Wild Great Plains keynote: Ferin Davis Anderson
Center for Great Plains Studies
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05/01/2025
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Description
"How Reciprocal Restoration Fosters Cultural Revitalization"
Anderson discusses reciprocal restoration and examples of how stewarding a place can lead to cultural revitalization within a community. "Reconnecting with traditional practices such as cultural burning is central in our connection with the land and lessening the impacts of devastating wildfires. Fire holds such power. It is our duty to acknowledge fire and to foster a good relationship. As our ancestors understood, the land will teach us."
Anderson is the co-author of Wildfire: The Culture, Science, and Future of Fire, a STEAM book exploring the science of wildfires, the history of fire in the United States, and the relationship Indigenous people have with fire. Anderson is an enrolled citizen of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa/Ojibwe/Anishinaabe/Mitchifs in North Dakota. She is also the Natural Resources Manager for the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community’s Land and Natural Resources Department. Anderson is responsible for stewarding and restoring natural areas for the SMSC. She works to weave Indigenous knowledge and western science to implement holistic land stewardship practices. This includes using fire as an ecological and cultural tool to achieve beneficial and healing outcomes. Witnessing Indigenous people revitalize and reconnect with this practice has been one of the greatest gifts of her career. Anderson was also part of a team that helped bring bison back to the SMSC – a relative that will help the Community connect with the land and their culture.
Searchable Transcript
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- [00:00:00.640]Ferin is the co-author of wildfire: the culture and science and future of fire a steam
- [00:00:10.400]book exploring the science of wildfires the history of fire in the united states and the
- [00:00:15.920]relationship indigenous people have with fire it's a really fun book it's it's for people who like
- [00:00:22.880]visuals as much as text it's a beautiful little book and it's for sale out in the lobby along
- [00:00:29.200]with michael forsberg's wonderful book that he spoke about yesterday and many other titles that
- [00:00:33.680]relate to the topic of the wild. Ferin is an enrolled enrolled citizen of the Turtle Mountain Band
- [00:00:40.400]of Chippewa/Ojibwe/Anishinaabe/Mitchifs in north dakota she's also the natural resources manager
- [00:00:47.360]for the shakopee the wakanton and natural
- [00:00:56.640]resources department
- [00:00:59.280]Ferin is responsible for stewarding and restoring natural areas for the smsc
- [00:01:04.080]she works to weave indigenous knowledge and western science to implement holistic land
- [00:01:09.600]stewardship practices and this includes as she's going to talk about today using fire as an
- [00:01:15.200]ecological and cultural tool to achieve beneficial healing outcomes and helping bring bison back to
- [00:01:22.080]the smsc a relative that will help the community connect with land and culture
- [00:01:27.600]welcome thank you
- [00:01:28.800]thank you margaret thank you for inviting me here
- [00:01:38.240]what i said there was hello all my relatives my name is Ferin Davis Anderson i'm an enrolled
- [00:01:52.240]citizen of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa/Ojibwe/Anishinaabe/Mitchifs in
- [00:01:56.800]north dakota and that's where i grew up in belport north dakota i went to middle school high school
- [00:02:03.040]and our community college there and i got a bachelor of science degree at north dakota
- [00:02:08.960]state university and then decided that i needed to be out outside for my job right
- [00:02:17.520]i had an opportunity with our community college to do a research project looking at the bloom dates
- [00:02:26.160]of ladies
- [00:02:26.720]slippers and wild rose those are two culturally significant plants for our community and that
- [00:02:33.680]made me realize that opportunity that i do have opportunities to work outside and without that
- [00:02:39.760]i don't think i would i don't think i'd be here today in front of you talking about my wildfire
- [00:02:43.600]so i always like to acknowledge our community colleges or tribal colleges because they give us
- [00:02:51.040]an opportunity to be in spaces like this um so i've been working
- [00:02:56.640]with fire for almost 10 years and i remember when i went to north dakota state university
- [00:03:02.240]i learned about some of the benefits of fire and some of the other students in our class
- [00:03:06.640]they were from williston north dakota so out west a little bit and they were very fearful
- [00:03:12.080]and i thought that was really interesting even in our science one of our science classes of how
- [00:03:16.400]they didn't understand because they had a fear of fire that there were benefits and so i've since
- [00:03:24.400]then i've continued to learn about fire
- [00:03:26.400]and actually got my um federal qualifications to be a wildland firefighter but i like to
- [00:03:33.200]say that i'm a fire lighter instead of a firefighter um yeah so that's our that's my
- [00:03:41.360]first steps to be you know reconnecting with that practice because when i first um when i
- [00:03:47.520]first started learning about it i didn't connect our culture to it at all i just connected it to
- [00:03:52.400]being something that's a benefit for the for the land and you know
- [00:03:56.320]there's there was a loss of our of our knowledge there and so it's been a journey to reconnect with
- [00:04:02.000]that and so i wanted to tell you about that journey um i'm always really surprised at how
- [00:04:10.640]many people don't know how many federally recognized tribes there are in minnesota
- [00:04:15.520]specifically but in the united states right there are over 574 federally recognized tribes in the
- [00:04:22.320]united states and that's not including this the tribes that we're talking about here in minnesota
- [00:04:26.320]that aren't federally recognized and so we have a lot of vast history we have a lot of different
- [00:04:33.520]perspectives and in diverse communities and we're all distinct right because some people like to
- [00:04:39.840]think of us as a monolith and we're all the same and we're all kind of categorized as indigenous
- [00:04:45.280]creatures but uh but we're not right we all have our own federal government our own distinct
- [00:04:51.360]governments we all have our own um opinions and sometimes they differ i have different
- [00:04:56.080]opinions from my uncle right in our own communities and uh i think that's important
- [00:05:00.800]to remember when you're thinking of indigenous people and so we have uh seven uh anishinaabe
- [00:05:07.200]ojibwe tribes in minnesota and four dakota tribes and i worked for one of those dakota tribes along
- [00:05:12.620]the minnesota river and this is a map that depicts um the land that was ceded to the united states
- [00:05:19.160]government and so um the tribes of minnesota began ceding land in 1805 and that was near
- [00:05:25.140]fort snelling and um that's right in the twin cities area and um i think a lot of people get
- [00:05:32.840]kind of confused or caught up on that word treaty what is a treaty um so that's basically an
- [00:05:39.320]exchange right and there was um there was promises made from the united states government to us
- [00:05:45.460]for that land so we have education we were supposed to have food we were supposed to have
- [00:05:50.780]help and those were promises that were unfortunately broken
- [00:05:55.120]right and we're still seeing that today that the federal government they have trust responsibilities
- [00:05:59.840]to our tribes to provide these services and that's a unique relationship that i think people
- [00:06:05.400]sometimes um don't understand because it is complex and each tribe has their own treaties
- [00:06:10.700]with the federal government we're all different um and you know we have hunting rates we have
- [00:06:16.300]areas that we can go and collect and forage and um it's often uh on the tribe's back to explain
- [00:06:24.180]that and you know we're not going to be able to do that um so i think that's a unique relationship
- [00:06:25.100]we're still going to explain it but it'd be nice if everybody could um you know learn about our
- [00:06:30.320]treaties and what rights we have to that land um and then you know in 1858 minnesota became a state
- [00:06:37.820]and shortly after that the u.s dakota war broke out um and that was the result of some of those
- [00:06:44.920]promises that weren't delivered on so a band of um dakota men were in the area of um in an area
- [00:06:55.080]and they were waiting for food rations from the government and those never came and so
- [00:07:00.320]their people were starving and so that led to you know attacks on certain villages
- [00:07:04.680]and ultimately that led to the dakota expulsion act in 1863 and so it was illegal for you to be
- [00:07:14.180]a dakota person in the state of minnesota and it's actually still a federal law so technically
- [00:07:19.840]it's illegal to be a dakota person in the state of minnesota can you imagine um you
- [00:07:25.060]know your identity being illegal to be in the state of nebraska um and they're you
- [00:07:29.900]know the state acknowledges that that's not right but they really can't you know reverse
- [00:07:34.600]that because it's a federal law that's on the books still i just like to point that
- [00:07:39.400]out because it's interesting history so what's your history in nebraska um i looked this
- [00:07:46.420]up on the google and uh there's a lot of um different tribal nations that are you know
- [00:07:55.040]here in nebraska too right so what are your treaties here i think that it's important
- [00:07:59.120]to understand those treaties and what um was given up so when you guys go home you need
- [00:08:05.840]to go on that google and look up the treaties in nebraska and see what those entail um and
- [00:08:13.420]so i like to uh i like to look at different treaties and what they what they mean and
- [00:08:21.280]what they say in there because those are the law of the land and i think that you know
- [00:08:25.020]um we sometimes forget that
- [00:08:30.360]so i again i work for the shakopee or shakopee uh dakota oyate and uh contemporarily we
- [00:08:39.780]say shakopee medawakitin sioux community so it's a little bit easier rolled out the
- [00:08:45.240]tongue a little bit easier and that's um 30 minutes southwest of minneapolis so we're
- [00:08:51.120]a pretty urban area um and they were federally
- [00:08:55.000]recognized in 1969 so they're a fairly new federally recognized tribe too and they only
- [00:09:02.420]started with 250 acres of land for their members and today we have over 6 000 acres because
- [00:09:08.940]they actively acquire land every year and so from that we restored over or reconstructed
- [00:09:16.140]over a thousand acres of prairie and i like to think that um what if every community did
- [00:09:22.040]that they put aside that much of their land space
- [00:09:24.980]for some for natural spaces because in our cultures again we're not all the same but
- [00:09:31.400]we have some common themes throughout um throughout and one of those things is our
- [00:09:37.400]culture is land-based it's place-based and so without these places to be able to practice our
- [00:09:42.700]culture there's going to be a loss of culture and we've seen that throughout you know the 150 years
- [00:09:47.820]like margaret explained of displacement and so we have an opportunity to do some work there
- [00:09:54.960]right what is reciprocal restoration robin wall kimmerer if you haven't read her book
- [00:10:01.720]braiding sweetgrass i really recommend everybody read that she does a really beautiful job of
- [00:10:07.400]explaining what reciprocal restoration is and so we are all connected right so i said
- [00:10:13.600]that means all of my relatives so what i do affects you and what you do affects me so we
- [00:10:24.940]are connected to the land in our culture there could be some revitalization there there's a
- [00:10:31.940]reciprocity that's in place and so we need that as indigenous people because that's our identity
- [00:10:38.900]that's our livelihoods and then that leads to spiritual restoration too and so when you have
- [00:10:47.140]areas that you can go to and practice different ceremonies if you can go and practice you know
- [00:10:53.540]harvesting or collecting
- [00:10:54.920]our medicines our foods that's it again you're connected to a place so I'm connected to two
- [00:11:00.900]places really I'm connected to the Turtle Mountains and I'm also connected to the place
- [00:11:04.940]that I work because I put so much of my my time and love into those spaces and so we really want
- [00:11:13.380]the community to be involved in our work though too because without community involvement what
- [00:11:19.000]are we what are you doing you don't have somebody who's invested in the work you're doing it can
- [00:11:24.900]often be mislooked or it can often be pushed aside or not thought about and so I off I like
- [00:11:31.500]to tell people that when you're doing this type of work ecological restoration we need to involve
- [00:11:38.020]people in the community because that's another a way that we can perpetuate our work into future
- [00:11:45.420]generations right and often in Western spaces people are thought of as bad when you're
- [00:11:54.880]when you're thinking of like natural spaces right we overuse the land we don't take care of it we
- [00:12:02.200]over harvest we do things that are bad and they're trying to keep us out right so like I think the
- [00:12:07.360]national park systems where we're not allowed to harvest whatever but we have to remember that you
- [00:12:13.360]know our ancestors they had a connection to those spaces and when we keep people away that's that
- [00:12:19.580]relationship again is severed and so we need to be able to go to these spaces and learn
- [00:12:24.860]how to live and learn how to acknowledge that you know plants and animals are still there
- [00:12:30.240]I have an elder tell me that if we go outside and we don't acknowledge that plants are living
- [00:12:41.140]beings you know they each have their own spirit that they're gonna think that we don't need them
- [00:12:45.240]anymore and so when I go outside I go and I acknowledge what's out there I acknowledge that there's you know my relatives
- [00:12:54.840]on the landscape and so we need to go outside and and look around and see okay this tree you know
- [00:13:01.200]that's my relative and how am I going to build a relationship with that and that's that reciprocity
- [00:13:06.120]that's beginning and so our goal is to bring back the and then the Dakota language
- [00:13:12.240]that means all living beings because we don't have a word for you know plants or animals really it's
- [00:13:19.500]all they're they're living beings and you know in the English language it can be really hierarchical
- [00:13:24.820]and so when you think of like a rock or like tree or something sometimes you don't necessarily
- [00:13:29.560]associate that with being a living thing but you know in our culture rocks have spirits right fire
- [00:13:36.940]has spirits and we need to acknowledge that so we that relationship again is built so we've
- [00:13:48.800]restored over one thousand one hundred acres of prairie here there's a picture of our cultural
- [00:13:54.800]center to the right um it's called hocho katati and that means the village in the center of the
- [00:14:01.260]the lodge in the center of the village and um we've been able to build capacity with
- [00:14:08.680]uh restorations when we first started restoring prairies in 1999 we had to buy seed because we
- [00:14:15.520]didn't have access to you know natural spaces that we would be able to collect from so like
- [00:14:20.900]forest service land u.s fish and wildlife service land you know
- [00:14:24.780]it wasn't a thing at the time where you could go and collect seed from those areas
- [00:14:29.000]but fortunately in minnesota we have a really nice um seed business so we were able to establish some
- [00:14:35.400]of these seeds and we're getting to a point where we don't have to rely on um these seed businesses
- [00:14:40.120]anymore and we can harvest our own seeds and use those for future restorations and then
- [00:14:47.280]um we're able to learn what the plants provide so i think that you don't have to
- [00:14:54.760]think of what plants can give you what gifts i like to call them gifts what gifts do you want
- [00:15:01.520]to learn about and that's again building your relationship with the land so plants often give
- [00:15:08.320]you know a couple different gifts there's food fiber or medicines and it's a lot about learning
- [00:15:14.080]okay what does this what does this plant you know give us and what can it teach us
- [00:15:19.320]um and that's something that again you're building your relationship and you have a deeper
- [00:15:24.740]appreciation for something when you understand what benefits it has to the landscape
- [00:15:29.300]and so we try to involve all these all these approaches these holistic approaches with the
- [00:15:38.260]community we want to get people involved and learn about their their plant relatives and
- [00:15:42.820]their animal friends and everything in in that realm
- [00:15:46.420]so this is another example of one of those plant relatives it's called teepsana
- [00:15:54.720]in the dakota language um lakota people call it teepsala and it's a prairie turnip and this is
- [00:16:02.740]pretty prevalent in the dakotas but in minnesota not so much anymore we used to have it along the
- [00:16:08.420]minnesota river valley but it's really difficult to find now you can find some in the fish and
- [00:16:13.380]wildlife service land adjacent but again it's not legal to harvest there and so we have to
- [00:16:20.580]go to areas to find it but this is a relative that was really
- [00:16:24.700]important for us to bring back because people in the community often had to travel over
- [00:16:30.420]300 miles just to go harvest this and this was an important food staple in the dakota people's diet
- [00:16:36.820]it's very nutritious it's one of the most nutritious plants on the prairie um there's
- [00:16:43.940]lots of different it's a starchy tuber and so what you what you harvest is the tuber that's
- [00:16:49.560]underneath the ground and it's kind of like a potato and so that braid there you can store
- [00:16:54.680]it over winter in it and it remains you know shelf stable for a very long time and so it was
- [00:17:01.380]able to you know sustain the Dakota people throughout the harsh winters and unfortunately
- [00:17:06.920]yeah our community members had to travel very far to to find it but we were able to re-establish
- [00:17:12.760]some populations of this plant um in one of our gardens and I didn't even realize that it had
- [00:17:19.380]come up we were doing a community plant walk with their with the community members and
- [00:17:24.660]I had a friend called Hope Flanagan and she's an elder and awesome knowledge holder she has
- [00:17:30.100]a lot of knowledge about plants she's like there what's over here and I was like holy
- [00:17:34.420]it's dimsala dimsala's there and so it was awesome because we got to share this with
- [00:17:39.880]the people in the community and that's Cindy Milda in the picture there she's an elder that
- [00:17:44.900]goes to collect in South Dakota often so we were able to show people how it you know what
- [00:17:51.540]the plant looks like how to harvest it sustainably
- [00:17:54.640]and then we each got to try some of the tipsala so it's a really good starchy food so if you ever
- [00:18:02.260]have a chance Anthony can put it in his food it's nice and so this is an example of what we want to
- [00:18:11.700]bring back to the landscape and it's not easy either some of these plants they require a lot
- [00:18:15.760]of care and so this this one you really can't establish it from seed it has a little hard black seed coat and so it often
- [00:18:24.620]needs some type of disturbance to break that seed coat and so fire is a really
- [00:18:28.680]good way that we would have been able to to get it to reestablish and again this
- [00:18:35.840]is a plant that responds positively to our relationship because when it's
- [00:18:40.520]harvested it grows more prolifically and so a lot of plants have evolved with our
- [00:18:46.260]harvesting practices and I think people often forget that and so another example
- [00:18:51.460]of that is sweetgrass and sweetgrass comes up more prevalently
- [00:18:54.600]too when you harvest so that relationship it needs to be re-established
- [00:18:58.720]so that there are healthy populations of these plants for future generations and
- [00:19:05.480]then I like to acknowledge the manadoons or the little spirits that's a that's
- [00:19:12.060]what we call them in the Anishinaabe language it's the pollinators it's the
- [00:19:16.020]bugs and so we got to remember that those two have spirits right and so what
- [00:19:20.940]are we doing to help with these help these little spirits
- [00:19:24.580]their journeys and so I think that they're often overlooked obviously
- [00:19:29.340]because the populations have declined so significantly but there's a lot of
- [00:19:33.220]really easy things you can do like incorporating native plants into your
- [00:19:38.380]into your lawns right or getting rid of your turf grass that really doesn't
- [00:19:42.120]provide any habitat for anything and so there's small steps that we can all take
- [00:19:46.940]to try to help the little spirits or the manadoons and then the pate or the
- [00:19:54.560]in the Anishinaabe language we call that's prairie cow so we
- [00:20:02.780]have we've had an opportunity at Shakopee to reintroduce a small herd and
- [00:20:09.140]it was a gift from the Sisseton Wapton Oyate in South Dakota and they came to
- [00:20:15.700]us because we helped the Shakopee help them get some land back in the Black
- [00:20:20.220]Hills called Peshawla and they wanted to thank
- [00:20:24.540]Shakopee and so they're like we want to give you bison you know when there's a
- [00:20:30.360]gift and you're like oh I don't this is a gift is a lot of work so it took us
- [00:20:40.300]approximately five years of planning really because it started pre-COVID and
- [00:20:45.780]then COVID kind of put it on the rocks and then we fired back up after COVID but I
- [00:20:54.520]was all for it right because I'm an ecologist I understood the ecological
- [00:20:58.360]benefits of bison on the landscape but again we wanted the community members
- [00:21:02.600]involved in this reintroduction so we established a TAY work group we called
- [00:21:07.800]it and we brought community members in and the first meeting I remember it was
- [00:21:12.160]really powerful because we had each person kind of go around the room and
- [00:21:16.000]say why they wanted the bison back and pretty much everybody in that room said
- [00:21:20.040]that they wanted their relative home and I thought that was really impactful
- [00:21:24.500]because I hadn't thought of it through that lens because sometimes I get
- [00:21:29.180]focused on being an ecologist right and so when I heard that I was like oh I
- [00:21:35.000]needed to hear this because I needed to understand why the community wanted
- [00:21:39.720]these relatives back and so through careful planning and visiting many
- [00:21:44.820]different tribes who had successfully brought bison back were able to have
- [00:21:48.740]bison back on the land right their story really mirrors ours in a lot of ways they were violently
- [00:21:54.480]removed from the land and now we're kind of revitalizing right we're in that
- [00:21:57.700]process that step of bringing back and revitalizing your culture in a lot of
- [00:22:02.280]ways and so having them on the landscape has been a really really powerful
- [00:22:09.060]experience I didn't expect it to be as emotional as it was when we introduced them that day
- [00:22:14.160]and I remember I was pregnant at the time and the chairman he came up to me
- [00:22:19.320]and he was like oh Barron I just wanted to thank you and you know appreciate
- [00:22:24.460]what you did with the group and I couldn't hold it together so I was like
- [00:22:28.000]okay thanks Cole I was about to bust out in tears and I'm not a very emotional person so it was a good day that day and we were able to you know hold ceremony beforehand and make sure that the spirits were okay with us bringing them and our ancestors bringing them back too and so that was an important part of it we need our culture you know we can have these animals on the landscape but
- [00:22:54.440]if we're not you know acknowledging their spirits if we're not acknowledging
- [00:22:58.100]you know their sacredness we're not we're doing ourselves an injustice as
- [00:23:02.720]finish or as indigenous people and so another thing I was really excited about
- [00:23:08.780]when I was bringing these relatives back was introducing patch burn grazing they
- [00:23:14.660]call it nowadays right it's really big in Nebraska and the Great Plains and that
- [00:23:20.560]relationship that fire and grazing on the prairie is so
- [00:23:24.420]vital and so we're kind of doing it on a micro scale but somebody in that group
- [00:23:29.760]also said you know I really want it to be a system where it's almost
- [00:23:34.500]pre-colonial so it looks like how our ancestors would have helped and had the
- [00:23:41.040]bison and worked with the bison on the landscape
- [00:23:45.320]pte or ishkode in the Anishinaabe language fire fire is I just
- [00:23:54.400]saw something on the news this morning which made me hopeful actually there was
- [00:23:58.900]there was a news story about fire and something being destructive somebody's
- [00:24:05.860]house had burned down and then another news story they had on the other side of
- [00:24:10.540]that was they were talking about prescribed burns and so it was good
- [00:24:15.040]because normally it's always bad when there's fire on the news because there's
- [00:24:19.360]often catastrophic fires you know in California we hear out west in Nebraska
- [00:24:24.380]fires it's been a drought how many years past years and so fires have really
- [00:24:30.100]really gotten out of balance right and so our ancestors they had a sacred
- [00:24:35.720]relationship with fire they had that spiritual connection and again I was
- [00:24:41.100]talking to some of my elders and when you don't acknowledge that spirit it can
- [00:24:47.720]get out of balance right and we've seen that today and because this practice was
- [00:24:52.780]criminalized
- [00:24:54.360]in the 1800s we're not able there's that balance again we need to shift that
- [00:25:01.200]balance to be good because fire can be both good and bad but when you're not
- [00:25:05.580]acknowledging the fire as a spirit that's when it can get really bad right
- [00:25:10.800]and you're seeing that today and I put a small list of reasons why we burn as
- [00:25:17.420]indigenous people and this is just you know the basics right so we used it to
- [00:25:24.340]create specific sophisticated reasons and so when settlers came over they
- [00:25:28.900]didn't understand why we were using fire they're like whoa and there's actually
- [00:25:37.100]something from Fort Snelling that was one of the one of the majors there his
- [00:25:46.720]name was John Bliss and he said I have ordered the Indians in the most
- [00:25:50.840]positive manner not to set fire or permit their children to
- [00:25:54.320]fire the prairie on any account for it is sure to burn up the fencing wood
- [00:25:58.920]choppings haystacks and again the cattle suffer and horses and the game are
- [00:26:03.980]driven once once driven off to a great distance and so that right there tells
- [00:26:09.580]me that the settlers they didn't understand why we were burning and then
- [00:26:13.920]we had our children involved with that too and it was criminalized in the
- [00:26:19.120]1900s and then you know Smokey the Bear love them right he just tells you
- [00:26:24.300]not to light any fires but that's fire is complicated and so we're giving a
- [00:26:30.000]really simplistic message when we're saying that all fire is bad and Smokey
- [00:26:34.180]kind of perpetuates that message right only you can prevent forest fires but we
- [00:26:40.920]only us as humans can also prevent forest fires with fire and so we've seen
- [00:26:47.300]that you know since the 1950s people have really brought back prescribed
- [00:26:51.800]burning and we've had a lot of really good scientific evidence that
- [00:26:57.880]acknowledges that fire is beneficial even if it's catastrophic in some areas
- [00:27:02.660]and so we need to remember that not all fire is bad right and we need to again
- [00:27:09.320]rebuild our relationship with fire and bring it back in a good way and so we
- [00:27:16.140]need to you know reduce those fuels that everybody likes to talk about when
- [00:27:21.140]they're doing prescribed burning and so I want to talk about the differences
- [00:27:28.500]between cultural fire and prescribed burning because some people use that
- [00:27:34.260]that language interchangeably and it's not you know an interchangeable practice
- [00:27:40.080]prescribed burning is good and you can do it with cultural objectives but
- [00:27:44.280]cultural fire is really a non-harmful practice and it's not a non-harmful practice
- [00:27:44.980]and it's not you know an interchangeable practice prescribed burning is good and you can do it with cultural objectives but cultural fire is really
- [00:27:44.980]really centered up around indigenous people it's a sacred practice and it's
- [00:27:51.220]often done and performed in community and so we have to involve our family we
- [00:27:57.400]have to involve our elders our youth and to be able to you know get this practice
- [00:28:03.840]re-established that's what we need we need to involve our children because
- [00:28:07.300]what's the best way that you can perpetuate a practice into the future is
- [00:28:12.160]involving your children into this and I think
- [00:28:14.960]some people think you know fire is scary we can't have children on the fires yes
- [00:28:19.460]again I've seen it and then prescribed burning is really hierarchical it's
- [00:28:25.700]based off the incident command system and so you know very militaristic and if
- [00:28:31.280]you've ever been on a prescribed burn there's a lot of bosses there's the
- [00:28:34.640]burning boss the firing boss the holding boss there's a lot of bosses and that
- [00:28:40.280]system works in certain areas right I'm not saying that it's not not good but
- [00:28:44.940]there's other ways that it can be done and I think that you know doing it in
- [00:28:49.440]community it's something that's needed on a smaller scale what can we do within
- [00:28:54.620]our own communities to bring back fire to our communities and I think we can do
- [00:29:00.900]it you know we don't have to have thousand two thousand acre prescribed
- [00:29:05.180]burns we can be doing five acre burns here and here and here and here and we
- [00:29:09.420]can see some of the same same things and then in prescribed burning it's often
- [00:29:14.920]fuels reduction is something you hear a lot so that's fuels are you know dead
- [00:29:20.300]logs dead grass and dead things that you want to try to reduce off of the
- [00:29:24.460]landscape and to me that's a kind of a lazy objective because anytime you're
- [00:29:29.680]using fire you're reducing fuels and so how are we understanding how the fire is
- [00:29:35.860]impacting plant communities that's again our ancestors had a really good
- [00:29:40.340]knowledge system of how their fire and those practices were impacted
- [00:29:44.900]different plants so us in the Great Lakes we had people in our communities
- [00:29:51.020]whose job it was to go check certain plants and then tell people this plants
- [00:29:55.280]need burning because we need to stimulate the growth so blueberries are
- [00:29:59.720]a really good example of that in the Great Lakes area and we had
- [00:30:04.180]people in our communities whose responsibilities it was to do that and
- [00:30:08.540]so another thing is what's the ignition source
- [00:30:14.880]in contemporary times we use drip torches people get really scared when I
- [00:30:19.340]say oh you're gonna take away my drip torch no I don't want to take away your
- [00:30:23.440]drip torch, drip torches are fun I like them a lot but when I was in a training in
- [00:30:29.740]California with the Karuk tribe it was indigenous women's fire training one of
- [00:30:35.680]the elders there was talking about how they were really concerned about the drip
- [00:30:40.160]torch fuel that was used on their basket materials and I hadn't really connected that with
- [00:30:44.860]before I looked yeah what are these you know because you're essentially using
- [00:30:49.140]diesel gas mix with those drip torches and so what's that impact to
- [00:30:55.540]our relatives and so what other ways can we be lighting these fires and so I
- [00:31:01.740]thought about in the Midwest what were we using as natural ignition sources so
- [00:31:08.200]out in in the Karuk area they use pitch sticks so this inside of the tree and then
- [00:31:14.840]they would light it that way and you have to remember when you're using
- [00:31:18.080]something like that you have to be really methodical when you're when
- [00:31:22.220]you're lighting with a drip torch somebody said in that training that
- [00:31:25.360]it's really powerful and I hadn't thought of that either like it is really powerful because it can
- [00:31:30.560]be really fast lighting those fires with a drip torch but when you have
- [00:31:35.000]something like a pitch stick or or something like on the left it's gonna take a
- [00:31:44.820]really long time to light that fire and it could even be more beneficial for
- [00:31:48.120]wildlife right because they're able to get away and escape a little bit more
- [00:31:52.360]quicker when contemporarily we kind of burn in a ring and it's hard for
- [00:31:56.820]wildlife to sometimes get out of those areas fast enough and so maybe we should
- [00:32:01.140]be using natural ignition sources or a combination of ignition sources when
- [00:32:06.900]we're doing cultural fire or prescribed burning and so I came back and I
- [00:32:14.800]was like, "Hobby," that's our collection manager at our museum, "Hobby, is there
- [00:32:21.400]anything in the museum that could have been used to light a fire?" And he's like,
- [00:32:25.240]"Oh, let me look." And so that's what he found on the left there so that's a pine
- [00:32:29.740]with resin from a white pine on the end and so this is something that I want to
- [00:32:35.260]build or make for our fires back home and to use that and let the community
- [00:32:41.300]members come and use these natural ignition sources
- [00:32:44.780]in in our fires
- [00:32:48.760]so with all that said right I had an opportunity come to me and somebody
- [00:33:00.700]asked if I'd be willing to write about my experience with fire and the science
- [00:33:04.660]and culture and the future of fire and I and I really wanted to be involved in
- [00:33:12.240]this project because again in the United
- [00:33:14.760]States we have a really weird relationship with fire we don't
- [00:33:18.640]understand it oftentimes and in the media it's mostly negative except for
- [00:33:23.460]today which was really nice and so we need to again give our children this
- [00:33:33.320]knowledge I remember when I was in eighth grade or twelve you know twelfth
- [00:33:37.320]grade I didn't remember I didn't learn anything about wildfires I was from North
- [00:33:41.440]Dakota so we don't really have a lot of fires but
- [00:33:44.740]I don't remember learning anything about that and again I didn't have any
- [00:33:48.120]connection to it through my culture either because through colonization that
- [00:33:52.060]knowledge has been taken away from us and so we need to be able to reconnect
- [00:33:56.680]with that revitalize that relationship and one of the ways we can do that is
- [00:34:00.940]through education right to educate the public educate our children about the
- [00:34:06.100]benefits of fire and sometimes even through catastrophe there are good
- [00:34:11.560]things that can come from that
- [00:34:14.720]and so what is our connection to fire and that's explained in chapter 3 so if
- [00:34:23.500]you want to purchase the book or if you want to you know look at Margaret's you
- [00:34:27.320]don't want to get it that's fine too but we had us we had a relationship and it
- [00:34:32.300]wasn't just us in the United States like there was indigenous people throughout
- [00:34:36.680]the world that had a relationship with fire so Australia is a really good
- [00:34:41.120]example of that there's even Hawks down there that
- [00:34:44.700]are adapted to fire and they'll take one stick of fire and move it other
- [00:34:49.620]places and so we have to remember that we need to bring back fire on the land
- [00:34:55.080]because because it's needed and it's hard too because you know again we've
- [00:35:01.620]lost this knowledge but I am hopeful because the more we do it the more the
- [00:35:07.060]land is going to teach us and that's the way we can reconnect with this practice
- [00:35:12.560]there's also a free
- [00:35:14.680]discussion guide for educators with this book I thought it was really
- [00:35:17.720]important because in Minnesota we now have legislation that teachers need to
- [00:35:25.540]incorporate indigenous knowledge and history into their curriculum and so
- [00:35:30.700]that I heard from people that teachers were struggling to incorporate that into
- [00:35:36.440]the science curriculum and they were having difficulties with indigenous
- [00:35:41.220]knowledge and science knowledge which I thought was really funny because I
- [00:35:44.660]consider our ancestors like the first scientists because we had very vast
- [00:35:51.380]knowledge systems of our surroundings right through intergenerations and that
- [00:35:55.020]knowledge was passed down and it's it's kind of the same thing as what science
- [00:35:59.660]is now today right we're just observing and making sure that these things test
- [00:36:04.340]out right and so it's it's very similar and I often think that even the
- [00:36:08.880]foundations of ecology are very similar to our knowledge system so like it's the
- [00:36:12.940]relationship of everything in that ecosystem
- [00:36:14.640]right and our ancestors knew that everything was interconnected to and so
- [00:36:19.440]there's a very they overlap really well and I and I struggle when people say
- [00:36:24.960]they keep them in silos like indigenous knowledge and science knowledge aren't
- [00:36:28.380]aren't interconnected and they very much are and so I wanted teachers to
- [00:36:33.000]have a free resource to be able to you know lead discussions with their
- [00:36:37.440]children lead help them to explain the benefits of fire ecology and so this is
- [00:36:44.620]available on the website and we're also working on a curriculum right now for
- [00:36:49.560]teachers to use to to help them build indigenous knowledge into their science
- [00:36:53.680]curriculum because it's needed and we need to help people understand you know
- [00:36:58.480]that our knowledge systems are valid too without without the without using
- [00:37:03.900]Western science to back it up because oftentimes it needs to be validated by
- [00:37:07.900]Western science right but we already know that our knowledge systems are very
- [00:37:11.780]important
- [00:37:14.600]so that's all I have if you have any questions or want to contact me that's
- [00:37:21.060]my work email and my phone number and SMSC native green org that's a website
- [00:37:28.180]that SMSC has put together and it explains some of the environmental
- [00:37:32.260]initiatives that we that we have and it's been awesome to be here thank you
- [00:37:37.800]for inviting me thank you Margaret and everybody here that's attended and if
- [00:37:41.880]you have any questions I can take them now
- [00:37:44.580]oh I thought he was asking a question
- [00:38:14.560]I have a couple of questions we have two things in your bio one what you mentioned today about our relatives on the landscape and how if we really truly believe that and how we would treat the landscape
- [00:38:34.560]together as our ancestors understood the land will feed us I guess my real question is are we really open to being taught
- [00:38:44.540]by the landscape when we're so burdened down by this idea of human exceptionalism and I think a lot of Native American philosophy
- [00:38:53.520]the seven generation thinking all goes part way to addressing this but as futurists I think that seven generations
- [00:39:02.520]is woefully short term thinking although we can't get past our two year and four year plans and stuff but how do we deal with this whole burden
- [00:39:14.520]of human exceptionalism how do we get past that
- [00:39:18.520]thank you for that question that's a really good question right how do we get past human exceptionalism
- [00:39:26.520]I don't think that I am that exceptional I don't know I'm just kidding
- [00:39:30.520]so I think that again what are your relationships with these relatives how are you being a good relative to the things on the landscape and so when we put ourselves
- [00:39:44.500]into that relationship into that reciprocal relationship a lot of times
- [00:39:49.000]there's gonna be things that happen that are really good for the future and so I
- [00:39:54.760]think that we need to start acknowledging again the spirit of those
- [00:39:59.920]things on the landscape and we need to start thinking about like we do have
- [00:40:05.600]that philosophy of seven generations and it's you know it's not just ahead of us
- [00:40:10.220]it's also behind us and so when we think of that
- [00:40:14.480]we're thinking of okay what did our ancestors do to help us live in today's
- [00:40:20.980]time and we can start thinking that way for future generations what are we doing
- [00:40:25.940]today that is going to be impactful for people in our children in the future and
- [00:40:32.300]so I think that if we start thinking in that mindset and and explaining that to
- [00:40:37.820]other people obviously we're not all in that same mindset but being open to the
- [00:40:41.780]idea of you know there's things that
- [00:40:44.460]we can't control but we can do our best in our communities to try to live better
- [00:40:49.500]lives I think that that will be helpful it's hard to think of it on a global
- [00:40:54.120]scale right because it's it can be overwhelming but what can you do in your
- [00:40:57.580]own community to help and I think that when everybody starts to be more local
- [00:41:02.820]it can be really impactful instead of trying to change the whole entire world
- [00:41:07.740]right
- [00:41:10.040]Hi, my name is Mitch.
- [00:41:14.440]I want to know if how a forest landscape complicates the concept of the use of fire, the trees and is there any point to thinking about the value of fire on an agricultural landscape?
- [00:41:29.560]Yeah so it can be difficult so especially on forest service lands or lands that have been managed
- [00:41:37.600]in a certain way for a product it can be really difficult to incorporate fire into those spaces because
- [00:41:44.420]you know there's so much of the fuel buildup or it's so different than what it was historically we
- [00:41:51.660]also have to learn how we can do it safely right in some areas it's gonna be really difficult to do
- [00:41:58.100]that in a safe way but we have we know we need to use best practices we don't need to be scared of
- [00:42:06.080]doing something I think often in some of these you know agencies they the easiest thing to do is
- [00:42:14.400]do that we need to be proactive and we need to be able to do something even if it's not the easiest
- [00:42:20.940]thing to do so reducing fuels on the landscape so we can we can do fire in a good way and again
- [00:42:27.920]they don't have to be these huge thousand acre fires let's start really small in local scale
- [00:42:34.160]let's try to do a one acre burn and see how it goes because we need more people to learn how to
- [00:42:39.360]do prescribed fire or cultural fire and you don't have to be on these really big burns to
- [00:42:44.380]do that you can do that within your community and I think that's you guys you guys should all
- [00:42:48.740]go to the burn and watch how to do it and participate okay two questions that are related
- [00:42:58.380]to the success of tribes now in regaining land one of them is the question is I'd like to know
- [00:43:07.260]more how your tribe in detail went from 250 to 6,000 acres of land and
- [00:43:14.360]secondly do you have any casinos yes Shakopee has one of the most successful gaming enterprises in
- [00:43:22.760]the United States so with that they've been able to purchase a lot of their land back in the area
- [00:43:28.600]and I was just talking to Margaret about this last night actually it's a really weird concept right
- [00:43:33.020]indigenous people have to buy their land back but here we are and one way or another we're getting
- [00:43:38.480]it because again if we don't have these spaces and the community is not buying this land back
- [00:43:44.340]it's a there's a perfect example the road going up to the casino on the east side there's a housing
- [00:43:52.800]development that they just put up with you know $500,000 houses that are 20 feet apart and on the
- [00:43:59.400]west side of the road is our bison prairie and so there's a very vast difference in land uses there
- [00:44:07.020]and so yeah the tribe is you know acquiring land because again if they don't there's gonna be to
- [00:44:14.320]development and they're not going to have spaces to go to practice their culture to practice their
- [00:44:18.400]ceremonies and they realize this and so they're fortunate enough where they can purchase some of
- [00:44:23.500]the land that's around them and a lot of it's agricultural land so we're able to have a blank
- [00:44:28.120]slate right and in agricultural settings with fire fire is really a good source to bring back nutrients
- [00:44:36.580]to soil and so a lot of our soil is void of certain nutrients that are needed and there's carbon that's
- [00:44:44.300]in the soil that can't be used in a certain way and fire is able to release that and so
- [00:44:48.980]maybe more farmers in their you know standing crops or whatever and let's get away from always
- [00:44:55.720]just tilling tilling tilling the land maybe we should be using fire instead to revitalize the soil too
- [00:45:00.780]thank you for this knowledge it's been wonderful to hear
- [00:45:14.280]you mentioned that cultural fire was a law in the early 1900s and yet you're also pointing out how it's back now
- [00:45:25.460]was there a specific legislation that they restored those rights or is it a case of like the tribes just saying like taking it in their own hands
- [00:45:35.780]and saying like these are our practices we're doing it so on the federal level there is no like law that says cultural fire
- [00:45:44.260]is something that we want like it's it's legal on that scale I wish it was because right now a lot of tribes have their land and trust status
- [00:45:54.840]so what that means is that the government holds our land in perpetuity for the benefit of us and because of that we have to follow federal regulations with fire
- [00:46:05.160]and so that means that we have to have these NWCG qualifications that are often curtailed for wildland firefighting but people
- [00:46:14.240]like me who are fire lighter right we need to also get these qualifications to burn on our trust land
- [00:46:20.640]and so that again there's a barrier there for cultural fire and we need to be talking to maybe
- [00:46:26.400]our legislators to say like this is a different practice and we want to be able to do it on our
- [00:46:30.880]lands um and then there's opportunities even like with the nature conservancy i think somebody
- [00:46:36.000]talked about that yesterday or private landowners to be able to burn in areas that were once uh
- [00:46:41.440]territory territories for our tribes
- [00:46:44.220]and so i think on a local scale it's more um it's more being accepted and in places like i know the
- [00:46:51.340]crew tribe they just had a agreement with california fire where they're able to burn and not
- [00:46:58.120]have to get a permit from california fire to do their cultural fire so it's it's a kind of a
- [00:47:03.480]grassroots movement and people again they're acknowledging that our knowledge is you know
- [00:47:08.080]valid and that we need fire on the landscape because it's been taken away for so long it's
- [00:47:13.100]we need to get it back
- [00:47:14.200]yeah I think that um so we would often use fire for helping us with hunting of bison
- [00:47:39.460]and so I don't know if it would be like one tribe talking about fire
- [00:47:44.180]talking to another tribe but there'd probably be something that happens you know there's
- [00:47:48.400]an interchange right there when you see the smoke right um I know in in Australia that
- [00:47:54.620]tribes there they actually did have a system where one tribe would start burning and that
- [00:47:59.680]would signal to the other tribes okay it's our time to burn now and so for again because
- [00:48:04.860]of colonization here I would I would imagine that was similar here too right if somebody
- [00:48:09.460]saw one tribe burning and it would be acknowledgement like saying okay this is
- [00:48:14.160]this is something that we need to do too it's kind of like do you guys know what
- [00:48:18.240]pasqueflower is yeah so and that's one of the earliest spring flowers to bloom
- [00:48:24.900]in the prairie and so one way that Dakota people would let different
- [00:48:30.180]villages along the river know they would send pasqueflower in canoes up the river
- [00:48:34.920]and that would that would acknowledge that oh we've survived another another
- [00:48:39.240]winter and so that's a message that we would be giving each other things like that
- [00:48:44.140]in Nebraska I'm not sure I'm sure the Nature Conservancy has a lot of
- [00:49:00.940]opportunities here and maybe reaching out to the people who like local tribes
- [00:49:07.240]we all have wildland fire programs usually and you know there's also free
- [00:49:14.120]trainings online for NWCG qualifications so it's like s-130 s-190
- [00:49:20.360]anybody could go online and take those classes but usually like if there's a
- [00:49:24.860]local prairie group or Audubon or something they're doing burning and so
- [00:49:28.700]reaching out to those folks and asking hey can I just come you know watch your
- [00:49:33.080]burn and a lot of times it's like yeah it's no big deal
- [00:49:44.100]thank you for acknowledging tribal colleges in Nebraska community college
- [00:49:59.220]this is this is my plug I want to tell you but we have been approved for the
- [00:50:05.260]first indigenous environmental studies program for your program at the
- [00:50:09.120]Nebraska Community College it is accredited through HLC and it's a
- [00:50:14.080]four-year program and it's one dollar to credit out it starts in September so if
- [00:50:18.640]you want to further your education in this indigenous knowledge we're going to
- [00:50:22.080]be doing this at the NICC just look us up we're open to all learners you don't
- [00:50:26.020]have to be native to attend our college so that's the first one the second part
- [00:50:30.880]is is these programs like the BIA and WIO programs they do the prescribed
- [00:50:35.740]burnings on these tribes so if you want to contact the Bureau of Environmental Affairs they can get you in
- [00:50:40.000]and they're also looking for people to come work with them also in their
- [00:50:44.060]communities so we offer that but a lot of these communities in rural on and off
- [00:50:48.360]reservations in Nebraska we're actually having these programs available to work
- [00:50:53.780]with this prairie restoration programs and also the USDA is now picking up more
- [00:50:59.180]of our knowledge to be able to continue these efforts to create Nebraska's lush
- [00:51:03.500]grasslands that we once had we got a long fight to go and I will tell you that it's a long struggling fight
- [00:51:10.260]but on the next thing my last question is I encourage you and I would like to
- [00:51:14.040]invite you to NICC when we start this environmental project to come be maybe talk and consult and I would like to get that more information
- [00:51:23.740]Thank you for the presentation. We actually have our own prairie grasslands there that we've been doing for about
- [00:51:29.460]15 years now off and on prescribed barns and the invasive species from the surrounding
- [00:51:34.860]areas are really hard to control do you believe that these prescribed barns would
- [00:51:39.660]help with those or do you think it'll enhance this because we all know some of these
- [00:51:44.020]require fire it really depends on the species right so some invasive species can thrive
- [00:51:53.900]with fire but some like woody shrubs like even seed well cedars not and it's invasive but it's
- [00:52:01.900]native right can be prolific but yeah so it really depends on the species and that's again
- [00:52:08.680]that's a relationship you have with the prairie is to know what plants you have in it and to be
- [00:52:14.000]able to respond to what so again it's a lot of like I wouldn't be afraid to use fire I would
- [00:52:20.120]be being a relative is knowing what's going to happen afterwards too and so that's why in our
- [00:52:26.760]work we do a lot of monitoring because we want to know how those plants are responding to fire
- [00:52:31.700]and so do a fire and see how those invasive species respond and if it you know if it I
- [00:52:37.400]don't ever think that the net positive of fire is usually outweighs like if there's a flood
- [00:52:43.980]wash of invasive species and a lot of times too it depends on with prairie restorations
- [00:52:49.860]we kind of get caught up in using herbicides if there's an invasive species or whatever but if
- [00:52:56.420]you start out and you have a really good seed mix diverse seed mix and you're incorporating
- [00:53:02.040]that or adding more species more plants into your prairies like they often out-compete invasive
- [00:53:08.520]species on their own so we have to remember that you know that's a relationship let's keep adding
- [00:53:13.960]your relatives back there too and let's see what happens with those invasive species and
- [00:53:18.300]we don't have to rely on herbicides every time either well we're out of time but I want to
- [00:53:26.920]encourage you to give a great round of applause
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