Chap 10 212 EE

Raymond Hames Author

08/30/2017 Added

194 Plays

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Narrated Power Point for Chap. 10 of EE (ANTH 212)

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[00:00:01.418]Good evening to you all,
[00:00:02.646]or at least it's good evening for me.
[00:00:05.538]We're gonna go to marriage and family, chapter 11.
[00:00:09.277]And define what is marriage,
[00:00:12.353]why is marriage nearly universal?
[00:00:15.322]How does one marry?
[00:00:17.717]Restrictions on marriage, the universal incest taboo,
[00:00:21.409]a really important issue.
[00:00:23.234]Whom should one marry?
[00:00:25.455]Lots of societies have real stringent rules
[00:00:27.712]on who one can marry.
[00:00:31.807]And how many does one marry?
[00:00:33.856]You'll be surprised to know perhaps that
[00:00:35.951]if you look at the standard, as a rough example,
[00:00:38.157]86% of all societies permit polygyny,
[00:00:41.494]and polygyny is a marriage form
[00:00:43.073]as we'll find out pretty soon,
[00:00:45.392]is where a man can have more than one wife.
[00:00:48.398]And we'll talk about the nature of the family,
[00:00:50.251]the nuclear and the extended family
[00:00:52.670]and then why extended families
[00:00:55.042]are pretty common worldwide.
[00:01:00.143]Marriage merely means a socially approved
[00:01:02.960]sexual and economic union,
[00:01:04.447]usually between a man and a woman.
[00:01:07.003]And this is typically an enduring kind of relationship.
[00:01:11.785]One important dimension of marriage is cohabitation,
[00:01:15.101]but there are groups such as the Na in China
[00:01:18.194]and the Nayar in India
[00:01:19.971]where cohabitation is not expected.
[00:01:25.494]It's exceptionally rare.
[00:01:27.046]And so we have marriages without
[00:01:30.608]the husband and the wife having a common residence,
[00:01:34.757]but these are really rare.
[00:01:37.730]And then there are kinda rare types of marriages,
[00:01:40.008]especially as the text pointed out,
[00:01:41.880]same sex unions that occur in a variety of societies,
[00:01:45.896]especially in native North America
[00:01:49.399]and to some extent native South America.
[00:01:54.664]Why is marriage nearly universal?
[00:01:56.969]There's some ideas out there.
[00:01:59.002]I think perhaps a combination of them is probably correct.
[00:02:03.801]One has to do with a gender division of labor.
[00:02:06.642]The idea here is that women
[00:02:09.865]are really good at certain kinds of activities,
[00:02:12.321]men in other activities, kinds of activities.
[00:02:15.935]And together they can make an efficient, economic unit.
[00:02:21.471]That's true, but I think prolonged infant dependency
[00:02:24.803]is probably the most important reason,
[00:02:28.281]in that humans are slow to develop.
[00:02:32.028]They take a lot of nurturing and time.
[00:02:35.340]They're essentially not able
[00:02:37.354]to become economically independent,
[00:02:39.613]by that I mean be able to produce
[00:02:42.501]enough food for their own uses, needs,
[00:02:47.003]until they're about 18 years of age,
[00:02:49.026]it happens a little bit earlier for girls than for boys,
[00:02:54.273]and so I think this is probably
[00:02:56.439]the most important reason for
[00:03:01.775]why marriage occurs, why monogamy is especially common,
[00:03:05.878]and it's in tune with lots of other research
[00:03:08.172]on different animals from an evolutionary perspective.
[00:03:11.105]Sexual competition, that could be an issue too.
[00:03:14.130]It's a way for people to maintain
[00:03:21.236]the unity of their own union
[00:03:23.404]and prevent others from competing,
[00:03:26.232]but that may be one dimension of marriage.
[00:03:29.679]The assumption is that there's some kind of fidelity,
[00:03:33.369]but again, I think prolonged infant dependency.
[00:03:37.250]And there's some mention of other mammals and birds.
[00:03:41.707]Some research that the em-bers have done
[00:03:43.740]on postpartum requirements,
[00:03:45.801]and that again, feeds into the issue
[00:03:48.622]of prolonged infant dependency,
[00:03:51.083]postpartum means after birth,
[00:03:53.194]and the kinds of investments that's required.
[00:03:55.830]And again, when you see this in other mammals and birds,
[00:04:00.307]that it takes two to rear
[00:04:05.484]an infant and take care of
[00:04:07.146]until they're able to fend for themselves.
[00:04:09.790]So this idea of prolonged infant dependency
[00:04:11.978]is probably the most important reason
[00:04:14.404]for the evolution of marriage
[00:04:16.744]and accounts for its effect
[00:04:18.841]of the nearly human universal.
[00:04:23.212]How does one marry?
[00:04:24.161]Some societies mark marriages
[00:04:25.370]by elaborate rites and celebrations,
[00:04:27.199]while others do so in a much more informal way.
[00:04:33.480]In our society it's a big celebration.
[00:04:36.190]In other societies it's pretty much marked by simply
[00:04:43.280]a woman moving to a man's residence,
[00:04:46.630]taking up living with him
[00:04:48.882]and there's no big celebration or ordeal.
[00:04:54.058]And so that is kind of like
[00:04:56.334]the marking of the onset of marriage,
[00:04:58.736]a ceremony is quite variable.
[00:05:01.782]But importantly, there are a number of economic aspects
[00:05:05.006]of marriage that you want to kind of take a look at.
[00:05:11.026]And let's go through these.
[00:05:14.034]In about 75% of all societies,
[00:05:16.159]some kind of economic transaction is required.
[00:05:22.494]In a good number of societies,
[00:05:24.201]and you'll see the pie chart in just a minute,
[00:05:26.681]a bride price is required.
[00:05:28.063]And this is where a man essentially
[00:05:30.476]has to pay the bride's family for the right
[00:05:34.185]to that woman, the right to have a complete
[00:05:37.807]and faithful sexual access to her,
[00:05:40.852]the use of her labor.
[00:05:44.058]And so typically in many herding societies
[00:05:46.805]it's a transfer of some kind of wealth,
[00:05:48.563]like cattle, goats, other things of value.
[00:05:53.240]In those societies that don't have
[00:05:55.493]much in the way of material wealth, we have bride service.
[00:05:58.233]And this is a situation where the husband
[00:06:00.771]has to work for the family of the bride
[00:06:03.522]for a number of years, one or two,
[00:06:06.575]before he gains the right to take her
[00:06:10.414]to his own home and have their marriage.
[00:06:13.555]So that's another form of payment, in terms of service.
[00:06:17.578]In some societies it's common that there's an exchange.
[00:06:23.143]The one family has a son who wants to get married.
[00:06:26.899]They arrange a marriage with a young woman in another family
[00:06:32.390]with the expectation that that woman
[00:06:36.404]in the other family has a brother
[00:06:39.548]who at some later time, or at the same time,
[00:06:42.126]will marry a woman from the other family.
[00:06:46.250]And so there's this exchange of females.
[00:06:49.159]And by the way, in a number of societies
[00:06:50.613]you can have these things kinda working together.
[00:06:53.170]The group I worked with, the Yanomamo,
[00:06:55.215]they both engage in bride service,
[00:06:57.388]sometimes called groom service,
[00:06:58.976]and the exchange of females.
[00:07:00.783]Sometimes there's just a token exchange
[00:07:04.606]of gifts of little value.
[00:07:06.780]It's more symbolic between the families to,
[00:07:10.048]you know it's an economic aspect of marriage.
[00:07:13.252]Then we have dowry.
[00:07:15.469]Now, a lot of people misunderstand dowry.
[00:07:18.246]Dowry, think about the term endowed.
[00:07:21.332]So it means that you get something.
[00:07:25.226]In a dowry system, when a woman marries,
[00:07:27.560]she's endowed by her family with a set of resources.
[00:07:33.201]Sometimes they're jewels, sometimes they're pots and pans
[00:07:37.426]that are, it may seem trivial to us,
[00:07:39.675]but in societies that are highly agricultural,
[00:07:42.788]these are really important tools.
[00:07:45.571]And she brings that into the marriage.
[00:07:48.117]The husband typically brings land into the marriage.
[00:07:51.829]And so the dowry plus the husband's
[00:07:56.845]house or land form what we call,
[00:08:00.152]write this down, a matrimonial fund.
[00:08:02.598]That is, essentially it is
[00:08:06.857]an economic startup package, if you will,
[00:08:10.611]that combines resources from both families
[00:08:13.217]to ensure that the new couple have a means to
[00:08:20.395]start making a living effectively.
[00:08:22.960]Don't worry about indirect dowry, it's not very common.
[00:08:29.101]So I have it there listed,
[00:08:31.375]but it's nothing you really have to worry yourself about.
[00:08:35.301]Here's a, gives you kind of a picture.
[00:08:40.300]In 75% of all societies,
[00:08:41.957]we have these kinds of transactions.
[00:08:43.863]25% of all societies,
[00:08:46.416]we don't have these kinda transactions.
[00:08:49.158]Now where would put marriages in our society?
[00:08:54.366]Well, traditionally the
[00:09:00.624]husband's family has to, oh excuse me,
[00:09:03.701]the wife's family has to bear the cost of marriage,
[00:09:07.333]that is setting up the reception
[00:09:11.810]and feeding the guests, renting the space,
[00:09:15.637]paying for the DJ, or whatever.
[00:09:20.294]But we would probably just call this
[00:09:22.768]a kind of maybe gift exchange.
[00:09:25.503]The wife's family then would pay for the,
[00:09:29.924]or excuse me, the husband's family
[00:09:30.975]might pay for the rehearsal dinner
[00:09:32.697]or something of that nature.
[00:09:33.667]But these typically are not dramatic costs.
[00:09:38.787]I'm not trying to say that a marriage
[00:09:39.969]in the United States is cheap.
[00:09:41.760]Some people really get extravagant,
[00:09:44.936]but it's something we would call
[00:09:46.116]like an economic transaction.
[00:09:48.505]It's more or less kind of showing off
[00:09:50.623]to your friends and neighbors and your relatives
[00:09:55.001]about what kind of wealth you have
[00:09:57.477]and it's more like a display than anything else.
[00:10:02.477]Restrictions on marriage, the incest taboo
[00:10:06.701]is pretty much universal.
[00:10:09.882]That is there's a prevention
[00:10:13.301]of close inbreeding through marriage.
[00:10:16.863]And what it means is that typically
[00:10:20.077]you can't marry anyone within your own family.
[00:10:24.218]In many societies, however,
[00:10:25.781]you can marry a first cousin, or a second cousin,
[00:10:31.113]and many of you, for example, of European descent,
[00:10:35.127]going back three or four generations,
[00:10:37.329]may know of cousin marriages, first or second cousins,
[00:10:41.904]that have happened in your family.
[00:10:44.641]It's very kind of common in Europe.
[00:10:47.234]But the restrictions are against any kind of marriage
[00:10:50.255]within the nuclear family,
[00:10:52.065]or between grandparents, grandchildren, aunts,
[00:10:59.843]nephews, uncles, and nieces.
[00:11:02.192]And so this is pretty much universal,
[00:11:05.723]a kind of pattern that we find, although limits vary,
[00:11:09.071]but close inbreeding is essentially prevented.
[00:11:12.770]There are a number of theories
[00:11:15.629]about the universal incest taboo.
[00:11:18.565]And the two that I think are most important
[00:11:22.020]are the childhood-familiarity theory,
[00:11:24.956]and this was devised by Edward Westermarck
[00:11:30.428]at the turn of the 1900s.
[00:11:34.133]He was a Finnish cross-cultural researcher,
[00:11:36.843]along with the inbreeding theory.
[00:11:39.267]So these are the two key kind of explanations.
[00:11:42.440]And actually they're not in competition.
[00:11:44.230]But before I get into talking about those two,
[00:11:48.021]Freud's psychoanalytic theory,
[00:11:50.297]I don't even know why it's in the text,
[00:11:51.871]is essentially, what's the word I want to use, bogus?
[00:11:56.246]Has no empirical
[00:12:02.176]demonstration at all, but let's focus on
[00:12:05.837]what we call the proximate causes,
[00:12:07.909]there's the childhood-familiarity theory
[00:12:10.159]and the inbreeding theory,
[00:12:11.281]which is more of a functional, ultimate explanation.
[00:12:14.543]And the childhood-familiarity theory
[00:12:16.384]is the idea that if you grow up with another individual
[00:12:21.992]in an intimate day-to-day interaction,
[00:12:25.110]at the time of sexual maturity,
[00:12:27.625]even though you may play doctor earlier on,
[00:12:30.680]you'll have no interest in having sex with that individual.
[00:12:34.879]And so basically we're talking about our siblings.
[00:12:38.655]And we grew up with them, we have day-to-day interactions,
[00:12:42.135]and the very idea of even having sex with a sibling
[00:12:47.679]strikes people as morally disgusting,
[00:12:51.006]a horrible thing to even kind of try to imagine.
[00:12:55.357]And so we have this kind of natural aversion
[00:12:58.147]to having any kind of sexual interest
[00:13:02.089]in someone that we grew up with.
[00:13:05.033]And so this provides a kind of psychological mechanism
[00:13:09.331]that accounts for part of the theory.
[00:13:13.405]The other part of the theory
[00:13:14.527]has to do with inbreeding depression,
[00:13:17.648]write that down, inbreeding depression.
[00:13:19.713]And what that means is that people who,
[00:13:22.495]for example, are siblings,
[00:13:26.982]they have sex, they have offspring,
[00:13:29.333]and typically those offspring
[00:13:31.371]have very serious problems
[00:13:33.837]if they survive past the first couple years of age.
[00:13:37.548]And this is documented in a wide variety of animals.
[00:13:41.616]It's well documented in humans.
[00:13:45.088]That the first kind of like clear demonstration
[00:13:47.521]was an interesting article by James Neel
[00:13:51.104]and William Schull called The Children of Incest.
[00:13:54.406]And through examination of a series of case histories,
[00:13:58.328]they show that the offspring from inbred,
[00:14:02.224]you know sister/brother kinds of
[00:14:07.579]incestuous sex just pretty much
[00:14:11.930]had a very low probability of survival.
[00:14:14.224]If they did survive, then they were mentally deficient
[00:14:18.497]or had other sorts of kind of crippling characteristics.
[00:14:22.997]So the childhood-familiarity theory
[00:14:26.422]essentially provides us with a psychological mechanism
[00:14:29.632]that makes us not to even want to go there in a sense.
[00:14:34.959]And the inbreeding theory talks about
[00:14:36.602]the adaptiveness of not engaging in inbreeding.
[00:14:44.414]So whom should one marry?
[00:14:45.840]Well, we have a lot of societies.
[00:14:47.241]Arranged marriages.
[00:14:49.109]In some societies you have to marry outside a particular
[00:14:52.395]group, that is your nuclear family, for example.
[00:14:56.181]But within a certain social circle,
[00:15:00.567]could be religious, could be within your own culture,
[00:15:04.160]could be within your own ethnicity.
[00:15:06.656]And so these notions of exogamy and endogamy
[00:15:10.209]essentially define the world of
[00:15:14.148]appropriate marriages that you can have.
[00:15:17.281]In many societies, as I mentioned,
[00:15:19.090]a cousin marriage is prescribed.
[00:15:21.457]The idea that you can trust kin,
[00:15:23.801]you can get along with them.
[00:15:25.955]And we know that, for example,
[00:15:28.500]alliances are created and maintained
[00:15:31.128]through inter-marriage between families,
[00:15:34.369]and so cousin marriages sometimes occurred.
[00:15:36.825]And then we have the interesting cases,
[00:15:38.426]the levirate and the sororate.
[00:15:40.604]And the levirate is actually from the Bible,
[00:15:44.070]the first Old Testament, practiced by the Levites,
[00:15:46.929]that's why I have it called the levirate,
[00:15:49.419]and it means that if
[00:15:54.455]a man dies, who's married,
[00:15:56.872]then his brother is required to marry
[00:16:00.724]his deceased brother's wife.
[00:16:03.291]And the sororate is much the same,
[00:16:05.742]just kind of the opposite.
[00:16:07.280]If a woman dies in marriage,
[00:16:09.710]then the woman's sister is required
[00:16:13.164]to marry the former husband of her deceased sister.
[00:16:19.287]And the kind of argument here
[00:16:21.702]for the levirate and the soroate
[00:16:23.389]is that it kinda maintains alliances
[00:16:26.495]that were established by marriage.
[00:16:29.045]If there's a death of one of the individuals,
[00:16:31.552]then the alliance is potentially broken,
[00:16:34.601]and so a quick remarriage
[00:16:37.562]allows the alliance to persist.
[00:16:43.052]How many does one marry?
[00:16:44.887]Well, we can talk about plural marriages
[00:16:48.042]and the term is polygamy.
[00:16:50.090]That is is a woman with more than one husband at a time
[00:16:53.634]or a man with more than one wife at a time.
[00:16:57.120]In the case of, you know specifically,
[00:17:00.090]polyandry is a term where a woman
[00:17:02.258]is allowed to take more than one husband at a time.
[00:17:06.591]That's really, really rare.
[00:17:08.667]Only about maybe two to 3% of all societies permit it.
[00:17:13.488]On the other hand, polygyny is permitted
[00:17:15.999]in 86% of all societies in the ethnographic record.
[00:17:21.418]And so if you think about it,
[00:17:23.422]and you think perhaps polygyny is really odd,
[00:17:26.459]and really what has to be explained is monogamy.
[00:17:30.451]Now why is monogamy so rare?
[00:17:33.395]Now, that being said, even though
[00:17:36.173]in 86% of all societies polygyny is permitted,
[00:17:41.084]most of the men and women
[00:17:45.608]in these societies where polygyny
[00:17:48.002]is permitted are married monogamously.
[00:17:52.941]And also, if you look at those societies
[00:17:55.424]that practice monogamy, you find that
[00:18:00.339]they're very common in complexly
[00:18:01.847]organized state level societies
[00:18:04.072]and we call this socially imposed monogamy,
[00:18:08.138]but in general, as a species overall,
[00:18:13.891]we are somewhat of a polygynous species
[00:18:16.910]because it is so commonly allowed.
[00:18:20.396]And typically males that have high status,
[00:18:23.500]especially wealth, are the ones who
[00:18:25.326]are able to marry polygynously.
[00:18:31.025]So as I mentioned, polygyny is a practice
[00:18:32.825]in which men are allowed to be married
[00:18:34.905]to more than one woman at the same time.
[00:18:37.595]And one theory is that societies
[00:18:38.992]that have a long postpartum sex taboo allow this practice.
[00:18:44.481]There's like really weak, weak support for this,
[00:18:48.569]a theory that they champion in the textbook.
[00:18:52.801]It has to do with the fact largely
[00:18:54.612]that certain men in societies
[00:18:58.859]are exceptionally wealthy
[00:19:00.893]and oftentimes the women are better off
[00:19:03.839]being the second wife of a very rich man
[00:19:06.322]than the first wife of a very poor man.
[00:19:09.258]And so that's one explanation that it has to do
[00:19:12.488]with wealth differentials or status differentials,
[00:19:17.885]where polygyny is practiced.
[00:19:20.463]Sororal polygyny, polygyny comes in two forms,
[00:19:24.346]sororal, that is the preference
[00:19:26.595]is to marry women who are sisters.
[00:19:28.979]And nonsororal polygyny is the rule
[00:19:31.701]that you can marry the multiple wives,
[00:19:34.079]but none of them should be sisters.
[00:19:36.640]So that's nonsororal polygyny.
[00:19:38.815]The sororal part, talking about the fact,
[00:19:40.757]as in sorority or sisters, is what that stands for.
[00:19:46.767]Polyandry is a practice whereby
[00:19:48.349]one woman is allowed to be married to more than one man.
[00:19:51.574]I mentioned this before, there's also two forms.
[00:19:54.214]Fraternal, that is brothers marry a single woman.
[00:19:58.119]So it's kind of like sororal polygyny, if you will.
[00:20:03.548]And then nonfraternal polyandry,
[00:20:06.371]where a woman marries men
[00:20:08.935]who are not related, not brothers to one another.
[00:20:15.033]Again, polyandry is relatively uncommon,
[00:20:19.351]although it's much more common
[00:20:21.087]than people have been led to believe.
[00:20:25.814]One of my former graduate students and I
[00:20:27.666]published a paper on human nature
[00:20:29.695]about the unexpected commonness of polyandry.
[00:20:34.420]You can go to my web page
[00:20:35.645]and download a copy of that paper
[00:20:37.275]if you want to read about what we found out,
[00:20:39.690]that it was much, much more common than previously suspected
[00:20:43.282]and typically occurs in societies
[00:20:45.923]that are hunter-gatherers or are simple
[00:20:49.907]agricultural societies or horticultural societies.
[00:20:55.105]To the family now, is defined as a social
[00:20:56.957]and economic unit consisting minimally
[00:20:59.146]of one or more parents and their children.
[00:21:02.543]Sometimes families are formed by adoption.
[00:21:06.242]That's one way if the couple has lost children
[00:21:10.690]or is unable to reproduce.
[00:21:13.014]And typically worldwide, most adoptions are of close kin.
[00:21:19.063]And so they may be essentially a couple
[00:21:23.569]adopting a nephew or a niece,
[00:21:26.396]one that perhaps has lost their parents.
[00:21:29.691]Or sometimes they haven't lost their parents
[00:21:32.249]and they just essentially need children in the family
[00:21:35.161]to kinda help out with economic affairs.
[00:21:37.897]And then we're gonna talk about extended-family households,
[00:21:40.928]which are more common than nuclear family households.
[00:21:43.625]And there we have multi-generational sorts of households.
[00:21:47.518]And then some possible reasons
[00:21:48.695]for extended-family households.
[00:21:51.957]And again, adoptions as I mentioned,
[00:21:53.962]most adoptions occur between kin
[00:21:55.684]and may be due to lack of kin
[00:21:57.326]in the recipient family, that is offspring.
[00:22:00.077]There may a consequence
[00:22:00.910]of high mortality rates through disease.
[00:22:03.401]So a family could be losing children,
[00:22:05.405]and so a related family might give
[00:22:08.984]the equivalent of their nephews and nieces
[00:22:10.593]to the other family to kinda make up for this loss.
[00:22:14.341]And so it's kind of like a way
[00:22:16.968]to kind of bulk up the family
[00:22:18.726]that has lost members, largely children,
[00:22:23.147]as a consequence of natural factors.
[00:22:28.709]So, what's an extended-family?
[00:22:30.714]It's the most common form of family.
[00:22:32.290]And it's a prevailing form of family
[00:22:35.059]consisting of a married couple
[00:22:37.166]and one or more married children,
[00:22:39.347]all living in the same household.
[00:22:42.294]So for example, a husband
[00:22:44.351]and a wife get married, they have kids.
[00:22:47.609]The oldest son typically will marry
[00:22:52.459]and then bring his bride into the family.
[00:22:55.388]And so we have what's called a patrilineally
[00:22:58.073]or a patrilaterally extended family household.
[00:23:01.570]There are matrilaterally extended family households,
[00:23:03.555]but patrilaterally extended households are much more common.
[00:23:09.883]And possible reasons for extended family households.
[00:23:13.615]Most societies commonly have extended-family households,
[00:23:16.488]as noted, and they are mostly found
[00:23:19.480]in societies that are with sedentary agricultural economies.
[00:23:25.337]And so these are not modern agricultural societies,
[00:23:28.561]but simple, but fairly intensive agricultural societies.
[00:23:33.979]And a lot of the reasons for this
[00:23:35.964]has to do with the fact that land may be in short supply,
[00:23:42.192]but additional labor can make that land more productive.
[00:23:50.099]These possible reasons too have to do with,
[00:23:54.454]so that would be the first reason,
[00:23:56.808]kind of like the ability to use additional labor
[00:24:00.163]to make farming more efficient.
[00:24:03.408]Also, if you keep the property
[00:24:08.858]within an extended family,
[00:24:10.803]then it prevents this continual subdivision
[00:24:13.472]into smaller and smaller parcels through time.
[00:24:17.137]For example, if you have a hundred acres
[00:24:19.295]and you have two sons and they inherit,
[00:24:21.974]then they have 50 acres.
[00:24:23.935]And they inherit their sons,
[00:24:25.306]it goes down to 12 and a half, et cetera, et cetera,
[00:24:28.217]we get smaller, smaller, smaller in size.
[00:24:30.994]So extended families kinda prevent
[00:24:32.993]that process from going on.
[00:24:35.586]And also is found where either parent
[00:24:39.778]must be away from the household to work.
[00:24:42.557]So for example, if a woman has to be away
[00:24:46.543]for a long period of time,
[00:24:48.430]she has her mother and mother-in-law,
[00:24:51.224]or perhaps a sister who can take over duties,
[00:24:53.600]care for her children, things of that nature.
[00:24:55.871]Same thing will apply for a husband and family
[00:24:59.016]if he had to be away herding cattle,
[00:25:01.676]for example, over a long distance.
[00:25:04.773]And so these extended family units
[00:25:07.759]are essentially economic cooperative units
[00:25:10.763]that it's better to be essentially
[00:25:14.606]well organized and large so people
[00:25:16.911]can more efficiently work together.
[00:25:21.382]And some highlights mentioned in the textbook.
[00:25:23.584]One-parent families are becoming much, much more common,
[00:25:28.950]probably as a consequence of wealth
[00:25:31.283]in a commercial context,
[00:25:33.153]in that in the case here,
[00:25:35.561]we're talking about are largely women,
[00:25:37.863]they no longer need the economic resources
[00:25:40.194]of a man in order to have a family.
[00:25:43.813]And so they're able to essentially go it alone
[00:25:46.477]and we're finding that we're talking about
[00:25:48.813]one-parent families, we're typically talking about,
[00:25:51.207]and here we're talking about 85 to 95%
[00:25:54.638]of one-parent families are headed by women.
[00:25:58.507]They call these matrifocal.
[00:25:59.886]That's M-A-T-R-I-F-O-C-A-L, matrifocal families.
[00:26:05.074]And so that one highlight talks about that in your text.
[00:26:07.989]And family and social security in Japan,
[00:26:10.906]it talks about the decline of the extended family.
[00:26:13.316]And the extended family was kind of like,
[00:26:16.013]to some extent, a social security network.
[00:26:18.376]That is the older couple became incapacitated,
[00:26:21.999]couldn't work, and the way they began to
[00:26:24.708]care for their grandchildren,
[00:26:26.846]and their children would support them economically.
[00:26:31.111]The extended family began to disappear in Japan
[00:26:34.799]as a consequence of agriculture being not as important,
[00:26:39.529]and so the state steps in to essentially
[00:26:44.445]recreate that form of family social security
[00:26:47.934]that was inherent in the extended family,
[00:26:52.680]and so take a look at that highlight.
[00:26:55.426]It's very interesting to see how
[00:26:58.468]this need for caring for the elderly
[00:27:01.934]was done in the extended family context.
[00:27:04.826]And now the state's stepped in
[00:27:06.200]because the extended family no longer exists and helps out.
[00:27:11.852]Here are some key terms and concepts.
[00:27:15.234]Theories of marriage in here.
[00:27:17.665]The issue of parental investment and also in needing
[00:27:22.954]two adults to take care of children
[00:27:27.036]who have a long period of immaturity.
[00:27:30.241]We talked about extended and nuclear families.
[00:27:33.226]Nuclear families are pretty much isolated families,
[00:27:36.278]just husband, wife, and their children.
[00:27:38.396]And they're typically found in areas
[00:27:40.118]where you know you have to have a lot of mobility.
[00:27:43.314]And you essentially move to where the jobs are,
[00:27:46.290]which moves you away from your own families
[00:27:48.471]and prevents the extended families from forming
[00:27:51.406]and in extended families,
[00:27:52.923]typically are cooperative entities
[00:27:56.351]that are involved in relatively intensive agriculture.
[00:28:00.290]The incest taboo, it focused on
[00:28:03.323]childhood-familiarity theory
[00:28:05.517]and the prevention of inbreeding,
[00:28:09.984]as the two linked causes of the incest taboo.
[00:28:16.912]Economic transactions at marriage.
[00:28:19.480]We talked about bride price, groom service,
[00:28:21.628]dowry, et cetera, et cetera.
[00:28:25.142]Dowry typically, by the way,
[00:28:26.829]occurs in those societies that are intensively agriculture.
[00:28:30.764]And again, the dowry is essentially
[00:28:34.459]where a woman has resources that she brings into a marriage,
[00:28:37.794]combines with the husband's resources,
[00:28:40.689]so they can have a matrimonial fund
[00:28:43.322]to start a marriage.
[00:28:44.890]Then know the difference between
[00:28:45.903]monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry.
[00:28:48.730]And then marriage arrangements,
[00:28:50.533]we have, I talked about exogamy, endogamy,
[00:28:53.232]cousin marriage, the levirate and soroate.
[00:28:55.586]And the important thing to note here
[00:28:57.652]is that parents have historically
[00:29:01.276]have had a great deal to say about who one marries
[00:29:06.761]than our own society and in recent historic times,
[00:29:11.038]we're kind of free to choose,
[00:29:12.788]although bringing home a boyfriend or a girlfriend
[00:29:20.046]that you're serious about,
[00:29:21.264]you'll know they'll get scrutinized by the parents
[00:29:23.507]and the parents will express their opinions
[00:29:25.995]of the potential marital relationship
[00:29:30.443]that could develop, but historically you know,
[00:29:34.681]the parents have been, are the ones
[00:29:36.228]who essentially arrange marriages.
[00:29:38.504]And the idea here is that young people
[00:29:41.391]are really too foolish,
[00:29:43.306]they don't know what marriage really entails.
[00:29:48.451]And another issue too is in our own society,
[00:29:52.649]romantic love is supposed to be
[00:29:54.135]the kind of be-all and end-all of marriage,
[00:29:56.654]and that people marry because they fall in love.
[00:30:00.157]What's interesting, in some cross-cultural research,
[00:30:03.492]only kinda briefly mentioned in the text,
[00:30:06.207]is that while romantic love is a cross-cultural universal,
[00:30:10.219]it is not a cross-cultural foundation for marriage.
[00:30:15.322]Marriage typically occurs for political,
[00:30:18.056]social, and economic reasons.
[00:30:20.492]And historically they've been arranged by parents.
[00:30:23.742]Today that's quite different.
[00:30:26.772]Romantic feelings are the center of our marital decisions,
[00:30:31.416]but that's kind of like a relatively
[00:30:34.331]rare, recent historical development.
[00:30:36.311]So that's it for marriage and family.

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Chap 10 212 EE

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