Industrial Hemp Research at West Central Research, Extension and Education Center

MILOS ZARIC Author

02/27/2023 Added

18 Plays

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Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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[00:00:00.780]The following presentation
[00:00:02.250]is part of the Agronomy and Horticulture seminar series
[00:00:05.820]at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
[00:00:08.730]All right, good afternoon everyone.
[00:00:10.620]Thank you so much for joining us for the seminar.
[00:00:13.170]So before I introduce Milos,
[00:00:16.350]I just wanna sort of as a point of business,
[00:00:18.690]I'm gonna have this handy dandy little microphone.
[00:00:21.540]So when we have Q&A at the end,
[00:00:24.720]please wait until I can get around to you
[00:00:26.970]and get kind of in proximity,
[00:00:28.440]so that everyone online can hear your question
[00:00:31.380]if you have questions at the end.
[00:00:33.270]All right, so without further ado,
[00:00:36.780]it's my great pleasure this afternoon
[00:00:38.850]to introduce our speaker for today, Milos Zaric.
[00:00:42.810]And so Milos is a graduate research assistant
[00:00:45.480]in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture.
[00:00:47.850]He is supervised by Dr. Sam Wortman and Greg Kruger.
[00:00:51.390]Milos is originally from the Republic of Serbia,
[00:00:54.930]and he completed his undergraduate
[00:00:56.610]and master's degree programs there in 2016 and 2017.
[00:01:01.380]That was in the faculty of Faculty for Agriculture
[00:01:04.350]at the University of Belgrade.
[00:01:06.420]In 2017, Milos moved to the United States
[00:01:09.450]and then he started his master's program
[00:01:11.730]at the Pesticide application technology laboratory
[00:01:14.760]over in Western Nebraska.
[00:01:16.710]His research focused on the effects of tank contamination
[00:01:20.280]and the impact of drift producing agents on weed control
[00:01:23.970]in response to dicamba application.
[00:01:26.460]Milos completed his master's degree in 2020
[00:01:29.130]and he has two publications in revision.
[00:01:31.980]So he's currently pursuing his PhD still at the PAT Lab,
[00:01:36.270]and he studies various aspects of industrial hemp production
[00:01:39.330]in Nebraska to reduce the risk for local growers.
[00:01:43.110]And so he is going to be telling us more
[00:01:45.060]about those efforts today,
[00:01:47.460]and so welcome Milos, take it away.
[00:01:50.220]Thank you, Christine, for introduction.
[00:01:52.740]So there's many of you can see it from right now
[00:01:55.350]that we'll be talking primarily about the industrial hemp
[00:01:57.720]and the research that we conducted so far
[00:01:59.760]in West Central Research and Extension Center.
[00:02:02.820]It's really my pleasure to be here in front of you
[00:02:04.650]and to share some of those findings
[00:02:06.750]that we actually got so far.
[00:02:09.870]So the overall outline of the presentation
[00:02:12.480]will include talking a little bit more
[00:02:13.860]about industrial hemp overview as a crop,
[00:02:17.280]pretty much thinking about this hemp a new crop to Nebraska,
[00:02:20.730]importance in versatility,
[00:02:22.290]and also what's happening a little bit
[00:02:23.790]with hemp area in Nebraska.
[00:02:26.100]And then later on we'll move on
[00:02:28.440]into a little bit of the research findings
[00:02:30.480]and the research points kind of
[00:02:31.773]that we actually all look forward.
[00:02:35.160]So as part when we are thinking about industrial hemp
[00:02:37.710]is general, it belongs to family cannabaceae.
[00:02:40.830]We have two economically important crops there.
[00:02:43.470]For many of you that they're not familiar with,
[00:02:45.900]we have hemp is one of them,
[00:02:47.970]but the second one is actually hops.
[00:02:49.530]So they're two close relatives in this family.
[00:02:52.830]But when we are looking right now about the hemp,
[00:02:55.590]we actually have the species here
[00:02:57.057]for primarily for their use,
[00:02:58.860]we are looking for the cannabis sativa,
[00:03:00.543]that is primarily grown for either grain,
[00:03:03.090]fiber, oil and cannabinoids.
[00:03:05.820]So this is a kind of the main thing how we make distinction.
[00:03:08.850]And for those of you that they're actually wondering
[00:03:11.250]what's the difference between hemp and marijuana,
[00:03:13.710]this is primarily based on the THC levels within the plant.
[00:03:16.470]So everything is considered hemp
[00:03:18.270]that contains less than 0.3% of the THC
[00:03:21.680]on the dry base in in this case.
[00:03:26.940]So when we are thinking about this hemp a new crop
[00:03:29.460]for Nebraska, straightforward answer is no.
[00:03:34.230]So we used to grow hemp while back
[00:03:36.660]and then there are a couple of resources
[00:03:38.220]that I was able to get for this one,
[00:03:39.840]even going back to 80, 87 that in Fremont area,
[00:03:43.230]we used to have almost thousand acres of hemp grown
[00:03:45.480]primarily for fiber use.
[00:03:47.850]This actually started as part of the Illinois farmers
[00:03:50.460]that they actually wanted to expand little bit production
[00:03:52.797]and they brought those seeds here
[00:03:54.510]to see how they drive in this one, in this environment.
[00:03:58.290]And this was actually going pretty well until 1910,
[00:04:00.477]but actually all the production
[00:04:02.430]started to go down a little bit.
[00:04:03.930]And then later on we got in and in part of the prohibition
[00:04:07.590]that actually prohibited any kind of the reuse
[00:04:10.230]for hemp for growing, for research,
[00:04:12.660]and a lot of different things.
[00:04:14.400]Little bit later on, as the part of the World War II,
[00:04:18.000]there was a something that was called "Hemp for War"
[00:04:21.300]war and there was a couple states here in the United States
[00:04:24.510]that actually grew hemp,
[00:04:25.590]and there was approximately about 400,000 acres grown here.
[00:04:29.640]For Nebraska to that time,
[00:04:31.650]someone is telling that it was grown,
[00:04:33.630]but most of the report it was, even that was grown,
[00:04:36.210]it was a pretty low acreage here.
[00:04:38.700]And some of those things
[00:04:39.533]that actually can be quite kind of the value
[00:04:41.640]when we are talking about hemp,
[00:04:43.037]it was primarily that was competing for a lot of the corn
[00:04:45.750]and soybean acres that we actually have here in the states.
[00:04:48.990]The other part from 1970,
[00:04:51.780]we have actually part that for the cannabis species
[00:04:54.090]there was a no distinction right now
[00:04:55.620]between industrial hemp and mariajuana,
[00:04:57.900]and then all of them, they're put in the same boat.
[00:05:00.540]And then we couldn't do any growing, any research
[00:05:04.350]pretty much until kind of the quite recent history.
[00:05:07.920]Interesting part about the prohibition,
[00:05:09.930]after prohibition started,
[00:05:11.130]it's actually the 79 that actually the program
[00:05:13.830]that started actually domestic cannabis eradication
[00:05:16.320]and suppression program.
[00:05:18.870]For all of those that travel across Nebraska,
[00:05:20.790]there is a lot of those feral hemps or ditchweeds
[00:05:22.830]that people commonly tell about this one,
[00:05:24.477]and that's actually the main reason why everything started.
[00:05:28.320]So the part about this one
[00:05:29.760]that I actually just recently found about
[00:05:32.850]is that people were complaining about,
[00:05:34.980]yes, this is a eradication process,
[00:05:37.470]and then for the most reports almost 30 million spent,
[00:05:40.800]but plants that they were actually controlling
[00:05:42.720]was actually deferral hemp.
[00:05:44.310]No high THC hemp that were actually program
[00:05:46.620]was leaning more toward.
[00:05:48.270]But one of the things that's actually one of the research
[00:05:50.250]recently got published here from University of Nebraska
[00:05:52.770]is showing that some of those populations
[00:05:55.200]that they're available is the feral hemp
[00:05:57.813]that they actually possess
[00:05:59.220]even though a little bit higher levels of THC.
[00:06:01.170]From all of those counties that we actually have,
[00:06:03.570]Douglas County is the only one that actually came back
[00:06:06.390]with the higher levels of THC for the feral hemp
[00:06:08.553]that they were able to find.
[00:06:11.640]Later on about history,
[00:06:13.530]when we actually started to kind of think
[00:06:15.403]a little bit more about the hemp production,
[00:06:17.400]what's happening with hemp and things about those,
[00:06:19.860]when we actually even started
[00:06:21.180]to do a little bit of the research is actually after 2019,
[00:06:24.570]when actually Nebraska Hemp Farming Act got introduced.
[00:06:27.690]You think about this one, when this one got introduced,
[00:06:31.530]we started thinking about what, where we can utilize,
[00:06:34.140]how we can utilize, and how we can contribute to growers
[00:06:37.710]actually to grow hemp for different purposes.
[00:06:41.760]I previously mentioned a little bit more
[00:06:43.800]that we can grow hemp for grain,
[00:06:45.960]but there are also a lot of different purposes.
[00:06:47.670]We can grow for fiber,
[00:06:49.140]and there are actually different categories of the fiber
[00:06:51.090]that we can actually grow hemp.
[00:06:52.920]The other part that is a really big on market right now
[00:06:55.530]is the floral production and extraction of cannabinoids
[00:06:58.590]that we can only hear about.
[00:06:59.790]It'll be CBD, CBG, CBM,
[00:07:02.160]a lot of those different type of the part.
[00:07:04.830]And also quite a few growers that I know here in Nebraska,
[00:07:07.920]there is a big market even for smokable buds
[00:07:10.620]with low levers of THC that they're growing here
[00:07:13.410]and selling to other states,
[00:07:15.150]'cause it's kind of the lucrative crop right now
[00:07:16.793]to grow here.
[00:07:18.600]Primarily focus that we'll be having today,
[00:07:21.360]in the research that we conducted,
[00:07:22.700]we primarily investigated everything
[00:07:24.540]associated with the grain and fiber production,
[00:07:27.390]because there is a really big interest right now
[00:07:29.370]to incorporate all of those things into building industry,
[00:07:32.910]like building blocks.
[00:07:34.170]That will be one of the thing,
[00:07:35.220]and it's actually we have quite a few producers here,
[00:07:37.860]even in Nebraska that they want actually
[00:07:40.699]to push this one along.
[00:07:42.120]The other part will be the seed
[00:07:43.890]either as part of the protein or oil
[00:07:46.440]or stalks to be used for different kind of the purposes,
[00:07:49.290]because we can separate those fibers
[00:07:51.660]and we can potentially get even the roping industry, fibers,
[00:07:55.650]like even some of the car modelers can use this one.
[00:07:58.157]I know for sure in Germany, Mercedes, BMW,
[00:08:01.410]they're actually pushing those fibers
[00:08:03.150]to be incorporated as part of the building industry.
[00:08:05.970]That's actually quite interesting aspect
[00:08:08.550]for what everything at hemp can be used for.
[00:08:11.550]Oh!
[00:08:14.010]Canadians. Oh, Canadians.
[00:08:15.270]Yep. I saw actually interesting thing
[00:08:17.310]about the Canada, they build the first airplane
[00:08:19.530]that is actually built completely of the hemp
[00:08:21.810]and is running based on the hemp products
[00:08:23.670]that they are actually having.
[00:08:24.930]That's actually-
[00:08:25.768](indistinct) Having that hemp in the cars.
[00:08:31.290]Well, the Dubai don't have any clue
[00:08:33.390]about this one.
[00:08:34.223]That will be interesting to see but as long,
[00:08:37.680]the part that actually if you want to transport it,
[00:08:40.440]any type of the hemp with you,
[00:08:42.150]you will need to have the certificate of analysis with you
[00:08:44.910]that is actually tied back with a lot,
[00:08:46.800]that you actually grow your hemp
[00:08:48.510]and is actually have the specification what you have there
[00:08:51.090]in terms of the all the cannabinoid profile.
[00:08:54.870]So I think yes they can stop you,
[00:08:56.280]but then you need to follow.
[00:08:57.300]I think Trevor can address this one later on
[00:09:00.166]regardless of how you can transport hemp.
[00:09:01.727]We are primarily just doing research
[00:09:03.660]to understand what's happening.
[00:09:06.150]So further on when we are thinking about the hemp,
[00:09:08.820]how it can be grown for,
[00:09:10.080]I mentioned that we can grow for fiber or grain
[00:09:13.560]and also for the floral production.
[00:09:15.540]Quite distinct how those plants even look like in the field.
[00:09:19.380]So we can see here for the grain production,
[00:09:21.990]the planting population can grow anywhere
[00:09:23.850]from 250,000 plants per acre up to 400,000 plants per acre,
[00:09:28.830]so quite broad.
[00:09:30.030]And the main reason for this one for the processors
[00:09:32.370]that they actually want to utilize this hemp,
[00:09:34.680]they want to have the uniform stalks, slander, tall,
[00:09:38.220]because they're after fibers.
[00:09:40.170]When we are talking about the grain production,
[00:09:42.660]it's a little bit less planting population per acre,
[00:09:45.930]and this is primarily about, I would say,
[00:09:48.480]typically we plant in North Platte
[00:09:49.950]up to 150,000 plants per acre
[00:09:52.320]at 13 short spacing using precision planters
[00:09:55.137]that we have available there.
[00:09:57.510]For floral production, it's completely different right now.
[00:10:00.210]Different row spacing, wider row spacing,
[00:10:03.240]and plus we can get maybe up to 5,000 plants per acre,
[00:10:06.930]like some of the growers that they actually can go
[00:10:08.790]even with the lower population
[00:10:10.410]if they want to have little bit more bushy trees
[00:10:12.900]so they can harvest little bit more flowers from them.
[00:10:16.230]And this is actually a picture from Milford, Nebraska.
[00:10:20.250]So thinking little bit about cultivated,
[00:10:24.270]what's happening in Nebraska right now in terms of the area,
[00:10:28.020]how many people are interested in this one,
[00:10:30.540]over the years from 2020 to 2022,
[00:10:33.210]we can see decrease the cultivator
[00:10:36.840]that they're actually after to grow industrial hemp.
[00:10:39.900]There is actually quite a few reasons,
[00:10:41.670]and I believe this one later on
[00:10:43.350]for someone to ask question why is this.
[00:10:45.780]But part about this one that we are seeing
[00:10:47.430]in terms of the planting area,
[00:10:48.870]yes, we are seeing that number of growers is decreasing,
[00:10:52.110]but actually the area is pretty much
[00:10:54.660]all kind of the keeping concept about 380 or almost.
[00:11:00.420]Well, the first year was 280
[00:11:02.640]and right now we are looking about 200 acres
[00:11:05.250]that is actually getting there.
[00:11:07.350]Big thing that is changing over time
[00:11:09.153]that we are seeing here from 2020
[00:11:12.540]primarily was grown for the floral production.
[00:11:16.200]That's kind of the main thing, primarily indoor,
[00:11:18.750]with the small percentage of the grain
[00:11:20.430]and fiber component here.
[00:11:22.290]But this time kind of the moves on, we can see
[00:11:24.930]that actually the proportion of the grain and fiber
[00:11:27.660]is increasing slowly.
[00:11:29.400]And the main reason why
[00:11:30.390]is actually this one getting increasing
[00:11:32.190]because there is a lot of processing facilities
[00:11:35.100]across kind of that we have one in Kansas,
[00:11:37.260]we have one in Colorado, couple of them for Texas,
[00:11:40.590]but they are actually contracting our growers
[00:11:42.750]to get their kind of the fibers
[00:11:45.540]and then they are processing and selling later on.
[00:11:48.030]So it's in Nebraska here,
[00:11:49.380]we still don't have any processing facilities
[00:11:51.240]and I think that's kind of the main reason
[00:11:53.250]why we actually didn't see the picking up
[00:11:55.350]of those cultivator licenses.
[00:11:56.910]It's besides the other things.
[00:11:59.970]So right now we'll move a little bit
[00:12:01.440]to talk about the research that was conducted
[00:12:03.450]at the West Central Research and Extension Center.
[00:12:05.790]We'll be primarily focusing
[00:12:07.170]about how actually hemp can thrive next to corn and soybeans
[00:12:11.730]'cause the second part
[00:12:13.447]will be a little bit about the herbicide screening.
[00:12:15.960]And if there is enough time on the end,
[00:12:17.413]I will talk a little bit about implications,
[00:12:19.860]little bit when we are thinking
[00:12:20.910]about growing industrial hemp for grain purpose.
[00:12:24.300]That will be a little bit later on,
[00:12:25.557]and this is just kind of the photo
[00:12:27.270]that we're showing little bit
[00:12:28.290]about the simulated drift studies
[00:12:30.000]that we did screening on herbicides, ACCase indoor, outdoor
[00:12:35.670]and plus a little bit screening that we have actually
[00:12:38.460]for the control of the volunteer hemp in the field,
[00:12:40.410]that we need to think a little bit more closely
[00:12:42.480]about this one.
[00:12:43.980]So to start little bit first about this one,
[00:12:46.620]we'll start with assessment of first study
[00:12:48.810]that I did back in 2020.
[00:12:50.070]It would be assessment of industrial hemp susceptibility
[00:12:53.190]to off-target movement of commonly applied corn
[00:12:56.040]and soybean herbicides.
[00:12:57.840]And the main reason how I actually we go to this idea,
[00:13:01.410]just sitting one day in the lab cleaning some samples
[00:13:05.340]and then reading the articles later on
[00:13:07.440]re-associated with cannabis hemp implication in California.
[00:13:12.660]So big challenge how we are applying a lot of those things,
[00:13:15.570]especially in the vineyards, there is a pretty big emphasis
[00:13:19.920]on a lot of the fungicide application
[00:13:21.960]that can be really challenging,
[00:13:23.550]because nothing is actually registered
[00:13:25.110]to be used in cannabis or industrial hemp there.
[00:13:28.470]Close proximity
[00:13:29.580]where we are making all of those applications
[00:13:32.190]can really bring the importance of thinking
[00:13:34.860]about how we are applying products
[00:13:36.037]and where those products are going up.
[00:13:40.562]To Nebraska, quite dominant cropping systems
[00:13:43.710]that we have here, corn and soybeans,
[00:13:46.200]and knowing that from 96 we are starting to overly
[00:13:48.960]on a lot of those things
[00:13:50.100]when first actually herbicide tolerant rate
[00:13:52.410]got introduced here.
[00:13:54.060]We can actually see the quite increase over the time
[00:13:56.760]here in herbicide tolerant soybean and corn as well.
[00:14:00.210]So majority of the area is planted
[00:14:02.610]with herbicide tolerant traits.
[00:14:06.360]Thinking about what's happening
[00:14:07.950]when we are applying those type of the products,
[00:14:09.900]ideal scenario where there is no drift incidence,
[00:14:12.960]it's pretty much nonexisting.
[00:14:15.420]So how we address this one and what will happen,
[00:14:18.030]it's pretty much determined
[00:14:19.560]how we address those kinds of good things.
[00:14:21.780]Having hemp grown next to this one
[00:14:23.490]can really bring a lot of the challenges,
[00:14:25.230]because first we don't have any clue.
[00:14:27.930]First, there is nothing registered yet for hemp
[00:14:30.420]to be used as type of the product.
[00:14:32.520]The second part that we can see here,
[00:14:35.940]there is a drift that is generated,
[00:14:37.680]and when we generate drift,
[00:14:39.000]this one is to be intercepted by something.
[00:14:42.630]Thinking a little bit more about the complexity
[00:14:44.970]of the pesticide application here
[00:14:47.130]and having this field here in Nebraska,
[00:14:49.710]this creates a really big scenario
[00:14:51.660]when we are thinking about the implications.
[00:14:53.310]We have grower that is trying here to grow hemp,
[00:14:56.850]at least learn about this one.
[00:14:58.650]And then we have part here that we have the soybeans
[00:15:01.350]in quite close proximity here.
[00:15:03.630]So the implications about this one
[00:15:05.104]that we talked a little bit recently about this one
[00:15:07.980]is actually when we have the drift,
[00:15:09.840]when drift is generated,
[00:15:11.340]it needs to be intercepted by something.
[00:15:13.227]And in this case here,
[00:15:14.610]if wind is prevalent to go over the hemp,
[00:15:17.550]can create really big issues, like having these small,
[00:15:20.370]maybe 60, 70 feet wide.
[00:15:22.770]Spans here that we have pretty much,
[00:15:25.320]it can wipe up everything.
[00:15:28.860]Herbicide registered that we have here in a,
[00:15:31.380]well, that we actually have globally here
[00:15:32.940]across of the United States, they're quite limited.
[00:15:35.670]And going back from 2019 to 2022,
[00:15:38.640]we have 98 different kind of the pesticide
[00:15:41.670]that they are registered to be used in hemp.
[00:15:44.130]But when we are thinking about the herbicide,
[00:15:45.360]they are just actually pretty much one that we are using.
[00:15:49.560]In corn and soybean, they're not registered.
[00:15:52.110]The only two that they are actually registered
[00:15:53.820]will be caprylic acid and then we have the vinegar
[00:15:56.790]that is actually registered for this one,
[00:15:58.170]but at the same time, yes,
[00:16:00.030]the those products are just applied over the hemp.
[00:16:02.850]Well, actually they're not allowed
[00:16:04.050]to be applied over the hemp.
[00:16:05.820]So on the end we don't have any of the produce,
[00:16:08.430]that they are registered for this one.
[00:16:10.950]So to address couple of those things
[00:16:13.050]and to understand a little bit more
[00:16:14.460]about implications associated with this one,
[00:16:19.920]we developed the study that is controlled
[00:16:22.110]that is actually conducted the indoor.
[00:16:24.630]And for primarily for this one,
[00:16:25.757]we use the dual purpose variety
[00:16:28.710]coming from the New West Genetics
[00:16:30.210]that is actually high cannabinoid,
[00:16:32.910]high grain and high fiber,
[00:16:35.070]so growers can use this one for multiple purposes.
[00:16:38.130]Industrial hemp variety
[00:16:39.177]has grown other controlled environment,
[00:16:41.730]and what we actually wanted to see
[00:16:43.590]how commonly applied herbicide,
[00:16:45.693]that they're registered for corn and soybean,
[00:16:48.330]may actually influence growth and development
[00:16:50.490]of industrial hemp.
[00:16:52.299]To address this one,
[00:16:53.190]we actually wanted to test two different scenarios.
[00:16:56.010]We wanted to see the high risk scenario
[00:16:57.960]that we'll see a little bit later on the photo,
[00:17:00.330]and the low risk scenario with the other nozzle type here.
[00:17:04.140]So that's kind of the main reason
[00:17:05.790]that we actually wanted to see difference
[00:17:07.410]between two nozzle types,
[00:17:09.060]so we can actually see the difference
[00:17:10.590]if how actually industrial hemp reacts to this one.
[00:17:13.950]The other component that is really important to consider
[00:17:17.340]is the plant height.
[00:17:18.330]We actually, for the kind of the layout
[00:17:20.670]that we have available in our plant,
[00:17:22.530]we can only use kind of the plant height
[00:17:24.540]that is a quite kind of the eight to 10 inch in the range
[00:17:28.530]and the wind velocity was about, when we tested this one,
[00:17:30.960]was about eight mile, one miles per hour.
[00:17:33.930]The layout that we used in the wind tunnel
[00:17:37.710]under controlled environment,
[00:17:39.360]we can see here that there are actually plants position
[00:17:42.690]of the up to 36 feet down wind.
[00:17:46.110]And then we wanted to see what are the implications
[00:17:48.393]when we are testing commonly used herbicides from soybean
[00:17:53.700]that can be applied in corn and soybeans including 2,4-D,
[00:17:56.972]dicamba, glufosinate, glyphosate,
[00:17:59.812]imazethapyr, lactofen, mesotrione.
[00:18:02.430]So all of those products,
[00:18:04.200]they're applied at the full recommended label rates
[00:18:07.020]according to the manufacturer label.
[00:18:09.810]And then we just wanted to see
[00:18:11.340]what's actually happening with hemp in this case.
[00:18:13.740]So we actually, first, what we wanted to see ,
[00:18:15.810]what's happening with hemp,
[00:18:17.220]and also what's happening with the passage deposition
[00:18:20.100]inside of the wind tunnel.
[00:18:22.080]Inclusion of two different nozzle types
[00:18:23.970]is coming primarily associated with this one.
[00:18:26.730]We can see for the TP nozzle,
[00:18:28.980]it is presented here on the top of the PowerPoint slide.
[00:18:31.950]We can see quite kind of the small droplets,
[00:18:35.010]but actually thinking about the droplet sizing,
[00:18:36.990]smaller the droplets it actually have the possibility
[00:18:39.270]to be carried further away.
[00:18:41.580]So that's one of the scenario
[00:18:43.470]and the second scenario that we actually have
[00:18:45.930]with the bigger droplets.
[00:18:47.790]So bigger droplets ultimately means
[00:18:49.800]that we'll be mitigating this drift a little bit better
[00:18:53.790]just to see what's actually happening,
[00:18:56.280]and the main reason
[00:18:57.450]why we actually included those two nozzles
[00:18:58.700]is actually to separate to see how actually hemp reacts
[00:19:01.740]to this one.
[00:19:03.450]For your information,
[00:19:04.470]just to think about different kind of the deposition
[00:19:07.350]from those two nozzles when we are thinking about this one,
[00:19:10.890]this chart here represent on the x-axis
[00:19:13.020]is there are two different nozzle types
[00:19:14.670]and the y-axis is distancing feet
[00:19:17.850]that correspond variable would expect to see
[00:19:20.550]5% of the deposition of pulled across all of the herbicides.
[00:19:24.630]And we can see here for the TP nozzle,
[00:19:27.330]we can see that it can go up to weight in feet.
[00:19:30.210]I know it's quite important thing about the risk
[00:19:32.700]and the drift implications.
[00:19:34.140]Versus for the AI nozzle type,
[00:19:36.240]just changing the nozzle type,
[00:19:37.620]how actually we actually decreased the amount of drift
[00:19:40.583]that is actually coming from this nozzle
[00:19:42.600]that potentially will have the influence
[00:19:44.760]what we are actually seeing on the hemp, hemp plants.
[00:19:49.080]Looking to deposition data, little bit more about this one,
[00:19:52.710]we can see on the left side will be for the TP nozzle
[00:19:57.240]and on the right side it'll be for the AI nozzle.
[00:20:00.360]On x-axis here is presented the distance,
[00:20:03.060]I should probably convert this one to feet,
[00:20:05.010]is going from zero and their increments of six feet here
[00:20:07.800]up to 36 feet on the x-axis.
[00:20:10.950]And on the y-axis is the position that we observed
[00:20:14.340]from the herbicides we apply.
[00:20:16.080]This is something that we would actually expect to see
[00:20:18.720]in terms of the deposition.
[00:20:21.817]As we increased the distance,
[00:20:24.090]we actually decreased the pesticide deposition here
[00:20:26.790]in this case.
[00:20:27.930]And having the comparison between two nozzle types,
[00:20:30.840]looking how those slopes looks here,
[00:20:33.810]we can see for the TP nozzle
[00:20:35.430]that there is a way more higher risk
[00:20:37.740]in terms of the deposition that we are getting over
[00:20:41.430]if compared with the AI nozzle type.
[00:20:44.310]All of the progression, mentioned this a little bit earlier.
[00:20:46.830]Different color codes correspond to different herbicide
[00:20:50.190]that we actually applied here.
[00:20:52.290]Part about this one that is really a little bit interesting,
[00:20:56.160]if we are just looking here
[00:20:57.390]for those two kind of the products that we are seeing here,
[00:21:00.330]for the AI nozzle type, for glufosinate
[00:21:02.910]and for glyphosate in this case,
[00:21:05.400]that even though that we changed the nozzle type,
[00:21:08.310]there is a little bit interaction
[00:21:09.630]between the solution that we use
[00:21:11.097]and the nozzle that we actually applied, this one,
[00:21:13.383]that actually resulted in these two nozzle types to get,
[00:21:16.527]and those two herbicide to get a little bit higher
[00:21:19.230]compared to the other ones that we can see here.
[00:21:22.080]And the main reason for this one
[00:21:23.640]is actually how those two products are formulated.
[00:21:26.400]So for glufosinate, there is a lot
[00:21:27.767]of the pretty high surfactant load inside
[00:21:30.540]that actually potentially create the bubbles,
[00:21:32.820]and then when it's coming out from the nozzle,
[00:21:35.220]they're more prone to drift.
[00:21:39.180]The part that is interesting here right now
[00:21:40.980]going how actually hemp responded to this one.
[00:21:43.710]On the top side, we have the TP nozzle type,
[00:21:47.370]the layout would be similar.
[00:21:49.770]Then on the bottom figure
[00:21:52.530]we have now the AI nozzle type in this case.
[00:21:56.730]On X-axis, on the y-axis,
[00:21:58.470]in this case we have x-axis will be the distancing feet
[00:22:02.010]that we that correspond to the where actually hemp
[00:22:05.400]was positioned within the wind tunnel,
[00:22:07.860]and on the y-axis is actually the biomass reduction
[00:22:10.250]in this case.
[00:22:12.000]First things that we see here, I previously mentioned
[00:22:15.150]associated with the nozzle type that we are using
[00:22:18.180]and the deposition that we have,
[00:22:20.970]we saw the kind of the complete difference
[00:22:23.490]between two nozzle type.
[00:22:24.690]And in this case for the TP nozzle type,
[00:22:27.120]we consider this one as a high risk scenario
[00:22:29.070]that I previously mentioned.
[00:22:30.900]Looking all of those figures we can see the slopes
[00:22:34.050]based on those curves that they're actually way higher
[00:22:36.600]than those here for the AI nozzle type.
[00:22:39.240]And kind of the pretty much
[00:22:41.100]how what this one is actually giving us,
[00:22:43.560]we can use those parameters log logistic model parameters
[00:22:47.850]to determine the sensitivity of industrial hemp
[00:22:50.520]in this case.
[00:22:51.990]So in general what those number mean,
[00:22:55.140]the greater the distance
[00:22:56.370]that we are actually observing here
[00:22:57.413]for the 50% of the biomass reduction for industrial hemp,
[00:23:01.920]the more sensitive industrial hemp was.
[00:23:05.190]Sensitivity in terms of the different products that we use,
[00:23:08.340]high sensitivity was observed for glyphosate,
[00:23:11.340]glufosinate, and mesotrione.
[00:23:13.500]And then between two synthetic auxins that we actually use,
[00:23:17.550]2,4-D and dicamba, we actually,
[00:23:19.650]there was a pretty minimal difference in terms of those,
[00:23:21.750]but we'll get to this one later on.
[00:23:24.720]And in terms of the different type of the products,
[00:23:27.784]imazethapyr, lactofen, we can see quite decrease
[00:23:30.540]in terms of the reduction.
[00:23:32.340]So when we are looking this one for example,
[00:23:34.350]just by changing nozzles in terms of the implications
[00:23:37.036]that we actually have for glyphosate.
[00:23:39.180]We actually needed to estimate here because industrial hemp
[00:23:42.180]was really sensitive to glyphosate applications.
[00:23:44.730]And we can see here,
[00:23:45.630]estimations is going way beyond that we evaluated here.
[00:23:49.050]So this is just what we needed to extrapolate
[00:23:51.480]based on the data points that we used to have here.
[00:23:54.240]But the important thing to consider here
[00:23:55.757]is the actually the time of the application,
[00:23:57.990]what kind of the nozzle we have utilized.
[00:24:01.020]It can really help with this one.
[00:24:02.730]Changing from the TP to AI nozzle type,
[00:24:05.370]we can see significant difference
[00:24:07.020]in pretty much every single scenario here.
[00:24:10.500]For example for the glyphosate here,
[00:24:12.360]we have almost five fold decrease
[00:24:14.910]based on the estimation that we were able to make.
[00:24:18.870]Looking visually right now,
[00:24:23.280]what's happening and how this one is lay out,
[00:24:25.530]we can see this scenario.
[00:24:27.450]In this part here, for the plants that were exposed,
[00:24:29.790]that order on the pictures will be three,
[00:24:32.940]six, nine, 18 and 36 feet, and on the right hand side
[00:24:38.580]there'll be always being non-treated control
[00:24:40.170]for the every single photo.
[00:24:41.730]This is just how actually plants looks like 40 days,
[00:24:44.850]14 days after application.
[00:24:47.340]As we increase the distance that those plants were exposed,
[00:24:50.070]we can see a little bit decrease in the biomass,
[00:24:53.268]the individuals that we are seeing,
[00:24:54.737]but at the same time also in the biomass reduction
[00:24:57.713]that we are observing for glyphosate, glufosinate,
[00:25:00.000]mesotrione, dicamba, 2,4-D, lactofen, and imazethapyr.
[00:25:05.700]So we can see quite difference here
[00:25:07.200]in terms of the what we are applying, how we are applying,
[00:25:10.290]in terms of the what kind of the products we are applying.
[00:25:13.020]Looking the previous estimations
[00:25:14.970]for the TP nozzle type in this case,
[00:25:17.400]we can really see quite separation
[00:25:19.260]between all of those products that we actually used.
[00:25:22.140]So for glyphosate, pretty high sensitivity
[00:25:25.590]and also for glufosinate and mesotrione.
[00:25:28.020]And thinking about how often those products
[00:25:29.970]are applied here in corn
[00:25:32.790]and some of those as well in soybean,
[00:25:34.890]we really need to think about where we are placing,
[00:25:36.990]how we are applying those type of the products.
[00:25:41.273]Just to little bit explain here
[00:25:43.440]for the deposition side of the story,
[00:25:46.290]we can see on those water sensitive papers
[00:25:49.320]that we expose them across of the different distances,
[00:25:52.350]we can see how gradient is actually decreasing
[00:25:54.600]from left to right.
[00:25:55.830]But for the TP nozzle type here,
[00:25:57.570]even at the 36 feet downwind,
[00:25:59.970]we can see a lot of the small droppers
[00:26:02.370]that they are reaching this one.
[00:26:03.510]That can be a really challenging,
[00:26:05.220]because nothing is registered right now
[00:26:06.750]for the industrial hemp.
[00:26:08.130]That's actually really big challenge
[00:26:09.330]especially for the states
[00:26:10.770]that they are doing pesticide residue analysis
[00:26:12.980]on the things that they're actually coming to be used.
[00:26:16.830]Changing nozzle to AI, we can see as distance increase,
[00:26:23.190]we can see significant decrease in the droppers,
[00:26:25.410]that they're actually reaching 36 feet,
[00:26:27.660]but at the same time we still can see
[00:26:29.583]that there is a part that is actually smaller droplet,
[00:26:32.370]smaller percentages reaching there.
[00:26:34.160]It actually lead us that we need really to pay attention,
[00:26:37.020]even if we change the nozzle types,
[00:26:39.090]we need to think about is there anything additional
[00:26:41.370]that we can do about this.
[00:26:43.530]Looking further about this one,
[00:26:46.680]same layout like on the previous PowerPoint slide,
[00:26:49.500]we can see pretty, pretty much here really difference
[00:26:53.580]when we change the nozzle type.
[00:26:55.230]We are mitigating drift.
[00:26:56.850]Even for the glyphosate we can see significant decrease
[00:27:00.090]in what we are observing on the plants.
[00:27:02.670]Like even in these distances here,
[00:27:04.920]after 18 feet we barely can see something on those plants
[00:27:08.820]if compared with the previous.
[00:27:11.040]What we actually observed,
[00:27:12.030]significant decrease in plant height
[00:27:15.780]but at the same time for the biomass reduction
[00:27:18.210]that we observed.
[00:27:20.280]Looking more forward,
[00:27:22.890]this was actually little bit those response study
[00:27:25.860]that we conducted,
[00:27:27.120]and this will be just one PowerPoint slide.
[00:27:29.310]I just wanted to point out
[00:27:30.690]what's actually happened with glyphosate
[00:27:32.167]when it's applied across different varieties.
[00:27:36.150]Glyphosate, Dr. Knezevic class, well actually two weeks ago,
[00:27:38.970]explained quite, quite well about this one,
[00:27:41.340]how it's working within the plant.
[00:27:43.470]And for this part, particularly here,
[00:27:46.260]what we are actually looking,
[00:27:48.897]even going from the 4x of the applied rate that is a 1x,
[00:27:52.590]and for 1x we consider 32 fluid ounces.
[00:27:55.680]But when we decrease to almost 1%
[00:27:58.530]of the applied rate of the glyphosate,
[00:28:00.450]we still see those differences
[00:28:03.000]within the industrial hemp plants.
[00:28:04.980]So pretty high levels of sensitivity
[00:28:07.710]when we are thinking about industrial hemp.
[00:28:09.207]And the main reason for this one,
[00:28:10.740]when we are thinking about what's happening within the EPSPS
[00:28:15.360]that we are actually having
[00:28:16.470]the aromatic substances creation,
[00:28:20.160]like it's really important to think about
[00:28:22.203]that those plants actually really need a lignin to grow.
[00:28:25.710]And when we apply this one over the top of the plants
[00:28:28.560]or if this one gets exposed,
[00:28:30.240]there are a couple components that they are missing
[00:28:32.610]for the creation of those,
[00:28:33.840]and that's pretty much why industrial hemp is sensitive
[00:28:37.980]to those type of the products.
[00:28:42.210]So in general, what you observe with this study
[00:28:45.540]that actually industrial hemp biomass reduction
[00:28:48.090]is really influenced by the nozzle selection,
[00:28:50.580]but as well by the active ingredients
[00:28:52.200]that we applied in this one.
[00:28:53.880]When it's actually grown here in Nebraska
[00:28:56.250]or otherwise there is kind
[00:28:57.617]of the pretty dominant corn and soybean acres,
[00:29:00.510]we really need to think about
[00:29:02.610]where we are placing those crops in like industrial hemp,
[00:29:06.270]and we really need to think about the mitigation side,
[00:29:09.060]how we are actually mitigating drift
[00:29:11.280]to prevent kind of the bad things from happening.
[00:29:13.830]Some of the additional things we just did,
[00:29:15.510]the simulation, the two different nozzle types
[00:29:17.670]just to see high risk scenario and the lowest scenario.
[00:29:21.930]There are additional things that can be used
[00:29:23.460]if we want to mitigate this one even more.
[00:29:25.560]For example, to use the different type of the adjuvants
[00:29:28.530]within the spray solution to decrease even more on this one.
[00:29:32.310]The other segments would be the use of the hedgerows
[00:29:35.310]and also to use the buffer zone or even hooded sprayers
[00:29:38.370]within the applications growers can apply.
[00:29:40.890]So it really kind of the brings down
[00:29:42.570]if we want to grow this crop here in Nebraska,
[00:29:44.970]we need to think about where we are placing
[00:29:47.460]to avoid the negative consequences
[00:29:49.410]of the pesticide application.
[00:29:51.960]So just about this one I think we can make just,
[00:29:57.690]if someone have question or two about this one,
[00:30:00.270]maybe we can start with this one right now here
[00:30:02.910]and then we'll move to the second study that we conducted.
[00:30:08.400]Dr. Benziger.
[00:30:14.400]How large does hemp have to be as a crop
[00:30:18.690]before the herbicide companies
[00:30:20.430]would start looking for herbicides specifically for hemp,
[00:30:25.500]'cause as I understand there's very few registered ones now,
[00:30:28.290]is that correct?
[00:30:29.123]So right now there is no herbicide
[00:30:30.780]registered in hemp.
[00:30:33.030]Typically what I was able to find
[00:30:35.310]across of kind of even talking
[00:30:36.323]between different working groups.
[00:30:38.250]So hemp is a little bit wimpy
[00:30:40.020]until eight to 10 inches in height.
[00:30:42.240]After this one is actually entering into fast growing stage
[00:30:45.240]that can easily out compete in different kind of the weeds.
[00:30:48.000]But I think until we don't have actually, we need to have,
[00:30:51.450]I'll come a little bit later with a couple things
[00:30:53.340]that we actually did at the part of the herbicide screening,
[00:30:56.520]but we need really to start with the clean fields,
[00:30:59.130]and that's really important.
[00:31:00.780]But I think at least until eight to 10 inches of growth,
[00:31:04.560]we need to have weeds controlled,
[00:31:06.150]but I think this is something that needs to be conducted.
[00:31:08.820]At least I know that there is not as much research right now
[00:31:11.460]done in the, especially the expertise of the Dr. Knezevic,
[00:31:14.460]for the critical period of weed removal.
[00:31:19.890]That's not really what you're asking.
[00:31:21.540]You were asking him how many acres
[00:31:24.180]does Nebraska needs to have
[00:31:25.680]before the chemical companies may go to IR4,
[00:31:29.370]because that's really the avenue,
[00:31:31.590]you know, the IR4 will have to handle that and I.
[00:31:35.193]Oh, I think I misunderstood question.
[00:31:37.320]Right. Yeah, that's okay.
[00:31:39.060]So anyway I would imagine that we need
[00:31:43.410]to have probably at least 100,000 acres
[00:31:46.890]before the company get interested in it.
[00:31:49.260]So right now in United States
[00:31:50.850]there is probably around 50,000 acres grown,
[00:31:54.240]so they don't have right now justification
[00:31:56.490]to get their couple produce that they're doing
[00:31:58.320]prior for right now. Like, even Canada.
[00:31:59.182]But even Canada, as far as I know,
[00:32:04.020]that has all this legalized,
[00:32:05.700]I think they have only like Ost and Asure,
[00:32:09.150]which are two gram herbicides for grass control registered,
[00:32:12.810]but no broad leaf compounds, you know, and.
[00:32:16.756]So they have a trifluralin as a pre sonalan.
[00:32:22.407]And I know in China there is acetyl chloride,
[00:32:24.780]I think, registered for this one,
[00:32:25.984]but we are still far from this one.
[00:32:27.333]Have you checked
[00:32:28.166]some of the European countries,
[00:32:29.430]because Europe has been allowing this to grow from day one.
[00:32:32.130]They never really stopped.
[00:32:34.470]You know, there's some European countries
[00:32:36.330]that grow these things primarily for fiber
[00:32:40.380]and then the car industry and some of the stuff
[00:32:42.330]that Miller talked about, so.
[00:32:50.100]You gave the example of vineyards
[00:32:54.570]adjacent in California and it'd be,
[00:32:59.400]if I understood you correctly,
[00:33:00.720]it's almost impossible to grow hemp next to vineyards
[00:33:04.170]because zero tolerance of.
[00:33:08.130]And so we in Nebraska, with our vineyards,
[00:33:12.120]worry about drift from other target,
[00:33:16.650]other plants to damage grapes,
[00:33:20.220]but I had no idea that the sprays that we would,
[00:33:25.230]the vineyards would be applying here
[00:33:27.870]could also be a problem for the hemp growers in Nebraska.
[00:33:32.730]Is that correct?
[00:33:33.780]Yep, potentially,
[00:33:35.130]but depending for what they're growing for.
[00:33:37.672]So if they're growing for flower production
[00:33:39.720]that they're actually doing a lot of the testing
[00:33:41.580]on the fungicide and insecticides,
[00:33:43.380]it can be really challenged.
[00:33:45.180]But right now majority of the acres
[00:33:46.920]that they're grown for flower production, they are indoor.
[00:33:50.490]So there is a couple of the growers
[00:33:51.810]that they're growing outdoor,
[00:33:53.160]and I didn't necessarily see any grape yard near them.
[00:34:01.260]I think for the sake of the time,
[00:34:03.240]we'll just move to talk a little bit about the second part,
[00:34:06.390]and then we'll have discussion after this one.
[00:34:10.140]So the second part,
[00:34:11.250]we are right now getting little bit on herbicide screening
[00:34:14.220]that we did indoor and part of it outdoor,
[00:34:16.680]but for the sake of the time
[00:34:17.850]I will just talk about the indoor screening
[00:34:19.620]for the industrial hemp
[00:34:20.700]that we actually did for the control of the grass weeds.
[00:34:25.320]So the part about this one,
[00:34:27.300]it's everyone is talking that hemp
[00:34:28.920]is kind of the quite competitive with weeds,
[00:34:31.860]so that's pretty cool idea to think about this one
[00:34:34.410]until you don't experience those things
[00:34:36.000]directly in the field.
[00:34:37.590]Part about this one that we are seeing,
[00:34:40.260]field is quite clean.
[00:34:41.880]We are actually getting to plants
[00:34:43.200]that they are right now about seven feet tall.
[00:34:45.480]But there is a challenge here.
[00:34:46.680]Yes, we out competed weeds,
[00:34:48.540]but there is a really big problem how we got to this point.
[00:34:52.110]So one of the strategies that we are actually using
[00:34:54.690]in West Central Research and Extension Center
[00:34:57.060]is actually to plant hemp late.
[00:34:59.370]So part about this one we are typically aiming planting
[00:35:02.250]about first week of June.
[00:35:04.140]So part of we can see here, for example,
[00:35:06.930]for the Palmarama that showed up,
[00:35:09.060]we sprayed paraquat over the top
[00:35:11.490]that actually controlled everything
[00:35:12.750]to start with the clean fields.
[00:35:15.510]Last year it was pretty dry.
[00:35:17.670]Yes, we planted hemp late.
[00:35:19.170]We terminated weeds here that were actually happen in the,
[00:35:22.770]and then we got two weeks after we got rain.
[00:35:26.820]Everything that was possibly that we controlled here
[00:35:29.730]started to emerge,
[00:35:31.170]so created a really big problem in terms of the management,
[00:35:33.720]what we actually can do.
[00:35:35.490]So the kind of the part of the flexibility
[00:35:37.620]that we can actually part do as a researcher,
[00:35:40.170]actually I didn't want to have interns go out
[00:35:42.180]and to hand weed for at least a month.
[00:35:44.400]I actually build the small sprayer
[00:35:46.470]to go out to control weeds.
[00:35:48.360]So yes, it's completely prohibited application
[00:35:51.050]to have this one out,
[00:35:52.200]but it's actually working quite well in the weeds.
[00:35:54.960]So part about this one that we can actually see,
[00:35:58.020]yes, hemp can be competitive, but way later in the stages
[00:36:03.240]that we can actually provide with something.
[00:36:05.400]The part that we are actually using here
[00:36:07.770]is that actually it's completely off label right now,
[00:36:10.770]but depending how we apply those type of the products,
[00:36:13.380]can really help with those type of the weeds
[00:36:16.470]and to get to this point.
[00:36:18.120]Part as I want to point out really here with this one
[00:36:20.730]that we have quite limited adoptions
[00:36:22.860]for the broad leaf control
[00:36:23.850]that Dr. Knezevic mentioned a little bit earlier
[00:36:26.670]that they're pretty much just a couple of products
[00:36:28.530]that they are registered for the grasses.
[00:36:30.360]A lot of screening has been conducted here
[00:36:32.370]in the United States, and so far there is non products
[00:36:36.090]that potentially will move forward for broadly weed control.
[00:36:40.470]Challenges about this one.
[00:36:41.393]When we started to develop this type of the studies
[00:36:44.940]that typically was overseen in terms of the what's happening
[00:36:48.450]in the developmental stage of the industrial hemp.
[00:36:52.200]In this part here, this is coming from the New York State
[00:36:55.110]and it's primarily associated with the timings
[00:36:57.450]when we are actually applying,
[00:36:59.160]when we are actually planting those type of the crops.
[00:37:01.860]When we have more desirable conditions, we can see that hemp
[00:37:05.130]is actually quite thriving in this area.
[00:37:07.050]But when we have a little bit less desirable conditions
[00:37:09.960]with the dry conditions,
[00:37:11.430]we can see how easily wheats can take over.
[00:37:15.120]Segment about this one that I got interested after this,
[00:37:18.030]looking is pretty hard to see from in this part here
[00:37:21.480]there is a lot of different grass species
[00:37:23.190]that can be found here going from different oxtails,
[00:37:26.820]Johnson grass, Barner grass and a lot of different things.
[00:37:30.870]And I can see this one is a problem,
[00:37:32.640]because everyone that is right now
[00:37:34.320]applying those ACCase inhibitors or the herbicide,
[00:37:38.460]they're controlling grass, weeds,
[00:37:40.440]they're just typically testing one rate.
[00:37:44.190]Thinking about those type of the weeds that we have here
[00:37:46.860]and looking at the product labels for some of them
[00:37:49.140]will require six fluid ounces per acre,
[00:37:51.930]some of them will acquire eight fluid ounces per acre,
[00:37:54.660]some of them will required 12 fluid ounces per acre,
[00:37:57.540]and this is actually something that was not explored.
[00:38:03.060]ACCase inhibitors in general,
[00:38:05.250]they're registered for broadleaf crops.
[00:38:08.190]So how they work in this part here,
[00:38:11.040]it was shown on corn when we apply them,
[00:38:14.580]they're actually affecting those, the many stems,
[00:38:17.965]we can see those kind of the how they work here.
[00:38:21.780]But the challenge about this one
[00:38:23.010]that was commonly kind of the misunderstood
[00:38:25.920]for the ACCase inhibitors that is, oops,
[00:38:29.730]I went a little bit ahead of myself.
[00:38:32.040]That is hemp is a broad leaf crop,
[00:38:34.980]and typically we are actually tying this one back
[00:38:37.290]that can potentially be used safely in industrial hemp,
[00:38:41.310]and we'll see this one later on, what's actually happening.
[00:38:43.703]for the ACCase inhibitors and in terms of the selection
[00:38:47.220]that we are actually having,
[00:38:50.310]we can see quite diverse amount of the products
[00:38:53.580]that can be applied looking for the fops, dims
[00:38:56.640]and also dens in this part here.
[00:38:59.190]For one of the products that potentially will be registered
[00:39:01.387]here in the United States is quizalofop,
[00:39:03.690]ACCase is inhibiting herbicide,
[00:39:05.790]and we can see a couple of the trade names here.
[00:39:08.760]The challenge that they can see
[00:39:10.230]when this product gets registered here
[00:39:12.780]is its actually it's used across the multiple crops.
[00:39:15.510]So we can use this one in soybeans.
[00:39:17.550]We can use this type of the products in corn
[00:39:20.340]or at least a tree corn, for example, that is tolerant.
[00:39:24.000]And we need to think about how this one will affect
[00:39:26.070]little bit selection pressure
[00:39:27.330]even if hemp becomes crops feasible to Nebraska.
[00:39:31.689]For the objectives that we wanted to see here
[00:39:34.350]is the current state of the knowledge
[00:39:35.910]that the ACCase herbicide,
[00:39:37.380]they are used for selective wheat control,
[00:39:39.330]to control grasses in the broad leaf crops.
[00:39:43.860]We wanted to evaluate the safety of the ACCase herbicide
[00:39:47.460]when it's used in industrial hemp,
[00:39:49.620]so we wanted to explore different active ingredients,
[00:39:52.200]different traits, as well different varieties in this case.
[00:39:56.190]Selected herbicides that we use for this part here
[00:39:59.190]included pinoxaden, clethodim, sethoxidim,
[00:40:01.380]quizalofop, fluazifop, fenoxaprop,
[00:40:04.920]and the mixture of fluazifop and fenoxaprop applied.
[00:40:07.980]We can see rates here,
[00:40:08.907]and the rates presented here in this table
[00:40:11.610]represent one x of the label array
[00:40:13.650]that is currently recommended in broad leaf crops.
[00:40:16.680]So as a part of those studies,
[00:40:18.540]what was a really kind of the main idea of this one
[00:40:21.600]is to see is there any other product
[00:40:23.730]that we potentially can use, safely industrial hemp
[00:40:27.120]that potentially can help with the diversification
[00:40:29.460]of the program that will be used
[00:40:30.750]at some point down the road.
[00:40:33.240]So in part of the how we conducted this one,
[00:40:36.120]we can see plants
[00:40:36.953]that they are eight to 10 inches in height.
[00:40:39.210]We apply this one in a single truck research spray chamber
[00:40:42.300]with the products that they're actually mixed
[00:40:44.520]in 15 gallons per acre.
[00:40:47.850]So the part about this one,
[00:40:49.980]what we actually wanted to see
[00:40:51.840]will be first will be the visual response
[00:40:54.390]and the second part will be how those applications
[00:40:56.730]of the products influence the biomass reduction.
[00:40:59.160]I just forgot to mention here
[00:41:01.440]is that actually we applied all of those products
[00:41:03.390]across of the four different traits,
[00:41:05.353]0.5, 1, 2 and 4x, just to see what's happening
[00:41:09.030]when we are applying those things
[00:41:10.710]across of different traits and how hemp will respond.
[00:41:14.670]Table that we are seeing here,
[00:41:17.100]it's a visual response 21 day after application
[00:41:20.580]for different type of the herbicides,
[00:41:22.620]that for active ingredients that we use here
[00:41:25.850]on the left hand side applied across the different traits.
[00:41:29.760]One of the things that we wanted to see
[00:41:32.040]how different products that we are applying
[00:41:34.470]is actually influencing the hemp growth and development.
[00:41:37.530]And in this part here means, followed by the same letter,
[00:41:42.630]within the column they do not differ
[00:41:45.480]and across lowercase letter across of the different traits
[00:41:49.260]they do not differ as well.
[00:41:51.330]So things that we are seeing here
[00:41:53.100]for different type of the products for fluazifop,
[00:41:56.250]we'll just use this one is a base product for comparison.
[00:41:59.610]We can see that when it's applied at 0.5,
[00:42:02.790]1 and 2x of the label rate,
[00:42:05.820]we can see in this part here, I'm just,
[00:42:08.550]parts that we are seeing for when it's applied
[00:42:11.610]up to 2x of the label rate.
[00:42:14.940]We can see that is a quite minimal impact of those.
[00:42:18.180]But when you're looking for pinoxaden,
[00:42:20.130]so when we are actually looking for those kind of the things
[00:42:23.520]typically when we are looking for,
[00:42:26.070]or in this case, if we take quizalofop
[00:42:28.310]is the base for the comparison.
[00:42:30.540]We typically want to see same or lower injury in this case
[00:42:34.890]than when it's applied across of different things.
[00:42:37.167]For quizalofop for example,
[00:42:38.670]here when it is applied at 0.5, 1 and 2,
[00:42:42.818]2x of the label rate, an hour 1x label rate
[00:42:45.240]was 12 ounces per acre,
[00:42:47.280]we can see quite minimal difference
[00:42:48.960]between all of those three rates.
[00:42:51.180]However, when we applied something
[00:42:53.640]like pinoxaden or clethodim,
[00:42:56.280]as we increase the rate of those products,
[00:42:58.320]we can see the significant increase in injury
[00:43:00.990]in this part here for the industrial hemp.
[00:43:04.800]The other seconds, the other part
[00:43:06.840]that actually we want to compare the other things,
[00:43:10.290]we can see that even up for 2x of the label rate applied
[00:43:14.550]for the other products,
[00:43:16.020]we can see that there was a no difference
[00:43:18.120]between quizalofop, fluazifop, fenoxaprop,
[00:43:21.120]and the mixture of those two among,
[00:43:23.670]well, even if compared with the non-treated control.
[00:43:26.880]How those plants look like on the top panel,
[00:43:29.850]we can see the pinoxaden application
[00:43:32.130]across to the two different varieties.
[00:43:34.259]On the bottom we have for the clethodim
[00:43:36.021]for two different varieties.
[00:43:37.890]And then we can see the first variety
[00:43:39.450]that we actually tested was the multipurpose variety,
[00:43:42.810]high CBD, high grain and fiber variety
[00:43:45.720]versus the second one that was just high grain variety.
[00:43:49.590]As we on the left side here, there is a untreated control
[00:43:53.790]and going from left to right in this case,
[00:43:57.450]we can see as the dose increase,
[00:43:59.820]we see the decrease in the biomass.
[00:44:02.880]That's the first thing.
[00:44:03.840]But as well we see the increase in the injury
[00:44:06.060]in this part here.
[00:44:09.300]In terms of the comparison that we have
[00:44:11.190]between the clethodim and pinoxaden,
[00:44:13.410]when we are looking in terms of the responses,
[00:44:15.120]there are a couple things.
[00:44:15.990]If we are growing this one for grain on fiber,
[00:44:17.850]we don't want to see in the field.
[00:44:20.010]For example, for the pinoxaden
[00:44:21.510]that we are actually applying here for the grain variety,
[00:44:24.863]that we can see a lot way more branching
[00:44:26.760]that is producing here even when it's applied
[00:44:29.610]2x of the label rate.
[00:44:32.670]So going more to the biomass reduction in this case
[00:44:36.780]for the parts that we are actually seeing here,
[00:44:39.450]the layout will be the similar.
[00:44:41.010]On the left hand side there will be the active ingredient
[00:44:44.430]apply across of different rates.
[00:44:46.500]And for the similar that we are seeing
[00:44:48.180]when all of the products they are applied
[00:44:49.530]at the 4x of the label rate,
[00:44:51.420]we can see the highest amount of the injury
[00:44:53.610]or highest amount of the biomass reduction in part.
[00:44:56.940]And the things that they are separating
[00:44:58.500]when we are actually applying the pinoxaden and clethodim,
[00:45:01.650]we can see as well as dose increase
[00:45:04.263]that we are actually seeing the increase
[00:45:06.200]in the biomass reduction in this part here.
[00:45:08.460]For quizalofop, for example,
[00:45:09.900]that we are actually mentioning as a standard,
[00:45:12.120]in this case going from 0.5 to 2x of the label rate,
[00:45:17.160]we can see quite minimal difference
[00:45:19.140]in the biomass reduction,
[00:45:20.760]ut the part that we are seeing as well
[00:45:23.550]when it's applied at 2x of the label rate,
[00:45:25.710]we don't see difference between them and fenoxaprop
[00:45:28.350]and as well between the all of those three products
[00:45:30.503]that we are applying.
[00:45:33.510]So just a little bit, let me just, I will just go right here
[00:45:41.340]so we can have a little bit more time for question.
[00:45:44.760]This ones. Yep.
[00:45:46.980]So for this part here, what we actually did
[00:45:49.500]in this part here is just the comparison
[00:45:51.690]between the pinoxaden and clethodim.
[00:45:54.990]So what we wanted to see actually the parameter
[00:45:57.720]for the ED50 values for those two products
[00:46:01.165]that we actually applied,
[00:46:02.340]and those are the only two products
[00:46:03.750]that we were able to get those two, those response graphs.
[00:46:07.350]So the part about this one that we are seeing
[00:46:09.360]for the pinoxaden and clethodim
[00:46:11.923]when it's compare across the two different varieties
[00:46:14.820]in this case, we can see that for the clethodim,
[00:46:17.400]there was a pretty minimal difference
[00:46:19.140]as we increased the dose.
[00:46:21.060]For the pinoxaden in this case,
[00:46:23.040]we can see the quite separation among those two varieties.
[00:46:26.130]And looking when 1x of the label rate
[00:46:29.160]is applied in this case,
[00:46:30.900]we can see quite separation between those two.
[00:46:33.240]For example, for the high CBD grain or fiber variety,
[00:46:38.100]we can see that was actually a little bit more tolerant
[00:46:40.980]to the application of this one,
[00:46:42.300]while grain variety was a little bit completely different.
[00:46:45.600]We needed way lower rate,
[00:46:47.280]but is even lower than 1x of the label rate of this one.
[00:46:52.230]So part that we actually just I wanted to include the,
[00:46:55.290]as part of the discussion here
[00:46:57.000]that we actually can see there is a possibility
[00:46:59.730]to incorporate couple of different ACCase herbicides there,
[00:47:02.760]but we need really to think about
[00:47:04.590]what type of the herbicide we'll incorporate.
[00:47:07.620]For the quizalofop, what we know so far
[00:47:10.410]that actually it's kind of the moving forward
[00:47:12.510]in terms of the registration
[00:47:14.190]that there was a no or minor visual response
[00:47:17.130]in the biomass reduction
[00:47:18.660]when it's applied up to two x of the label rate.
[00:47:21.510]But I think we really need to think about
[00:47:23.580]what are the other things that we can use
[00:47:25.260]besides the quizalofop as part of those studies just to see,
[00:47:29.190]to reduce this pressure,
[00:47:31.980]but to reduce the resistance risk assessment in this case.
[00:47:38.460]So the part about this one that we can actually see,
[00:47:41.880]there is a possibility to incorporate as well
[00:47:43.860]and kind of to move forward with the sethoxidim,
[00:47:46.255]fenoxaprop, fluazifop and fenoxaprop
[00:47:49.710]to be incorporated as part of the further screening
[00:47:52.230]that potentially can be used in for industrial hemp.
[00:47:55.560]So for pinoxaden and clethodim, in general,
[00:47:57.813]what we are seeing that they may not be as acceptable
[00:48:01.710]to be used in industrial hemp,
[00:48:03.240]primarily because we are seeing quite high levels of injury.
[00:48:08.220]That's one of the things.
[00:48:09.960]And the good thing about this one,
[00:48:12.503]what we actually can think about for the clethodim at least
[00:48:15.930]is that at least there are various formulations
[00:48:18.150]that they're available in the market.
[00:48:19.980]So I think we were just limited to bar formulation
[00:48:22.740]to use in this study,
[00:48:24.150]but we potentially can think
[00:48:25.350]about incorporating the other ones
[00:48:27.540]as part of the herbicide screening
[00:48:29.100]to see whether or not those formulations
[00:48:31.740]are really different.
[00:48:33.840]Couple things just to think about what else
[00:48:36.330]can be problematic when we are growing for those type,
[00:48:41.310]for hemp at least.
[00:48:42.810]So we need to think about when we are growing for fiber, oil
[00:48:48.300]but as well as the oil in cannabinoids form.
[00:48:51.600]And the main reason for this one
[00:48:53.310]is if we are thinking about the ACCase inhibitors
[00:48:56.040]in this case, when we are applying them,
[00:48:57.977]we are actually directly interfering with the cycle
[00:49:01.020]that they are producing those kind of the fatty acids
[00:49:04.230]within the plants and we don't know the consequences,
[00:49:07.710]how those are applied, when those are applied,
[00:49:10.260]how this one is influencing down the pathway
[00:49:12.480]creation of those minor and major cannabinoids,
[00:49:15.870]but as well as potentially the levels of the THC
[00:49:19.740]that potentially can be found within the plants.
[00:49:22.800]Something similar can be applied as well for the seeds
[00:49:25.740]that when we are thinking about,
[00:49:27.000]because all seeds as well have a lot of different things,
[00:49:30.030]omega-3, omega-6, fatty acid,
[00:49:31.860]and how this one is actually influencing
[00:49:34.440]the production side.
[00:49:36.900]Couple of the kind of the main things
[00:49:38.520]that we were actually able to find from this study
[00:49:41.070]that potentially industrial hemp response can be influenced
[00:49:45.480]by the active ingredients that we are selecting
[00:49:47.370]as well as the rate that we are applying.
[00:49:49.770]And in terms of the variety,
[00:49:51.300]we only tested two varieties across of those.
[00:49:53.850]So there is a lot of varieties,
[00:49:55.020]that they're available on the market
[00:49:56.340]and some of those may not apply for all of them.
[00:50:00.630]Kind of the main takeaway of this study
[00:50:03.186]from the kind of the perspective of the screening,
[00:50:05.790]but industrial hemp may be influenced
[00:50:07.710]by some of the ACCase herbicide we applied.
[00:50:11.550]But we need actually really to determine
[00:50:14.250]besides the visual response that we are getting,
[00:50:17.250]how this one is influencing something
[00:50:18.840]that we are really growing for in terms of the seed makeup,
[00:50:22.560]and also even what's actually happening
[00:50:24.480]within the cannabinoid content within the plants.
[00:50:28.650]So I think that's pretty much what I have for today.
[00:50:32.310]There was a third part as well,
[00:50:33.840]but I don't think that we'll go into this one
[00:50:35.673]just for the sake of the time.
[00:50:36.840]Is there any questions?
[00:50:40.980]Yeah, sorry,
[00:50:41.813]this is really not a complex question.
[00:50:43.890]So can you go back to your graphs?
[00:50:48.330]Can you tell us what the,
[00:50:50.730]like what do those points represent?
[00:50:52.260]Are those individuals like individual pots,
[00:50:54.930]are they, like what do they represent?
[00:50:58.740]So the part about this one on x-axis
[00:51:00.830]is it's represented dose. No.
[00:51:02.637]And the every single point is actually representing the dose
[00:51:05.820]that we tested,
[00:51:06.687]and the every single point is contained in this case here
[00:51:09.750]from 14 different replications, 14 different plants.
[00:51:13.860]So it's the average
[00:51:15.330]among 14 applications? Yes.
[00:51:17.130]So why not report the variance among those?
[00:51:20.940]I'm just curious why you reported the mean
[00:51:22.950]and not the variance in those.
[00:51:25.320]Well it's actually, there is a part here
[00:51:29.400]that we are actually reporting for the things,
[00:51:31.470]for the value that we were after here, it'll be the dose
[00:51:35.100]that is actually causing the 50% of the biomass reduction,
[00:51:38.367]and the part that variants that we are actually reporting.
[00:51:40.710]Just here, it's possible to get all of those,
[00:51:42.990]and I actually like this part ,
[00:51:45.060]because working little bit with hemp,
[00:51:47.610]it's really important to account for this variability.
[00:51:51.720]For the sake of this presentation,
[00:51:53.190]I just reported as a single point.
[00:51:55.410]Okay.
[00:51:56.243]But the part about this one,
[00:51:57.570]I can see a little bit difference
[00:51:58.830]between when we are growing plants in the spring
[00:52:01.110]versus fall versus summer.
[00:52:04.680]Okay, thank you.
[00:52:05.730]Yep.
[00:52:07.410]So stay on that slide.
[00:52:10.290]You know, I like statistics.
[00:52:12.900]So why would you go, actually, let me rephrase this.
[00:52:17.760]I understand you go with ED50,
[00:52:19.530]because that's one of the parameters
[00:52:23.177]in the log logistic curve, so it's given out there.
[00:52:27.570]But what is your threshold value for the biomass reduction?
[00:52:31.650]If you're saying that any of these herbicides
[00:52:33.870]we'll have detrimental effect on your hemp,
[00:52:38.760]so what do you mean by detrimental effect,
[00:52:40.830]and what's tolerable level?
[00:52:42.420]Is your threshold 50%
[00:52:44.280]or is your threshold some other number?
[00:52:47.070]And if that was the case, now if you go back,
[00:52:49.560]this will be kind of a follow up,
[00:52:51.570]if you go back one more slide
[00:52:53.340]and you show me your dry weights,
[00:52:56.280]that's a biomass reduction,
[00:52:59.550]and you told us earlier you couldn't fit the curves?
[00:53:02.760]I can fit the curves to each one of those lines there.
[00:53:06.180]Each of those lines in the table,
[00:53:07.890]you see how you have a trend going
[00:53:10.350]from for let's say fenoxaprop goes three to 10, 25,
[00:53:14.880]I have fit the line there.
[00:53:16.740]And then I can go to fenoxaprop
[00:53:18.608]and I can go 20, 21, 23 and 40.
[00:53:21.390]I can fit the line there
[00:53:23.310]and use the threshold level for your tolerance,
[00:53:27.360]so therefore you can have tolerance level
[00:53:30.960]for each one of those herbicides,
[00:53:32.850]and not to conclude, like you said earlier, oh only three,
[00:53:37.170]and we obviously can see that the first two or first three
[00:53:40.710]were pretty bad, especially on the high rates,
[00:53:43.260]but you see what I'm heading with this?
[00:53:46.230]You know, what would be your threshold
[00:53:49.440]for the tolerance levels?
[00:53:51.450]What's would be acceptable?
[00:53:54.660]Well, the acceptable,
[00:53:56.190]depending on what type of the production
[00:53:57.870]we are looking right now for the hemp, but-
[00:54:00.090]Sure. Yep.
[00:54:03.240]This is I think is li really dependent
[00:54:05.580]from which side are overlooking this one.
[00:54:07.833]But, for example, even in some instances,
[00:54:11.100]even 10% for some of the growers wouldn't be acceptable.
[00:54:15.720]But in this part we just wanted to see
[00:54:17.580]the relative tolerance between what we actually have there.
[00:54:24.300]So I think that that was kind of the main thing.
[00:54:26.190]I think potentially establishing those kind of thresholds,
[00:54:28.830]it will be really important,
[00:54:29.820]but we didn't look this one end at this point.
[00:54:32.580]Actually really easy.
[00:54:33.420]You have all the data, it's just got fit ED10 or ED5,
[00:54:38.620]it's a 5% threshold level or a 10%,
[00:54:41.657]you can present all those numbers
[00:54:43.800]and let somebody who wants to use this product,
[00:54:46.680]let them decide whether it's acceptable
[00:54:49.170]by them or not. What's acceptable for them.
[00:54:50.991]Yep.
[00:54:52.306]I think that that would be important part.
[00:54:54.029]Yeah.
[00:54:56.130]I think in general here,
[00:54:57.420]why I present a ED50 value suggest the general sensitivity
[00:55:01.140]just to compare.
[00:55:02.910]But I think it's quite relevant to look even those,
[00:55:05.700]because for hand production, for example,
[00:55:07.740]for 10% on the biomass can be a huge number
[00:55:11.100]for some of them.
[00:55:13.230]Because if we are looking about 2.5 tons per acre
[00:55:18.120]that we are actually getting
[00:55:20.190]can be really significant on them,
[00:55:22.890]2.5 tons per acre of the fiber that they can actually get.
[00:55:26.520]Right, but if you can have in those 10,
[00:55:28.770]maybe you can tolerate that.
[00:55:30.240]I'm playing a double advocate here now,
[00:55:32.460]because you can tolerate maybe 10%.
[00:55:34.710]In fact, if I can have 80% wheat control, you know?
[00:55:39.900]Yep, but I think everything comes back to perspective
[00:55:44.130]what one wants to do
[00:55:45.627]and how much one is willing to tolerate.
[00:55:52.350]Have any other questions
[00:55:53.730]right now in the room?
[00:55:56.040]Do you have any online?
[00:56:03.360]No more questions for Milos?
[00:56:05.160]You have there.
[00:56:09.120]All right.
[00:56:09.953]Should've said it before you.
[00:56:11.089]Oh, I'm sorry.
[00:56:12.193]All right, I was just curious where hemp might fit into,
[00:56:17.490]you know, like a crop rotation or something.
[00:56:20.370]You know, you mentioned hedgerows
[00:56:23.250]and things as mitigation measures.
[00:56:27.210]Could you tell us a little bit about that?
[00:56:30.600]So right now what at least I'm seeing
[00:56:33.960]while working with growers and those kinds of things,
[00:56:37.200]most of them are actually just planting
[00:56:40.620]either after corn or soybeans.
[00:56:42.630]So grower that they have here in Columbus area,
[00:56:45.000]he's planting after corn.
[00:56:47.400]The Grower that is actually,
[00:56:48.870]that I'm working south of North Platte
[00:56:50.610]is actually planting after soybeans,
[00:56:52.680]what we are doing as well.
[00:56:54.420]But the challenge about this one,
[00:56:55.253]where it can fit besides this one,
[00:56:57.990]I think it can fit normally next to every rotation,
[00:57:01.050]but the part about this one
[00:57:02.370]is actually just understand the implications,
[00:57:04.770]what potentially can bring where we are including this one
[00:57:07.770]as a part of the rotation
[00:57:09.240]or maybe even when we are placing our own fields.
[00:57:11.940]I think it's a really, really complex compass,
[00:57:14.130]because everyone is trying right now
[00:57:16.250]to at least learn how to grow.
[00:57:18.390]But we can see a lot of growers
[00:57:20.100]actually starting one year to grow,
[00:57:22.080]then something happened, they won't come back.
[00:57:24.690]So I don't know how to address this one.
[00:57:27.120]It's quite challenging topic.
[00:57:30.360]Thank you.
[00:57:36.000]Sorry, can you repeat that again?
[00:57:37.470]I said would it be, which part of the state
[00:57:40.020]would be more or less suitable and why or why not?
[00:57:43.890]So I think for in general, we have a limited understanding
[00:57:47.640]on how it's performing in this environment.
[00:57:50.160]So going from east to west,
[00:57:51.600]I can see for east part that maybe will get into a challenge
[00:57:54.810]just a little bit having the higher precipitation,
[00:57:57.510]higher humidity in this part here.
[00:57:59.670]And if you're growing those more kind of the tight canopies,
[00:58:02.070]the potential will trigger even some disease problems here.
[00:58:05.550]So I think across of the states it's feasible
[00:58:07.950]to like even us in that they're growing there,
[00:58:11.880]it's kind of working quite well,
[00:58:13.980]but I think it's, and I have quite a few growers even here,
[00:58:16.650]they're growing outdoor for grain and fiber,
[00:58:19.020]but the density I think will be really,
[00:58:20.670]and for what they're growing for will be really important.
[00:58:24.540]But I think it's suitable across of the state
[00:58:26.250]pretty much everywhere.
[00:58:27.090]Just I think more western we go more that we are increasing,
[00:58:31.023]that we'll get the hail damage about from those.
[00:58:33.420]And I know that North Platte
[00:58:34.800]is a kind of the quite nice area there
[00:58:36.600]because we are kind of the threshold, hail, no hail,
[00:58:40.320]and that's the additional part we need to consider
[00:58:42.600]because right now we are growing for something,
[00:58:45.210]but they're pretty limited insurance program for this one.
[00:58:48.930]That's the first thing.
[00:58:49.763]An the second part that we are growing here in Nebraska.
[00:58:52.770]When you think also where we'll be selling
[00:58:57.120]those type of the things.
[00:58:58.650]So for Western Nebraska, for example,
[00:59:00.960]closest market will be Monte Vista, Colorado
[00:59:04.110]or Eastern part will be Kansas.
[00:59:06.630]So I think the is lot of things that play a role
[00:59:08.677]whether or not where it will be working.
[00:59:12.090]But part of your work,
[00:59:13.440]are you doing any economic analysis of the, you know,
[00:59:17.820]the whole production cycle?
[00:59:19.680]What's the cost of seeds, cost of chemicals, you know,
[00:59:22.950]what's profit on the end and those types of things
[00:59:25.350]or not really?
[00:59:26.610]We didn't include this one.
[00:59:27.870]Okay, sure.
[00:59:30.027]So we have one more question over here
[00:59:31.590]and I think that will be the last question for today,
[00:59:34.350]so that we are respectful of everyone's time.
[00:59:38.570]This is a little bit of a strange question,
[00:59:42.360]but when I was a boy growing up on a farm
[00:59:46.650]in northeast Nebraska,
[00:59:47.910]we had one particular field in a river bottom
[00:59:51.390]that was really heavily infested with hemp.
[00:59:55.230]And almost invariably, if it was planted to corn early,
[01:00:03.900]then you'd get lots of different sorts of weeds,
[01:00:08.040]different species growing.
[01:00:10.470]But when we planted it late,
[01:00:13.530]the primary weed that we had in the field was hemp, in fact.
[01:00:19.440]And I guess the question is, you know,
[01:00:22.954]is there management techniques
[01:00:25.860]that would combine with herbicide selection
[01:00:29.820]and one thing and another
[01:00:31.080]that would make hemp culture easier?
[01:00:38.363]I don't think that they understood the question,
[01:00:39.643]especially the last part.
[01:00:48.030]If hemp growers would choose to plant later,
[01:00:53.730]would they have as much a weed problem
[01:00:57.060]or would it change the choice of herbicides
[01:01:02.250]they might choose to use as opposed to early planting?
[01:01:07.620]And then I don't understand, you know,
[01:01:10.080]the yield response planning date and those sorts of things.
[01:01:15.480]I've never dealt with hemp.
[01:01:17.130]That was actually the thing
[01:01:18.240]that I don't think that anyone explores right now so far
[01:01:21.690]in terms of what's happened with different planting dates.
[01:01:24.480]I know the couple universities are just starting
[01:01:26.430]to start working on this one.
[01:01:28.320]For us, the main reason why we actually decided
[01:01:30.420]to shift little bit later
[01:01:31.650]is primarily associated with the weeds,
[01:01:34.050]but we can actually get rid of the part of the weeds
[01:01:36.540]and then potentially even cultivate later on
[01:01:38.910]if it's feasible, or like in our case,
[01:01:41.730]we were able to apply something in this one.
[01:01:44.250]In terms of the herbicide selection of what one can use
[01:01:47.940]early versus late, right now is none.
[01:01:50.850]So that's actually the really challenging part
[01:01:53.823]that we don't have the chemistries that they're available.
[01:01:57.060]So potentially if something gets registered at some point,
[01:02:00.900]hopefully we'll need to start thinking about this one,
[01:02:02.970]but right now I think it can really change what we can use.
[01:02:10.230]All right.
[01:02:15.660]All right, I don't the mic.
[01:02:17.616]My voice toned up.
[01:02:19.830]I guess, you know,
[01:02:21.150]I don't know how many states we have now in the nation
[01:02:24.540]that have registered use or that allow growth of marihuana
[01:02:30.510]or do we have about 12 states or 15 states?
[01:02:32.790]I would say 15.
[01:02:34.015]15.
[01:02:34.848]I guess this comes back to Steve's question earlier,
[01:02:37.260]how many acres can we allow in the state
[01:02:40.620]before the industry goes for it?
[01:02:42.690]You know, if they allow growth to marijuana
[01:02:44.610]all over the country, I guarantee you, you know,
[01:02:47.190]there's gonna be a lot of acres planted,
[01:02:48.930]a lot of industry will go for it.
[01:02:52.620]So one of the ways to actually solve this problem
[01:02:57.090]is just to legalize the weed.
[01:02:59.820]Don't put me to jail for saying that, but anyway.
[01:03:04.470]Thank you. All right.
[01:03:05.940]So again, I just wanna thank you all.
[01:03:08.737]Thank you to everyone for joining us today
[01:03:11.460]and thank you to everyone online
[01:03:13.890]and we'll see you again next week.
[01:03:15.570](audience applauding)

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Industrial Hemp Research at West Central Research, Extension and Education Center

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