in an ascribed criteria, it is pretty much designated
[00:02:29.108]at birth and can be based on age, sex, kinship,
[00:02:33.201]or ethnic affiliation or even religion.
[00:02:35.725]Achieved, however, criteria for membership
[00:02:38.870]is based on accomplishments, demonstrated merit,
[00:02:42.334]a position that is earned or chosen.
[00:02:45.597]And so, this is the two different kinds of criteria
[00:02:50.752]that put people into these different kinds of associations.
[00:02:57.505]And getting back to what I mentioned before,
[00:02:59.680]age-sets are non-voluntary associations whose members belong
[00:03:05.089]because of universally ascribed characteristics,
[00:03:07.772]such as age.
[00:03:08.605]And so the text shows,
[00:03:11.749]has a description of Karimojong age-sets
[00:03:14.292]and also Shavante age-sets.
[00:03:16.344]And in many cases, these essentially are types of
[00:03:18.963]warrior societies where men and certain age groups,
[00:03:23.374]for example, between ages of let's say 15 and 30,
[00:03:28.457]responsible for herding, for warfare,
[00:03:31.624]they can't get married until they move out of the age-set,
[00:03:35.189]and same thing applies to the Shavante,
[00:03:37.496]who are not herders but essentially
[00:03:40.236]these groups kind of take the place of kinship groups
[00:03:45.104]in these societies, and the important thing is
[00:03:47.596]that everyone must become a member as they pass through
[00:03:52.328]various ages.
[00:03:57.986]And here's the description of the Karimojong,
[00:04:03.477]a junior age-set, senior generation set,
[00:04:06.904]a retired, the seniors, for example,
[00:04:10.269]not initiated boys.
[00:04:11.557]So after initiation, they join the junior generation set,
[00:04:15.807]they have a certain set of duties.
[00:04:17.571]Senior age-set, as they move through the aging process
[00:04:22.222]to the retired generation.
[00:04:24.837]And typically, as we'll explore later in the text
[00:04:29.164]or in the chapter 12 explains,
[00:04:32.384]that here you need to mobilize a lot of people.
[00:04:37.463]Kinship typically is the mode of mobilization,
[00:04:41.153]but in this situation, kin may be dispersed
[00:04:44.277]or they may be too few to accomplish the various tasks
[00:04:47.190]that are important in certain kinds of societies.
[00:04:51.991]There are non-voluntary associations, again,
[00:04:54.841]and these are unisex associations, typically,
[00:04:57.646]are associations that restrict membership to one sex,
[00:05:01.368]usually male.
[00:05:02.388]So, the text describes the Mae Enga Bachelor Associations.
[00:05:06.823]These young men are kind of set apart from their families,
[00:05:10.117]they live in a common shelter,
[00:05:12.658]they interact very, very frequently with one another.
[00:05:17.191]And then we look at another society, the Mende,
[00:05:21.660]and we have Poro and Sande societies,
[00:05:24.515]and these essentially are for men and for women.
[00:05:27.943]And the purpose is largely educational
[00:05:31.707]where boys are taught how to be men,
[00:05:34.609]or girls are taught how to be women.
[00:05:37.415]And the membership is off limits to one sex or the other.
[00:05:43.132]They're very private in that way.
[00:05:44.778]And then the Ijaw's Women's Association,
[00:05:47.086]which largely has to do with
[00:05:49.868]the cooperation for commercial activities
[00:05:53.351]among these African people.
[00:05:56.082]Voluntary associations are more common
[00:05:57.836]in stratified or complex societies.
[00:05:59.771]So I've moved from non-voluntary associations,
[00:06:02.334]more common in simple societies,
[00:06:04.414]and we move to stratified societies.
[00:06:06.458]We find all sort of associations,
[00:06:10.596]military associations, regional associations,
[00:06:12.939]ethnic associations, rotating credit associations,
[00:06:16.198]multiethnic associations, and other interest groups,
[00:06:19.909]for example, as NGOs, or non-governmental organizations.
[00:06:24.843]And some of these associations
[00:06:26.018]have got military associations
[00:06:29.291]are not quite as voluntary as it would seem.
[00:06:33.642]And we'll explore that a little bit later
[00:06:36.054]in the slides.
[00:06:38.256]Military associations exist to united members
[00:06:40.775]through their common experience as warriors,
[00:06:42.997]to glorify the activities of war, and to perform
[00:06:45.156]certain activities, services, for the community.
[00:06:48.086]And for example, you could think of the VFW,
[00:06:50.913]Veterans of Foreign Wars.
[00:06:54.641]The criteria is having served in the military.
[00:07:00.121]And although they do glorify the activities of war,
[00:07:03.948]in terms of protecting one's nation,
[00:07:07.042]they also do a lot of charitable work
[00:07:10.922]in helping their various communities.
[00:07:15.313]Regional associations bring together migrants
[00:07:17.413]from common geographic backgrounds.
[00:07:19.542]The functions of regional associations may change over time
[00:07:22.870]as social conditions change.
[00:07:24.821]And so, what we're talking about here
[00:07:27.470]in voluntary associations in complex societies,
[00:07:31.507]is that there's lots of regional kind of sub-ethnic,
[00:07:34.257]sub-cultural differentiation.
[00:07:36.255]And also in stratified societies,
[00:07:38.806]you have lots of migrants coming in from all over the world.
[00:07:41.750]And so people, for example,
[00:07:47.267]people from Appalachian move to Chicago
[00:07:50.208]take advantage of economic opportunities,
[00:07:53.880]they're from various regions,
[00:07:55.143]they settle in different parts of the city,
[00:07:56.777]and they help one another get jobs, find houses,
[00:08:00.413]make connections and things of that nature.
[00:08:02.866]So this is what we mean by regional associations.
[00:08:06.488]And their functions change over time.
[00:08:08.232]They can be political over time, but a lot of that
[00:08:10.351]has to do with just basically economic assistance
[00:08:13.850]among those who are already settled.
[00:08:17.333]And so people who are moving from the countryside
[00:08:20.206]into urban setters, then kind of seek out people
[00:08:24.004]who have common regional backgrounds
[00:08:26.628]and cultural backgrounds as well.
[00:08:29.781]Ethnic associations, membership is largely based
[00:08:32.995]on ethnicity.
[00:08:35.311]And we have our tribal unions,
[00:08:36.838]especially in Africa.
[00:08:40.813]And also friendly societies.
[00:08:42.455]And basically, again, we have movement
[00:08:46.146]from the countryside into the city.
[00:08:48.572]People are seeking their better economic opportunities,
[00:08:51.296]and so they move to those sections of the cities
[00:08:53.743]that are dominated by particular ethnic groups
[00:08:56.041]that they're members of.
[00:08:57.786]And again, they receive assistance in finding
[00:09:02.050]a place to live, jobs, learning how the government works,
[00:09:06.116]and things of that nature.
[00:09:09.723]Another example is rotating credit associations.
[00:09:13.232]The basic principles is that each member of the group
[00:09:15.632]agrees to make a regular contribution,
[00:09:17.368]in money or in kind, to a fund,
[00:09:19.630]which is then handed over to each member in rotation.
[00:09:23.163]And so again, these are associated with
[00:09:25.682]ethnic groups typically.
[00:09:27.574]And this is kind of an entrepreneurial situation
[00:09:31.235]where people will essentially use the funds
[00:09:36.131]contributed by other members to, for example,
[00:09:39.180]to start businesses, to expand businesses,
[00:09:41.553]to pay for education for their children,
[00:09:45.592]deal with medical problems, things of that nature.
[00:09:47.991]And so this is a really kind of interesting
[00:09:52.293]self-organized kind of help group
[00:09:54.783]that is financial in orientation.
[00:09:59.332]Multiethnic associations increasingly voluntary groups
[00:10:02.296]draw from members of many different backgrounds.
[00:10:05.255]And for example, we can think of political parties.
[00:10:07.691]As multiethnic associations, multiethnic and multi-regional
[00:10:12.065]associates have been involved in independence
[00:10:14.453]movements around the world.
[00:10:15.855]And here we're talking about revolutionary groups,
[00:10:19.174]sometimes political groups, that want to institute
[00:10:22.785]fundamental changes in the government.
[00:10:27.151]Frequently peaceful, but sometimes violent.
[00:10:33.935]These multiethnic associations are becoming more important
[00:10:37.066]as people bond together because they have
[00:10:38.923]common political beliefs, beliefs about equality,
[00:10:42.248]and the right kind of government,
[00:10:43.746]and it's irrespective of their ethnic group identity.
[00:10:48.055]Other interests groups; voluntary associations
[00:10:52.272]in complex societies have members who belong
[00:10:54.284]because of common, achieved interests.
[00:10:55.861]And again, for example, the Veterans of Foreign Wars,
[00:10:58.925]and all of these kinds of fan groups, sports groups,
[00:11:02.291]music groups, internet clubs,
[00:11:04.338]and organizations that you might find on campus.
[00:11:08.495]The people who are bonded because they have
[00:11:10.245]a common interest in gaming, or some other kind of
[00:11:15.588]activity that they really like.
[00:11:19.795]And so they are eager to meet other people
[00:11:22.809]who like what they like, and they form these kinds of
[00:11:26.756]fairly informal, and definitely voluntary
[00:11:30.275]interest groups.
[00:11:32.652]Explaining variation in associations.
[00:11:34.622]Associations whose members belong
[00:11:36.464]because of variably ascribed characteristics
[00:11:38.914]tend to be replaced by highly industrialized societies
[00:11:41.693]by associations whose membership is based on
[00:11:44.082]achieved qualities.
[00:11:45.420]And so again, we have the associations like age-sets
[00:11:48.822]that are variably ascribed depending on your age.
[00:11:52.827]And by being ascribed, it's kind of like
[00:11:55.830]something you have like sex, ethnicity, or age
[00:12:00.540]which is kind of like inherent in your identity too.
[00:12:05.988]As we moved to more complex societies,
[00:12:09.141]where membership is based on achieved qualities
[00:12:12.104]and interests.
[00:12:13.892]Kind of expertise that you might have,
[00:12:16.213]that allows you to claim some sort of achieved quality.
[00:12:20.367]Some concepts and terms.
[00:12:21.901]So know the difference between achieved versus ascribed
[00:12:24.872]as membership criteria.
[00:12:27.153]And also the difference between voluntary
[00:12:28.883]versus non-voluntary organizations.
[00:12:32.182]You know non-voluntary groups in which you have
[00:12:34.745]to become a member just because you typically have
[00:12:38.260]a certain set of ascribed characteristics.
[00:12:41.443]Age-sets seem to appear when kin groups
[00:12:43.568]are dispersed and mobilization is necessary.
[00:12:47.451]As I mentioned before, this is very common among
[00:12:50.364]herding people.
[00:12:51.367]There's a great deal of dispersion,
[00:12:53.159]a good deal of warfare, and so in order to mount a defense
[00:12:57.863]you can't really depend on a dispersed or even small size
[00:13:02.204]kinship groups.
[00:13:03.174]And so you essentially create these organizations
[00:13:06.072]that are based on common residence and identity
[00:13:09.721]in the certain region, and age issues to organize
[00:13:13.519]these groups.
[00:13:14.723]Multi-ethnic associations are again becoming more common.
[00:13:18.256]And the kind of multi-ethnic societies that exist
[00:13:21.869]more and more around the world.
[00:13:23.856]As you look around the world,
[00:13:25.053]one change that has occurred
[00:13:26.367]because of globalization and ease of mobility,
[00:13:29.886]is that there are very few pure cultures left.
[00:13:33.991]Whether we're talking about England, France,
[00:13:35.772]the United States, or South Africa.
[00:13:39.244]There's a variety of ethnic groups that exist
[00:13:42.007]within a political boundary.
[00:13:44.227]And then looking at some of the highlights in the textbook;
[00:13:47.618]ethnic associations in China Town, again,
[00:13:50.814]these are designed to help immigrants
[00:13:57.008]to various large citizens of the United States
[00:13:59.189]with the Chinese population,
[00:14:00.687]to kind of get into the economic system,
[00:14:05.223]get jobs, and things of that nature.
[00:14:07.808]And then also the interesting highlight,
[00:14:09.413]do women's associations increase status?
[00:14:12.599]There is some evidence that they do,
[00:14:14.020]but it's pretty limited in terms of the domain,
[00:14:17.104]whether it's economic, political, or other sorts
[00:14:20.048]of demands.
[00:14:20.969]It helps a little bit.
[00:14:22.138]And then finally, there's a good section on
[00:14:24.466]non-governmental organizations and their growth.
[00:14:27.463]Non-governmental organizations are essentially
[00:14:29.621]organizations, for example, wildlife organizations
[00:14:34.371]that pressure governments to engage in conservation
[00:14:39.861]set of parks.
[00:14:41.143]Or groups of, for example, such as Doctors Without Borders,
[00:14:46.609]the International Red Cross.
[00:14:48.330]They are frequently funded by governmental organizations,
[00:14:53.972]and you know the special purpose groups
[00:14:56.677]who generally have a kind of orientation that focuses
[00:15:01.577]on helping people achieve certain kinds of socially
[00:15:06.552]important, what they believe to be socially important,
[00:15:09.036]goals.
[00:15:09.869]So that's it for associations and interest groups.
[00:15:14.359]The key thing here is that moving away from pure residence
[00:15:19.503]and kinship as a means of organizing people
[00:15:21.945]as we move from small-scale societies
[00:15:24.298]to more complex societies.
[00:15:27.746]Also social media groups, Facebook and Twitter, etc.,
[00:15:31.769]these are kind of also interest phenomena
[00:15:34.071]that are developing in recent times.
[00:15:37.087]Okay that's it.

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Chap 12 EE

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