Making the Case for Manure to Improve Enhance Natural Resources
Dr. Amy Millmier Schmidt, Professor and Livestock Bioenvironmental Engineer, UNL Department of Biological Systems Engineering
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11/13/2024
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Description
Using manure to fertilize crops is a practice as old as time. However, as agricultural production systems have become more specialized (e.g., less integrated), reliance on inorganic fertilizers has increased while manure has increasingly become viewed as an environmental pollutant and nuisance. When properly managed, though, manure serves as a valuable fertilizer and soil amendment to provide essential crop nutrients and support the living ecosystem in soil. This presentation will explore the role of soil health in achieving food security, natural resource protection, and resilience to climate change, and the value of recycling locally available manure as a cropping system input prior to importing inorganic fertilizers.
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- [00:00:00.680]The following presentation is part of the Agronomy and Horticulture Seminar Series at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
- [00:00:07.880]Hey, let's get started.
- [00:00:11.920]Welcome everyone here in person and online to the fifth week of our departmental fall seminar series.
- [00:00:24.280]I'm delighted to introduce our today's speaker, Dr. Amy Schmidt.
- [00:00:29.200]Dr. Schmidt is a professor in the Biological System Engineering and Animal Science departments at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
- [00:00:38.520]She leads an integrated research and extension program focused on promoting socially and environmentally responsible livestock production to enhance soil, water, and air quality.
- [00:00:52.820]A key component of her work is the management of manure and livestock.
- [00:00:58.820]She works on livestock mortalities to mitigate disease transmission and protect water quality.
- [00:01:05.080]She is also known as Manure Lady.
- [00:01:08.680]She is very active on the social media, posting manure information and others.
- [00:01:16.900]Before joining UNL in 2012, Dr. Schmidt held faculty positions at Mississippi State University and the University of Missouri-Columbia.
- [00:01:26.620]She also led a research and extension program focused on promoting socially and environmentally responsible livestock production to enhance soil, water, and air quality.
- [00:01:28.800]She also worked for two years in industry.
- [00:01:31.220]She earned her bachelor and master degrees in agricultural engineering from Iowa State University in 1997 and 1999.
- [00:01:40.240]It was before I went there for postdoc.
- [00:01:44.020]Way before.
- [00:01:45.060]Yes, and then she completed her PhD in biological engineering at Mississippi State University in 2010.
- [00:01:53.240]Dr. Schmidt is leading statewide efforts in manuring.
- [00:01:58.780]I know the management, and I have the honor and pleasure of collaborating with her on several projects.
- [00:02:05.400]So today, Dr. Schmidt will be discussing the important role that the manure plays in improving our natural resources.
- [00:02:13.600]So with this, I will turn it to Dr. Schmidt.
- [00:02:18.640]All right, thank you.
- [00:02:20.420]And you're hearing me?
- [00:02:21.360]Okay?
- [00:02:22.080]Okay.
- [00:02:22.480]That's longer than I thought I gave you as an introduction.
- [00:02:27.420]So you must have done some other research.
- [00:02:28.760]So, well, thank you all for coming.
- [00:02:31.760]I'm happy to be over here and talking to you.
- [00:02:34.280]There's a lot of you in the department I collaborate with.
- [00:02:36.520]And I want to talk today less about all of the, I guess,
- [00:02:41.480]detailed research that we do and more about the messaging that our group
- [00:02:47.140]and the livestock manure management team at UNL does to promote the value
- [00:02:53.760]of manure in cropping systems,
- [00:02:55.640]which goes back to the value of livestock,
- [00:02:58.740]production to the state.
- [00:03:00.360]Okay.
- [00:03:02.740]I'm going to skip my journey to Nebraska because Javed covered that pretty
- [00:03:06.420]well.
- [00:03:06.720]So like Javed said, I have my primary appointments,
- [00:03:12.700]biological systems engineering.
- [00:03:14.100]It's a 70% appointment split between research and extension.
- [00:03:18.300]And then I have a 30% appointment in animal science that is 100% extension.
- [00:03:23.880]So it's a little bit convoluted, but it's,
- [00:03:28.380]it makes sense to me because the work I do is at that intersection of
- [00:03:33.220]livestock production and engineering and communities and cropping systems.
- [00:03:37.560]So, so I'm, you know,
- [00:03:40.440]working with the livestock folks over there,
- [00:03:42.780]the same as with the water and environment folks in biological systems
- [00:03:46.520]engineering.
- [00:03:47.040]My programming areas, I guess, are fairly broad.
- [00:03:54.580]So of course the engineering and,
- [00:03:57.620]and regulatory,
- [00:03:58.040]regulatory aspects of livestock production and manure management are a
- [00:04:03.380]big part of that.
- [00:04:04.120]Conservation practices that impact contaminant fate and transport is,
- [00:04:08.860]is where a lot of our research lies and it all goes back to water quality.
- [00:04:13.740]And, and when I think about these all together, that's where I,
- [00:04:17.180]that's where I feel like we're at that intersection of,
- [00:04:20.020]we want to help the livestock farmers. We want to help the crop farmers.
- [00:04:23.440]We want to help the landowners and we want to do all that in a way that is
- [00:04:27.280]acceptable to the communities where these, where these folks operate.
- [00:04:32.500]So that's kind of the
- [00:04:34.940]sphere in which I operate.
- [00:04:39.340]So Javed mentioned our work together.
- [00:04:44.320]We're both part of the UNL animal manure management team,
- [00:04:48.000]primarily three or four of us on campus that are part of that.
- [00:04:52.760]And then we have our collaboration,
- [00:04:56.760]collaborators that are educators throughout the state,
- [00:04:59.100]cropping and water system educators or livestock educators.
- [00:05:02.700]And we all work together to provide resources
- [00:05:07.780]related to manure management through our website
- [00:05:13.000]and through a number of social media,
- [00:05:14.520]different types of social media.
- [00:05:20.840]What I try to share with whoever we're talking to,
- [00:05:24.800]whether it's the agriculture community
- [00:05:26.300]or the,
- [00:05:26.740]the non-agriculture,
- [00:05:28.040]the communities where these are operating,
- [00:05:29.500]is that our focus is on helping farmers make decisions
- [00:05:34.060]based on science-based data.
- [00:05:38.340]We want to see them manage their manure
- [00:05:42.980]so it's economically beneficial to them,
- [00:05:45.540]so it's not harmful to the environment,
- [00:05:47.060]so that it's acceptable to the communities
- [00:05:49.180]where they're operating.
- [00:05:50.040]And so that's a pretty tall order
- [00:05:53.240]when you think about livestock cropping systems
- [00:05:56.100]in agriculture,
- [00:05:56.720]in a cultural state where we do have
- [00:05:58.140]a lot of citizens who are not involved in agriculture.
- [00:06:01.180]So today I want to kind of talk about
- [00:06:04.920]the programming that we do
- [00:06:07.680]and what that's based upon.
- [00:06:08.800]And so the first thing I always like to talk about
- [00:06:11.460]is this idea of our shared natural resource goals.
- [00:06:15.160]I have natural resource goals.
- [00:06:17.900]Individuals who live in the state have them.
- [00:06:20.620]Farmers have them.
- [00:06:21.560]No matter what your role is in the state of Nebraska,
- [00:06:25.580]you have goals.
- [00:06:26.480]And we really all should be working towards those same goals, right?
- [00:06:30.220]So a big part of my work is bringing those folks together
- [00:06:36.660]around these shared goals, regardless of our background
- [00:06:40.200]and what our direct or indirect interests are in that.
- [00:06:45.240]And then I'll talk a little about soil health and water quality,
- [00:06:48.520]benefits and barriers to manure use,
- [00:06:52.100]and then telling the story of manure's value.
- [00:06:56.240]And wrap up with making the most of manure.
- [00:06:58.460]So we think about our shared natural resource goals.
- [00:07:02.400]I think we can pretty well condense those into three.
- [00:07:08.340]One is based on our water quality, right?
- [00:07:10.280]We want to minimize transport of contaminants,
- [00:07:13.540]either through leaching or erosion and runoff
- [00:07:16.200]to ground and surface water.
- [00:07:17.920]We want to conserve and manage species and habitats.
- [00:07:22.380]We've got a changing climate,
- [00:07:26.000]whether we want to call it climate change or something else,
- [00:07:29.000]we see extreme weather events affecting agriculture
- [00:07:32.500]and they affect crop producers
- [00:07:37.700]and livestock producers in different ways,
- [00:07:39.420]but we are really working towards helping
- [00:07:42.000]all of those farmers be more resilient
- [00:07:44.080]in the face of those extreme weather events.
- [00:07:48.720]So talk about soil health and water quality first.
- [00:07:55.760]Land to me is one thing that never goes down in value, right?
- [00:07:59.500]Land is valuable always.
- [00:08:01.620]There's a lot of different ways we can use land
- [00:08:05.020]and if we're using it for agriculture,
- [00:08:06.860]it's our role to, I would say,
- [00:08:10.980]pass it on to the next generation
- [00:08:12.460]with more value in that land than when we got it.
- [00:08:15.880]And that's one of the talking points I use
- [00:08:19.520]with crop farmers when we're talking
- [00:08:22.240]inorganic versus organic fertilizer
- [00:08:25.520]use, how do we, what management practices
- [00:08:29.040]we use on those farms.
- [00:08:30.280]In the moment, decisions are made based
- [00:08:34.580]on time and availability of labor
- [00:08:37.440]and what's easiest, what's the least expensive,
- [00:08:40.420]what gives us the quickest return on our investment.
- [00:08:42.860]But I think we really need to change
- [00:08:46.480]our thinking to more long-term of
- [00:08:48.760]how do we continuously use this land
- [00:08:52.480]but increase its value
- [00:08:55.280]for production with each generation.
- [00:08:58.780]So what does it mean for cropland to be resilient?
- [00:09:02.000]Of course, we have a lot of,
- [00:09:04.900]we've seen a lot of extreme weather events lately.
- [00:09:07.220]I think it's a lot different now
- [00:09:11.900]than it was 30, 40 years ago
- [00:09:14.240]when I was growing up in the Midwest.
- [00:09:15.800]We have more severe and chronic rainfall events.
- [00:09:21.580]We have longer periods of drought.
- [00:09:25.040]Erosion is an issue and runoff is an issue
- [00:09:28.520]from agricultural land
- [00:09:30.800]if we're not really careful
- [00:09:33.920]about how we're applying nutrients
- [00:09:35.700]and managing that land.
- [00:09:36.820]Pest management has become more important.
- [00:09:39.600]So there's a lot of things that go into
- [00:09:42.560]saying that our land is good quality land
- [00:09:45.800]that's resilient.
- [00:09:46.480]And so from my perspective,
- [00:09:49.680]there's a lot of ways we can improve
- [00:09:52.040]the quality or resilience of our land.
- [00:09:54.800]War is one small part of that.
- [00:09:56.500]And so that's the message that our group shares.
- [00:10:00.660]Working from the livestock side,
- [00:10:04.240]there's summers where we get calls
- [00:10:08.380]about number of animals that are dying from heat stress.
- [00:10:11.000]And then in the winter,
- [00:10:12.340]we get calls about the animals
- [00:10:13.680]that are dying from blizzard conditions.
- [00:10:15.840]So we have a lot of extreme events,
- [00:10:17.860]droughts, floods, extreme cold, extreme heat.
- [00:10:20.840]And so we work within all of those areas too
- [00:10:24.560]try to improve the resilience of those operations.
- [00:10:28.240]So anytime we use production practices on cropland
- [00:10:32.760]that support the health of the soil,
- [00:10:36.080]and when we say soil health,
- [00:10:38.400]10 or 12 years ago,
- [00:10:40.100]I got a lot of disappointing looks
- [00:10:44.280]from the plant and soil science folks
- [00:10:45.840]when we talked to soil health,
- [00:10:46.960]partly because that was kind of a new term we were using
- [00:10:51.440]and also because I'm an engineer
- [00:10:52.820]and what do I know about soil health?
- [00:10:54.320]So I'm okay with that.
- [00:10:55.440]But we talk soil health in the sense
- [00:10:59.460]of all of these properties about the soil
- [00:11:01.680]that combine to make it healthy, right?
- [00:11:04.300]So our physical properties, our chemical properties,
- [00:11:06.640]the biological properties.
- [00:11:07.880]When we have a soil that is healthy and productive,
- [00:11:14.200]we know that we have better nutrient cycling.
- [00:11:16.800]We tend to conserve water use,
- [00:11:20.000]that water is more likely to be held in the soil.
- [00:11:22.620]We have less opportunity
- [00:11:24.080]for runoff and erosion.
- [00:11:25.080]We have healthier habitats for wildlife.
- [00:11:28.940]And so all of these things together,
- [00:11:31.100]we talk about ecosystem services.
- [00:11:32.780]What are the things we want,
- [00:11:34.360]whether we're in agriculture
- [00:11:36.460]or non-agricultural settings in the state,
- [00:11:39.780]we all want a healthy ecosystem
- [00:11:42.300]that provides the services that we need.
- [00:11:44.840]So as a rule,
- [00:11:46.920]this is probably not anything new to all of you.
- [00:11:49.660]Ecosystems tend to be more resilient
- [00:11:52.400]and more resilient
- [00:11:53.840]to external forces
- [00:11:57.320]when they're a healthy,
- [00:11:59.380]diverse ecosystem.
- [00:12:03.400]And that goes for the soil as well.
- [00:12:05.080]So that's the aspect that we talk about
- [00:12:07.620]with both livestock and crop producers
- [00:12:10.120]as well as community members
- [00:12:11.480]when we're trying to connect manure to soil health.
- [00:12:14.800]Because manure typically gets a bad rap.
- [00:12:17.920]It smells bad.
- [00:12:19.940]It's a pollutant.
- [00:12:20.860]We shouldn't have it in the state, right?
- [00:12:23.600]We try to tell that story of how it helps that ecosystem
- [00:12:27.700]in our soil be more diverse and more resilient.
- [00:12:30.720]So let's talk about benefits and barriers.
- [00:12:35.080]So I think there's a whole lot of benefits to manure use.
- [00:12:37.800]Not everybody agrees with that.
- [00:12:41.560]And so that's part of our challenge
- [00:12:45.460]is helping demonstrate those benefits
- [00:12:49.240]and eliminate some of the barriers to using manure.
- [00:12:51.860]So this is
- [00:12:53.360]some data from a survey we did a few years ago.
- [00:12:55.740]We targeted livestock, farmers, crop farmers,
- [00:13:01.120]and their advisors.
- [00:13:02.820]So people could have identified in different groups.
- [00:13:06.920]You might be a farmer and an advisor.
- [00:13:08.700]You might be a regulator and a farmer.
- [00:13:11.400]So we had quite a range of responses.
- [00:13:15.660]We got over 900 from mainly in the eastern
- [00:13:20.580]and midwestern part of the U.S.,
- [00:13:23.120]but also some from up in Canada.
- [00:13:24.500]And we put this out through the certified crop advisors,
- [00:13:30.100]all of our commodity boards.
- [00:13:31.940]So we really tried to get all types of livestock producers,
- [00:13:35.520]all types of crop producers,
- [00:13:36.700]and everyone who advises these folks.
- [00:13:39.260]So we felt like we got a good response out of it.
- [00:13:42.260]One of the questions that we asked them,
- [00:13:46.980]based on their role,
- [00:13:52.880]how do you view your knowledge of these different topics?
- [00:13:58.800]So crop, fertility, and nutrition.
- [00:14:00.340]How knowledgeable are you about that?
- [00:14:03.080]What about soil physical properties, biological properties,
- [00:14:05.860]crop yields, environmental quality?
- [00:14:09.160]And so for the most part,
- [00:14:10.940]we found that most of our farmers,
- [00:14:14.700]crop farmers, livestock farmers,
- [00:14:16.100]felt they were in that moderately to very knowledgeable range
- [00:14:19.780]on these different topics.
- [00:14:20.840]There were a few that,
- [00:14:22.640]maybe said not as knowledgeable in certain areas.
- [00:14:26.940]But for the most part,
- [00:14:29.280]they felt they understood those concepts well.
- [00:14:31.900]When we asked the advisors about their perspectives
- [00:14:35.920]of crop farmer and livestock farmer knowledge
- [00:14:39.040]in these same areas,
- [00:14:39.880]they were a little less complimentary.
- [00:14:42.920]So you see about 50% of livestock and crop farmers said
- [00:14:46.740]we're pretty knowledgeable about crop fertility and nutrition,
- [00:14:49.860]whereas advisors felt, eh,
- [00:14:52.400]we're very knowledgeable, maybe 20%,
- [00:14:54.800]but most are in that moderate to slightly knowledgeable range.
- [00:14:57.900]And I share this mainly for the purpose of discussion.
- [00:15:02.800]So when I'm working with farmers
- [00:15:04.780]or I'm working with crop advisors,
- [00:15:06.420]what changes in your discussions
- [00:15:11.540]based on who you're talking to?
- [00:15:12.860]Do you feel like they know the topic as well as you do?
- [00:15:16.600]How do you communicate these ideas with them?
- [00:15:22.160]They think they're knowledgeable
- [00:15:23.480]and you maybe think they're a little less knowledgeable about it.
- [00:15:26.120]So it was just an interesting outcome from the survey
- [00:15:28.320]that we didn't really expect.
- [00:15:29.920]So the next thing we asked them,
- [00:15:32.920]on these same topics of crop fertility, nutrition, soil health,
- [00:15:38.040]how beneficial or harmful is manure
- [00:15:42.280]to each of these cropping system characteristics?
- [00:15:47.700]So how important is manure to crop
- [00:15:51.920]fertility and nutrition all the way down to environmental quality?
- [00:15:54.820]So this is combined, farmers and advisors,
- [00:15:58.420]99% said manure is at least slightly beneficial to crops.
- [00:16:01.660]So that's good, we would expect that.
- [00:16:04.040]The majority felt that manure benefited soil health characteristics,
- [00:16:09.080]so our physical and biological properties,
- [00:16:11.200]and the majority thought it benefited crop yields.
- [00:16:15.320]But when it came to environmental quality,
- [00:16:17.920]they were quite a bit different.
- [00:16:21.680]You know, 8% said it's harmful to environmental quality, 24% slightly harmful, and 31% kind of could go either way.
- [00:16:31.200]But not many really saw manure as beneficial to environmental quality.
- [00:16:37.060]If we break that down into the advisors versus farmers versus livestock, or crop farmers versus livestock farmers,
- [00:16:48.800]again, similar, you know, crop farmers, or sorry, livestock farmers, a little bit more positive towards manure,
- [00:16:56.260]obviously, because they're the ones that have the livestock that are producing it.
- [00:17:00.220]I found it interesting that the advisors tended to look at manure more negatively
- [00:17:07.820]from the environmental quality perspective than the crop and livestock farmers.
- [00:17:11.980]So that gets us back to who's advising farmers on how they manage nutrients,
- [00:17:16.780]and who do we need to talk to?
- [00:17:18.780]And what's our target when we talk about the benefits of manure to these systems?
- [00:17:23.760]What it really told me was that I might have spent 20 years of my career focused on the wrong messaging,
- [00:17:30.760]talking about manure and how we use it properly and all this,
- [00:17:34.760]when what we really needed to talk about was if we want to see better water quality,
- [00:17:38.760]we need to look at our soil quality.
- [00:17:41.760]We know that when our soil is higher quality, healthier soil,
- [00:17:45.760]we have less erosion, runoff, and leaching of nutrients.
- [00:17:48.760]So making that connection that if we're doing these things to improve soil properties,
- [00:17:53.760]whether we're using manure or fertilizers, if we're following best management practices,
- [00:17:58.760]which we should be, then we'll see water quality benefits from that.
- [00:18:02.760]So that's kind of where our work with the manure team has focused in the last eight years or so,
- [00:18:09.740]is trying to bridge that gap and talk about why does soil quality matter to water quality?
- [00:18:15.740]There's a lot of us working in that soil health, soil quality,
- [00:18:18.740]area, and I think the work we do is fantastic.
- [00:18:22.740]But if that message doesn't get to the people that we want to see make those better decisions in their life or in their cropping systems or to the communities,
- [00:18:31.740]making decisions about whether or not livestock are allowed in their county, then then we're kind of we're missing out on a big opportunity in the state.
- [00:18:40.740]So just some of the general information that we know based on our research
- [00:18:48.720]and others about how manure impacts different aspects of of our cropping and and water systems.
- [00:18:56.720]We know that we we improve aggregate stability when we use organic amendments.
- [00:19:02.720]Better aggregate stability means less opportunity for erosion, runoff, better water holding capacity, job beds work.
- [00:19:12.720]And I'm not showing data from this because I figured you probably all seen it from one of his presentations.
- [00:19:18.700]But, you know, we know that the organic nitrogen in manure is less prone to leaching than the inorganic nitrogen in fertilizer.
- [00:19:26.700]Not surprising. Inorganic nitrogen is available when you put it on.
- [00:19:30.700]It's designed to be readily available. And if it's not used, it's still mobile in the environment.
- [00:19:35.700]It's going to move. It won't necessarily stay where you put it waiting for those crops to need it.
- [00:19:40.700]Whereas organic nitrogen is a slower release and it's released when we have warm,
- [00:19:48.680]moist soil with lots of microbes going to work on it, which is also when our crops are growing.
- [00:19:53.680]So that it matches up well with the availability of the nitrogen when the crops need it.
- [00:20:02.680]Anytime we add carbon cover crops, you know, whether it's carbon from manure or we now have carbon amendment standards,
- [00:20:11.680]practice standards from NRCS, we're trying to put carbon back in the soil. Anytime we do that, we're feeding
- [00:20:18.660]the soil microbes and the active soil and the nitrogen available to plants is boosted by those soil microbes that are
- [00:20:27.660]consuming that carbon as a food source. And so, you know, manure is a small part of that.
- [00:20:34.660]We have a lot of different types of manure in the state, some higher in organic matter than others.
- [00:20:38.660]But the point is we're feeding those microbes where we don't do that with inorganic fertilizer.
- [00:20:43.660]We're simply providing nutrients through that form.
- [00:20:48.640]We also know that when we apply equivalent rates of nutrients from manure or commercial fertilizer,
- [00:20:56.640]our manure applications result in at least no worse in losses of those nutrients than chemical fertilizers and oftentimes lower loss of those nutrients.
- [00:21:08.640]So these are kind of, to us, seem obvious and because that's the work we do.
- [00:21:18.620]But when you talk to farmers and especially to non-agricultural members of a community,
- [00:21:25.620]these are the concepts that we're really working to share.
- [00:21:30.620]That if you're using it correctly, it's actually good for the environment to use manure.
- [00:21:36.620]We also, you know, we know that when we're managing soil well, we're getting better water storage, we have better drainage.
- [00:21:43.620]We also see data that says pest management is improving.
- [00:21:48.600]So we get more beneficial organisms in the soil and plant environment that are out competing the harmful ones.
- [00:21:55.600]And so this is just some data that that I pulled from a research review where the majority of the studies said that there's more plant damage
- [00:22:05.600]and number of leaf chewing insects in organic nitrogen fertilized crops than in organic nitrogen fertilized crops.
- [00:22:13.600]So when we use inorganic fertilizer, we tend to have more damaging pests in the soil.
- [00:22:18.580]So the people that are really using the manure are the crop and livestock farmers, right?
- [00:22:28.580]So what we really need to know is what do they see as the benefits and what are the reasons why they may not use manure in their system?
- [00:22:36.580]And those are the things that then we need to address with our research and outreach.
- [00:22:39.580]So they would agree there's a lot of agronomic benefits.
- [00:22:44.580]The slow release of nitrogen of organic nitrogen is one.
- [00:22:48.560]When we're improving soil quality and having less erosion potential,
- [00:22:53.560]we keep phosphorus in the soil on the field instead of having that run off.
- [00:22:57.560]The micronutrients in manure that you may not get from inorganic fertilizer,
- [00:23:02.560]if you're not specifically ordering those as part of your fertilizer plan.
- [00:23:07.560]And then the potential yield increase.
- [00:23:10.560]It's interesting when we talk about yield increase because we want to put a value on manure to that system.
- [00:23:18.540]We want to be able to say, if you use manure, you'll get five bushels per acre more of corn this year,
- [00:23:25.540]or six bushels per acre more of soybeans next year.
- [00:23:28.540]It varies between systems based on the soil types, the geography, their climate, and everything.
- [00:23:36.540]It's difficult to make that prediction accurately, but when we hear farmers tell stories of "I hadn't used manure for 20 years, and when I did,
- [00:23:48.520]I had a yield bump the next year", those are good stories to share with the crop farmers that we're promoting manure use to.
- [00:23:57.520]The economic benefits, depending on who you talk to, some would say there's a reduced cost to fertility if we're using manure because we're improving that soil.
- [00:24:08.520]The soil is more fertile. We have better nutrient cycling. We need to input less inorganic nutrients, maybe less pesticides into that system.
- [00:24:18.500]But if you are the crop farmer who is used to paying for inorganic fertilizer to be applied once per year or twice per year,
- [00:24:26.500]there's an added cost to running another piece of equipment across your field to apply manure, so that can be a benefit or a barrier.
- [00:24:37.500]In the long term, as we're improving soil, we would anticipate reduced costs for irrigation if we're doing a better job of holding that moisture
- [00:24:48.480]where the plants need it. Soil quality benefits, like I said, if we can reduce erosion runoff and leaching of nutrients, then we're improving water quality.
- [00:24:56.480]And so the soil aggregation really leads to less erosion potential, increased infiltration, better soil biology.
- [00:25:06.480]And then ultimately what we want to see are water quality benefits.
- [00:25:10.480]And so one thing that that folks tend to recognize is that we have a lot more regulatory requirements for manure operations
- [00:25:18.460]application in the state and nationally than we do for inorganic fertilizer application.
- [00:25:24.460]We have setback distances from water bodies. We have nutrient management plans and reporting requirements.
- [00:25:30.460]And a lot of times that's kind of a misconception among the non-agricultural community that it's not really regulated.
- [00:25:38.460]You can do anything you want with manure. And so I think most of these we've talked about the the organic nitrogen,
- [00:25:48.440]becoming slowly available reduces leaching potential, and then we have less erosion and runoff potential.
- [00:25:55.440]Interestingly enough, in that group of almost a thousand farmers and advisers who took the survey,
- [00:26:02.440]they weren't really split on it's got to be manure, it's got to be fertilizer.
- [00:26:07.440]Seventy percent said the two complement each other, which was good.
- [00:26:10.440]We wanted to hear that. Only about 17 percent said that they compete with each other,
- [00:26:18.420]which we definitely don't think is the case. And so that's another area of outreach that we maybe need to work on.
- [00:26:24.420]But I typically say to these folks, I don't expect you to do all the fertilization you need with manure because manure is not balanced the way in organic fertilizer is.
- [00:26:33.420]But you can use it and supplement inorganic fertilizer and benefit your system in a number of ways that you wouldn't if you were just relying on inorganic fertilizer.
- [00:26:45.420]So the the challenges to manure use,
- [00:26:48.400]and cropping system were not terribly surprising to us.
- [00:26:52.400]One of the biggest ones is transportation and application costs.
- [00:26:57.400]Back 40, 50 years ago, if a farmer owned livestock, they owned manure application equipment to get that out to their cropland.
- [00:27:05.400]Now it's so specialized and so technical on that manure application side that you just about can't afford to own that equipment that you use once, maybe twice a year.
- [00:27:18.380]We have a pretty robust industry in the state of custom manure applicators, which is great.
- [00:27:24.380]Those folks do this for a living, and they understand it, but then you're paying for that transportation and application - the trade-off being that you don't have to purchase that equipment.
- [00:27:35.380]Odors - not as much of a concern to the livestock farmers, not a huge concern to the crop farmers, but they worry about their neighbors that haven't had manure applied.
- [00:27:48.360]If I use it, I'm probably going to tick off some neighbors. Odors are a big issue, not something we have a whole lot of control over, although there's a lot of research in that area.
- [00:28:02.360]The timeliness of application is a big one. We can't typically apply manure during the growing season, so that's why we have livestock systems with six months of storage.
- [00:28:13.360]They can apply in the fall. After crops are out, they can apply in the spring before crops are put in.
- [00:28:18.340]That's how we balance them with the cropping system.
- [00:28:23.340]We are seeing some different crop rotations in the state that allow us to do applications at different times of the year.
- [00:28:32.340]I think that's one benefit that we've seen out of some of the research in the agronomy and crop management areas.
- [00:28:41.340]Field conditions that limit application, time and labor requirements.
- [00:28:48.320]Then we get into the equipment for application uniformity, the regulation.
- [00:28:53.320]There's a lot of reasons why farmers aren't really excited about using manure in a cropping system if they haven't used it for years.
- [00:29:02.320]If we could summarize those, we break them into the agronomic barriers, the economic barriers, community and logistical.
- [00:29:09.320]A big part of our job is how do we address those barriers so that if we convince
- [00:29:18.300]farmers that manure is good for the system, we need to address the barriers that exist for using it
- [00:29:24.300]and help it be more accessible and cost-effective for them.
- [00:29:33.300]Telling the story of manure's value. When I talk about this, there's two groups we think of.
- [00:29:38.300]I tell that story to the crop and livestock farmers. Livestock farmers pretty well know it,
- [00:29:43.300]but they want to know what's my manure worth if I'm wanting to sell it.
- [00:29:48.280]Crop farmers, sometimes we're trying to convince them that there's value, but they also want to know how much should I pay for that manure?
- [00:29:56.280]What are the individual benefits and what are the values of those?
- [00:30:01.280]And then we also look at this from the non-agricultural community perspective.
- [00:30:07.280]So let's we'll talk first about farmers. How do we help them maximize the value?
- [00:30:13.280]And we do a land application training program in the state.
- [00:30:18.260]That's required for permitted animal feeding operations.
- [00:30:22.260]So they have to come every five years and get certified in land application processes and understanding manure management.
- [00:30:30.260]We try to encourage non-permitted animal feeding operation folks to come to that and and crop producers and we're working.
- [00:30:39.260]We just got a project funded that job that is on with me to expand our teaching tool that we use for that, which I'll show you here in a minute.
- [00:30:48.240]We talk a lot in that training about we've got those nutrients in manure, we've got phosphorus, we've got potash, we've got nitrogen.
- [00:30:56.240]We can put a value on all of those based on what we have in the manure, what's going to be available this year when we apply it,
- [00:31:03.240]and what's the commercial fertilizer equivalent value of it.
- [00:31:08.240]What we try to get across to them is that nitrogen pretty much always need.
- [00:31:15.240]So wherever we apply manure, we're going to get the nitrogen.
- [00:31:18.220]We're going to benefit from it.
- [00:31:20.220]Potash and phosphorus, if the fields don't need those nutrients,
- [00:31:24.220]we're wasting that value.
- [00:31:27.220]There's value in the manure,
- [00:31:29.220]but there's not value to the field where it's being applied.
- [00:31:32.220]So we talk a lot about valuing manure and understanding
- [00:31:35.500]where we should put it to get the most value out of those nutrients. Capturing
- [00:31:43.180]the value of organic matter, not as easy, right? We're talking not necessarily
- [00:31:49.600]things that we measure like soil nutrients and crop nutrient needs and
- [00:31:54.700]what's applied. We're talking more of those things that we don't see. So the
- [00:31:58.780]microbial activity, how that adds to soil aggregation, infiltration runoff,
- [00:32:05.440]and erosion, those are not easy to to value. I call them more your feel-good
- [00:32:11.320]properties of maybe not going to see them anytime real soon. Can't really
- [00:32:16.600]value those but they're benefits. The organic matter has some
- [00:32:21.520]value. So we usually talk to them about, you know, if you have an option of
- [00:32:28.680]several fields to go to, if you want to get the value out of your organic
- [00:32:32.540]matter in your manure, target those fields that have
- [00:32:35.380]issues like finer textured soils, low organic matter content, crusting on the
- [00:32:42.700]surface. You know, we all know that if we were going to go fishing, we're going to
- [00:32:47.140]go out and dig up worms out of our garden where we have really good soil,
- [00:32:51.160]right? So we talk about the same thing in a field setting. If your soil is not real
- [00:32:56.860]productive in earthworms and insects and things, it's probably got
- [00:33:02.080]pretty low biological activity and it could benefit from that additional
- [00:33:05.320]organic matter.
- [00:33:08.940]I'm going to skip over that one here. So this is the tool that we use when we're
- [00:33:16.160]teaching about manure management decision-making.
- [00:33:20.820]And we continue to expand on this every year, but this was kind of the original
- [00:33:25.460]iteration of it. So when we do our trainings, folks sit around a table, we
- [00:33:30.680]split them up into small groups, and they have this map
- [00:33:35.260]that represents the geographic region where we're
- [00:33:41.640]working with those farmers. And we can customize this to talking about beef
- [00:33:48.640]manure if we're in an area of a lot of beef production. We can talk swine manure,
- [00:33:53.260]dairy, poultry. And we set up this system so that we, and that you can't really see
- [00:33:59.580]it here, but we have a little farm, we have these different fields that are
- [00:34:03.500]available to them, and they have all this
- [00:34:05.200]data about the farm, the manure, the fields, and they're making decisions on,
- [00:34:09.040]if I go to this field, it's two miles away, but I get the value out of the
- [00:34:14.740]phosphorus and the manure. This field is right across the road, no time at all to
- [00:34:20.420]get manure applied there, but I don't get value out of any of it because that
- [00:34:23.760]soil has received so much manure over the years. And so it's really
- [00:34:27.080]interesting to see them get into those discussions of why do you
- [00:34:35.140]go that far with your manure? Why do you make the
- [00:34:40.640]decision to put it on one field versus the other? And then when they work
- [00:34:43.680]through the economics of it, they generally see that the
- [00:34:50.420]farther I go the more it costs, but the farther I go the more value those
- [00:34:54.200]nutrients have because I'm getting it to cropland that hasn't had those in the
- [00:34:57.660]past, and I'm getting the full value out of that manure. So it's been very well reviewed by our
- [00:35:05.080]participants as you know kind of yeah that did kind of enlighten me to the
- [00:35:09.960]trade-offs going farther but getting more value from what's in that manure. We
- [00:35:15.820]share a lot of messaging to those farmers who either own livestock but and
- [00:35:23.260]don't have to have a permit. So in the state we have our large animal feeding
- [00:35:27.660]operations that have to have an operating permit. They're very heavily
- [00:35:32.580]regulated, a lot of rules.
- [00:35:35.020]One of them being that when they apply manure they have to stay at least 100
- [00:35:38.680]feet away from surface water bodies. Unless they do a vegetative buffer then
- [00:35:44.920]they can have a 35 foot vegetated buffer and apply up to the edge of that.
- [00:35:49.720]But our small and medium operations have those setback requirements too. They just
- [00:35:55.520]may not know it because they don't have a permit that says it in there. What's
- [00:36:00.020]interesting, and since I don't think we have any regulatory people in the room I
- [00:36:03.880]can say, is they
- [00:36:04.960]make absolutely no sense that they're based on the size of the operation, right?
- [00:36:08.200]You can go 30 feet from a water body without any vegetative buffer if you're
- [00:36:12.580]a small or medium operation, but if you're a large operation you have to
- [00:36:16.480]stay a hundred feet away. Okay, manure is not any different, but the way we
- [00:36:20.980]perceive their ability to manage it impacts that
- [00:36:26.800]regulation. So these cards, a lot of our custom manure
- [00:36:31.360]applicators carry in the cabs of their vehicles so that they're reminded
- [00:36:34.900]when they go out to do manure application of what are the setbacks
- [00:36:38.400]that we should follow. This card here about making the most of manure, so when
- [00:36:46.140]our livestock farmers are transferring manure to a cropping system, we want, even
- [00:36:52.500]though those crop operations don't fall under the regulations that our
- [00:36:56.260]livestock systems do, we want them to use the manure in a way that is getting the
- [00:37:02.680]most value out of it. You know, we want them
- [00:37:04.840]to be a good neighbor. They're going to stockpile manure. Don't put it right
- [00:37:08.380]across the fence from your neighbor. We want them to spread it in a timely
- [00:37:12.460]fashion so they're not losing nitrogen value of it as it sits on the side of
- [00:37:16.180]the field. We want them to protect water quality and understand the value of
- [00:37:20.160]those nutrients. So this is actually our original version of this. We worked
- [00:37:25.900]with a couple of our main advisors in the state, so nutrient advisors and
- [00:37:30.180]Sechi Agri-Service, to say when you're working with your
- [00:37:34.780]permitted animal feeding operations on transferring manure, share these cards
- [00:37:39.020]that they can give to the people that are receiving it so that they're getting
- [00:37:41.620]the same messaging about the value of that manure and how to use it. And then
- [00:37:46.660]this one has been really popular with both our permitted animal feeding
- [00:37:52.460]operations and then our non-permitted or our crop farmers receiving manure. And
- [00:37:56.280]it's just minding your manners. Kind of think that's something as a
- [00:38:01.360]society we're not so good at these days is just minding our manners. And so we
- [00:38:04.720]remind them like there's there's a lot of really basic do's and don'ts with
- [00:38:08.500]using manure. Manage it as a nutrient. Don't just put it out there to get rid
- [00:38:13.340]of it. Target your soils that need phosphorus and potassium. Don't ignore
- [00:38:19.180]your neighbors. Don't get too close to the water on your property when you're
- [00:38:24.120]applying. So those like I say those are more targeted at the folks who aren't
- [00:38:30.540]they're covered under regulations but they're not covered under a permit that
- [00:38:34.660]explicitly outlines those and they don't have to do reporting so maybe they don't
- [00:38:39.080]think about those regulatory requirements when they're using manure.
- [00:38:44.220]So the last part I'm going to talk about is supporting the communities that are
- [00:38:48.600]making decisions about livestock operations.
- [00:38:51.660]So we have a we have a lot of counties in Nebraska that have zoning
- [00:38:59.520]regulations and make their decisions at the county level about whether or not
- [00:39:04.600]a livestock operation can can come into that county and so my my goal with them
- [00:39:12.160]is I'm here to answer the same questions for you that I answer for the farmers
- [00:39:15.940]which is how do we make the best decisions and what are the best
- [00:39:18.460]practices. How they use that information to make a decision on permitting is is
- [00:39:23.200]up to them. So I work with the Nebraska Planning and Zoning Association and
- [00:39:30.940]Nebraska is Nebraska Association of County Officials go to their meeting
- [00:39:34.540]every year and we talk about the things that I've talked to you about. What's the
- [00:39:38.800]value of manure? How does it impact the environment? Why is it a good thing? What
- [00:39:43.840]are the benefits and barriers to using it? The other way we've been starting to do
- [00:39:48.920]this more is helping farmers share their stories and so this is the first video
- [00:39:53.860]we've done. You can find it on our YouTube channel but Walt Trout is a
- [00:39:58.000]swine farmer who's had row crops long before he was raising pigs. He's down
- [00:40:03.280]near Clay Center.
- [00:40:04.480]He was one of the first farmers I met probably the second year I started here
- [00:40:09.100]because he was attending a training because he was just getting into swine
- [00:40:12.820]production at that time and so he's learned a lot along the way and he tells
- [00:40:18.860]a really good story about what adding what it meant to add livestock to his
- [00:40:24.240]cropping system to diversify that system from an economic standpoint so
- [00:40:28.920]diversifying risk. He talks about his neighbors not being very happy with
- [00:40:34.420]when he first put up the barns he grows contract finishes for mash offs which is
- [00:40:39.420]an integrator in the state so they tend to not neighbors tend to not be
- [00:40:44.360]favorable because you're part of a big corporation but he talks about how this
- [00:40:48.700]allowed my wife and I to stay on the farm and diversify and have a better
- [00:40:52.900]income and I knew I would get nutrients out of that manure but I had no idea how
- [00:40:58.420]that would change my cropping system in my operation so he tells a really good
- [00:41:02.180]story about
- [00:41:04.360]I realized I'm getting when I put it on for corn I'm getting benefits the next
- [00:41:08.500]year for soybeans too I've seen my soil quality increase my neighbors have said
- [00:41:13.900]wow your crops look really green compared to those across the road from
- [00:41:17.740]you so we like I said this is the first video we put together and I really
- [00:41:23.800]liked how it turned out and so we're we're gonna do the same with some other
- [00:41:26.760]farmers but I would encourage you to go online and and watch it if you have a
- [00:41:31.140]chance because I think I think it's
- [00:41:34.300]probably more impactful than a lot of the talks that I go out and give myself
- [00:41:37.560]because I'm not the farmer that's that's talking about my own experience again
- [00:41:45.400]when I'm talking to these county regulators or the communities making
- [00:41:50.200]those decisions I talk about the same things we talked about today which is
- [00:41:53.920]the soil properties and how those impact water quality and how manure contributes
- [00:41:58.120]to that and then there's just a lot of questions logistical questions
- [00:42:04.240]from the planning and zoning administrators the county
- [00:42:10.180]commissioners that are saying you know we know that when a person applies for a
- [00:42:15.220]permit for an animal feeding operation it goes through the state approval
- [00:42:18.220]process first and if they've approved it then they've met all the standards of
- [00:42:22.960]the of the regulatory rules in the state but it still can get to that county
- [00:42:29.200]level and they say you know I don't really have any idea how they came up
- [00:42:33.400]with these
- [00:42:34.180]these volumes of manure and nutrients they say they're going to produce like
- [00:42:37.880]how can I even trust that so we talk about when we do design we have design
- [00:42:42.880]standards that are based on data collected over many many years and just
- [00:42:49.180]like we permit people to build a garage on their property based on construction
- [00:42:53.820]standards we have standards related to manure management
- [00:42:58.560]they they ask often about why do we allow manure transfers if you don't have
- [00:43:04.120]enough land to use all of your manure you have too many livestock you need to
- [00:43:08.140]back off on how many livestock you have but we talked to them about distributing
- [00:43:14.820]that manure it's not about balancing it within a single farm it's about knowing
- [00:43:21.580]what you can use on your farm in an environmentally and economically
- [00:43:26.440]conscious way and then sharing that that manure so that it's fertilizing other
- [00:43:32.260]acres and improving soil quality beyond
- [00:43:34.060]your farm I'm not saying that always lands well with them but but those are
- [00:43:39.520]the those are the things we talked about with them this is one of I think one of
- [00:43:44.680]my last slides here but I wanted to share we have a site called ag site
- [00:43:47.580]planner UNL edu and when when we first built that started in like 2006 or no I'm
- [00:43:55.720]sorry 2016 we rolled it out in 2018 we started with these three tools so one was a
- [00:44:04.000]risk management tool my goal with this tool was whether you're a farmer or a
- [00:44:10.360]community member or a county regulator you'll be able to go out and pull up a
- [00:44:17.080]piece of land you can do this for your own property your house whatever in the
- [00:44:20.600]state and you draw a border around it once you find it on that that Google map
- [00:44:25.800]and it generates a report from all of these databases in the state and it says
- [00:44:30.460]okay you're located in this county you have this is your
- [00:44:33.940]natural resource districts you're in you have you know your depth of
- [00:44:39.160]groundwater is is this the soil types in your area here's your your
- [00:44:43.900]precipitation data your wind speed data these are the impaired water bodies in
- [00:44:49.240]that area so it allows you to look at what are all the potential risks
- [00:44:52.380]associated with raising livestock on that piece of property population is
- [00:44:59.300]another thing that's in their population density how close are other
- [00:45:03.880]permanent animal feeding operations regulatory guidance tool is for the
- [00:45:08.940]folks who are for lack of a better term they're afraid to call the regulators to
- [00:45:14.580]ask a question about if I want to build or if I want to expand this livestock
- [00:45:19.360]operation will I need a permit so this allows them to work through different
- [00:45:24.160]scenarios where I want to put a thousand head feedlot in they put all that data
- [00:45:30.280]in where they want to put it what County and then it will return to them withers
- [00:45:33.820]County regulations to consider you'd be a large CAFO so here's the permitting
- [00:45:37.960]requirements and so they can play with those different options and see what
- [00:45:41.440]might work well for them the critical questions is really for our farmers and
- [00:45:46.420]our community members these are the conversations you should be having when
- [00:45:53.320]somebody wants to put a new animal feeding operation in how are you going
- [00:45:56.260]to protect my water quality how do I know I'm not going to smell your
- [00:45:59.200]operation that gets us to our odor footprint tool where we can talk about risk
- [00:46:03.760]of detecting odor certain distances from an animal feeding operation and then the
- [00:46:09.140]state came up with the livestock sighting assessment matrix in 2018 2020
- [00:46:15.400]which is to help counties assess the risks related to an animal feeding
- [00:46:20.800]operation coming into their County and it essentially aligns with our
- [00:46:24.040]regulatory requirements so even if you don't have to have a state operating
- [00:46:27.760]permit you should check all these boxes for your operation so I'm going to wrap
- [00:46:33.700]up kind of my my closing statement is that we're trying to make the most of
- [00:46:39.100]manure we don't think it's a bad thing we're trying to tell a story that
- [00:46:44.100]encourages crop farmers to use it in their cropping systems encourages
- [00:46:48.460]communities to allow it to be used in their community and to allow that
- [00:46:51.880]livestock production that's that has such economic value to the state and and
- [00:46:57.280]show that it's not not necessarily a bad thing for the environment to have those
- [00:47:03.640]sources of manure in their county this is just one of our social media pieces
- [00:47:09.520]that we've put out and we have a whole library online of manure related content
- [00:47:15.400]but I'm going to wrap up with that and that this are all the places that we
- [00:47:20.860]have our our social media online you can find it under the manure lady calm and
- [00:47:26.620]and all those so thank you very much I'm happy to take some questions if you have
- [00:47:30.640]them
- [00:47:33.580]presentation so we have time for questions and I can give the mic to whoever have the
- [00:47:49.720]questions and then we can take questions online too
- [00:47:52.120]so in the in the last three or four years I read in regional news about supply chain issues affecting
- [00:48:03.520]the import of fertilizer and farmers were actually being paid for manure whereas in the
- [00:48:10.780]historically they paid to have the manure removed is this still the case unless you're
- [00:48:19.300]in an area where there's a custom manure applicator and you have built that relationship
- [00:48:26.440]because let's say you're a large swine operation or a large feedlot or poultry
- [00:48:33.460]is it normal to pay to have that removed or is there value in manure where the custom applicator
- [00:48:42.660]pays you to remove it so the custom applicator is is the middleman between the farmer and the
- [00:48:50.280]person that wants the manure on their land so they're they're getting the same amount regardless
- [00:48:54.220]um whether the farmer's paying them to to collect it over here and put it on their land or whether
- [00:49:00.600]the livestock producer is paying them to take it
- [00:49:03.400]and get rid of it on someone else's land or apply it on someone else's land
- [00:49:06.920]but in the grand scheme of things we have seen way more manure getting distributed
- [00:49:16.100]where it's needed in the state in the last 10 years than ever before and part of it is the
- [00:49:21.600]higher fertilizer prices because now we see well we've got manure that we get more than
- [00:49:26.780]just fertilizer out of the other big part of it is those two major um advisors in
- [00:49:33.340]the state that i mentioned nutrient advisors and sechi agri services one of their biggest
- [00:49:37.780]services and they've kind of kind of started side companies that are associated but not in
- [00:49:44.460]within their same business of their engineering and design and that if they represent a concentrated
- [00:49:51.460]animal feeding operation or large CAFO one of the things that they do for them is helping
- [00:49:57.360]broker their manure so they they write the nutrient management plan they know every year
- [00:50:03.280]how much additional manure is available to move off the farm once they've met their
- [00:50:08.620]nutrient needs and I think it was 2021 or two that I was talking to some of them and
- [00:50:16.400]they said we have all of the manure that we have control of as brokers is committed for
- [00:50:24.500]two years out meaning we're not having trouble finding people that want that manure and they're
- [00:50:29.520]not giving it away poultry litter some of those
- [00:50:33.220]folks are getting $50 or $60 a ton and then they have to transport it and apply it so
- [00:50:39.600]I'm taking it from your farm and I'm paying $50 or $60 a ton that's a lot that that stuff's
- [00:50:44.440]valuable but it's it's high nitrogen content good balance of nitrogen phosphorus you don't
- [00:50:53.340]have to put on very high rates you know three three tons per acre and you meet your nitrogen
- [00:50:58.720]needs of your crop so it's and it's easier to transport because it's dry you're not hauling
- [00:51:03.160]water the other end of the spectrum would be beef manure that essentially has no readily
- [00:51:10.800]available nitrogen by the time you land apply it because it has sat out in the feedlot that
- [00:51:15.200]nitrogen has volatilized it still has a lot of organic nitrogen value still has a lot
- [00:51:22.000]of organic matter but it's also very high in phosphorus so if you put it on at 30 tons
- [00:51:28.620]breaker which is not a high rate of application you probably aren't going to come back to
- [00:51:33.100]that you probably still have to supplement nitrogen from an inorganic source and you
- [00:51:37.500]won't be able to come back with manure for three or four years because you've put enough
- [00:51:41.360]phosphorus on to to supply three or four years of that to the crop so it really depends on
- [00:51:45.420]the type of manure the moisture content how far you can take it without losing all the
- [00:51:50.620]value of the nutrients but I don't think there's too many people that are just trying to give
- [00:51:55.980]it away anymore there's there's a lot of value to it and a lot of crop farmers are looking
- [00:52:03.040]at adding livestock just for the value of that manure to their field that would reduce
- [00:52:07.680]their inorganic fertilizer inputs there's one back here first looks like thank you Emi
- [00:52:16.000]for a wonderful presentation and for the collaboration you have with the department of agronomy and
- [00:52:21.660]horticulture my question relates you talk a lot about a regulation and policy can you
- [00:52:27.900]share a little bit about incentives in relation to soil health there's a
- [00:52:32.980]lot of talk about carbon intensity we see biochar as a player what is the role of manure in that
- [00:52:41.500]space with the incentive and what's what's the discussion and what's the direction so that's a
- [00:52:48.380]great question part of when we're working with farmers and trying to encourage them to use manure
- [00:52:55.620]is how are you going to help me cover that additional cost of using manure in that system and
- [00:53:01.420]so the NRCS
- [00:53:02.920]their standards you know if you want to for instance if you want to receive equip funds from
- [00:53:09.320]them to implement these practices regardless maybe you're doing fencing cattle out of streams but you
- [00:53:15.660]still have to have a nutrient management plan or comprehensive nutrient management plan for your
- [00:53:19.540]operation so it kind of forces producers to look at their entire system if they want to get some
- [00:53:26.500]funding for something that's maybe not related and directly to nutrient management their new carbon
- [00:53:32.860]standard carbon amendment standard we contributed quite a bit to that with research we were doing
- [00:53:39.460]looking at wood chips application to cropland mixed with manure or or without manure but it
- [00:53:45.660]also goes into biochar and any other carbon amendment is adding carbon back to the soil
- [00:53:52.720]it's just different different carbon sources and different ways in which that carbon
- [00:53:58.680]gets integrated back into the soil and stored in that soil profile so
- [00:54:02.800]to me the incentives are in those cost sharing opportunities and you know we have a lot of them
- [00:54:11.660]that are in the manure management area they don't cost share for equipment that can move so we can't
- [00:54:16.500]cost share manure application equipment but they can cost share on the nutrient management planning
- [00:54:22.560]and some of the other conservation practices on the land where the manure is being applied
- [00:54:32.740]so we can do some you know they can they can be
- [00:55:02.680]specific in how that is applied but there's not a whole lot of nutrients in lagoon effluent so that
- [00:55:07.460]variable rate application is I would say is not as great of a value in that setting
- [00:55:13.900]poultry litter tends to be very it's a very low application rate anyway and it's it's a consistent
- [00:55:26.420]product so it's a little easier to variable rate apply that I think there are some folks with the
- [00:55:32.620]ability to kind of adjust that application rate in the field a lot of the other manures are are
- [00:55:39.520]variable enough that you know beef manure I don't know if there's value in variable rate application
- [00:55:45.640]of that but I think as we as we find ways to improve like the consistency of manure so that it's
- [00:55:53.860]um to me it's the consistency is a bigger issue than the the application rate you know we can apply it consistently across
- [00:56:02.560]the field and we think we're applying it consistently and we're we're really not because
- [00:56:07.300]of how inconsistent that product is so there's a I think there's a lot of really good efforts to
- [00:56:13.000]improve that I don't know that we're there yet the way we are with inorganic fertilizer
- [00:56:17.080]I'll pass along a another application for manure a few years back we had an EPA project involving
- [00:56:26.620]different nitrogen rates and we observed in the field that even with plenty of nitrogen there
- [00:56:32.500]was spatial variability in plant color and and up and down the field so we put some strips of of
- [00:56:39.700]manure in the field where we could do side by side tissue analysis figured out it was phosphorus but
- [00:56:47.740]it could have been any of those nutrients that's in manure and that was a quick and easy way to
- [00:56:53.440]figure out what was limiting crop growth yeah it's it's it's pretty rare for for phosphorus to be the
- [00:57:02.440]nutrient but I mean depending on that system it certainly could be yeah yeah growing up on a farm
- [00:57:09.340]where manure was the only fertilizer we used a long time ago it seems to me we've come full cycle
- [00:57:16.540]almost uh I see a lot more trending toward organic production especially with uh high
- [00:57:26.320]value uh specialty crops and I wondered basically what you feel that
- [00:57:32.380]future holds for uh I realize that regulatory aspects would be a factor but uh toward more use
- [00:57:44.600]more organic uh farming in general and more use of manure yeah so I think we've definitely seen
- [00:57:56.320]as as the market for organic products has grown then it becomes more um
- [00:58:02.320]feasible to produce you know a lot of organic whether it's organic meat and and protein
- [00:58:08.800]products or um crop products if the demand's there then by all means we should you know
- [00:58:14.900]there's there's folks that can capture that niche market um one thing that I think is a little bit
- [00:58:22.600]of a misconception is that organic crop production is more environmentally uh sound
- [00:58:32.260]than inorganic or than um traditional cropping production systems and I would have thought that
- [00:58:38.620]too until I talked at a an organic um production clinic last fall and one of the farmers on the
- [00:58:47.460]panel um I just asked you use manure in your system and he said yeah last year we had beef
- [00:58:54.780]manure applied we put on about a hundred tons per acre and I was like
- [00:59:02.200]he said is that a lot and I was like yeah that's all that's a lot um why did you put that much on
- [00:59:09.320]he was like well it was available and you know I figured it wouldn't hurt and you know it probably
- [00:59:14.340]didn't hurt it didn't have too much nitrogen in it wasn't going to burn any crops but like
- [00:59:19.820]the question was do you do you soil test and do you do nutrient management planning and they really
- [00:59:26.260]didn't because they're just trying to get they're just trying to get nitrogen on there in the way
- [00:59:32.140]and anything else you know they put on as in a manure source is kind of a benefit to them
- [00:59:37.160]so I still see him at meetings and he's just like I know don't say anything so I always tease him
- [00:59:43.400]about that like you don't need to come back to that field for probably 20 or 30 years
- [00:59:46.660]you've put 100 tons of beef manure on but the point was trying to encourage them that
- [00:59:52.120]if you purchased that or even if you didn't purchase it you lost a lot of value by just
- [00:59:57.780]putting it all on one field when you probably could have gotten several
- [01:00:02.080]of your fields fertilized and gotten more value out of that product because the nutrients have
- [01:00:08.220]value you can build that phosphorus in your soil but it's going to sit there for a lot of years
- [01:00:13.660]so trying to encourage them to manage their nutrients more precisely i think is important
- [01:00:21.500]and that's i mean that's one case that's not to say that that they're all like that but that was
- [01:00:26.020]one that kind of like made my heart skip a beat when he said you put 100 tons per acre on probably
- [01:00:32.020]i can ask him so let me um with our recent uh change in manure nitrogen credits
- [01:00:38.300]um do you think probably we need to follow and follow up and see if there is a there are more
- [01:00:46.300]acres being um you know used for the with the manure with the less nitrogen inputs from commercial
- [01:00:53.120]fertilizer or do you think it's not there yet what are your thoughts on that yeah um that
- [01:01:01.960]so the way i try to measure you know whether or not what we're talking about is is having an
- [01:01:06.960]impact is are we importing less inorganic fertilizer to counties or to the state than
- [01:01:12.020]in than in past years that would tell me that maybe we're if our cropping production is staying
- [01:01:17.940]the same we're utilizing those nutrient sources from manure and and less from inorganic fertilizer
- [01:01:24.340]um talking to those manure brokers and finding out that how um how successful
- [01:01:31.900]they are at distributing that manure for their clients is another part of it um
- [01:01:37.140]the one thing that we probably agree on with the new nitrogen availability calculation is that
- [01:01:44.800]we know it's kind of an average we know it's a we know it depends a lot on their individual systems
- [01:01:53.860]and so farmers still have the ability to use or by their consultants to use a different
- [01:02:01.840]availability calculation or a different factor based on that individual system so
- [01:02:08.680]if they know well in the past we've we've gotten more of the nitrogen released out of that beef
- [01:02:15.660]manure than what you're saying will be then they're going to use that in their planning
- [01:02:18.940]but in the same time those are the farms that are also testing their soil
- [01:02:22.680]annually and doing that nutrient management plan annually so they're they apply it and then they
- [01:02:28.360]adjust in the next year if they were wrong with their application or their assumption
- [01:02:31.780]in that that first crop year so yeah I think you know we probably need to look at what are the what
- [01:02:38.420]are the ways we can measure whether or not nitrogen is being used more efficiently whether
- [01:02:47.160]we're replacing some of that inorganic with organic and yeah it's a good story that we
- [01:02:53.640]should be telling thank you so much so let's uh you know please join me to thank Amy again
- [01:03:01.720]thank you
- [01:03:06.020]Thank you.
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