Soybean Response to Micro-Rates of Dicamba and 2,4-D

STEVAN KNEZEVIC Author

02/22/2023 Added

30 Plays

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Professor of Integrated Weed Management, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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[00:00:00.750]The following presentation is part
[00:00:02.670]of the Agronomy and Horticulture Seminar Series
[00:00:05.790]at the University of Nebraska Lincoln.
[00:00:08.340]Welcome everyone,
[00:00:10.470]both here in the room and online, to the spring 2023,
[00:00:16.740]I have to get used to saying that,
[00:00:18.210]Spring 2023 Agronomy and Horticulture Seminar Series.
[00:00:22.663]My name's Dan Uden
[00:00:24.120]and I'm an assistant professor here in the department,
[00:00:27.360]as well as the School of Natural Resources.
[00:00:29.910]We've got a great lineup of speakers this semester,
[00:00:34.869]both from within the department in the broader university
[00:00:38.550]and several external speakers as well.
[00:00:41.580]A couple of highlights, we've got some weed science,
[00:00:46.620]which we'll be hearing from Stevan today.
[00:00:49.830]I'll introduce Stevan briefly.
[00:00:51.030]We've got extension educators,
[00:00:53.250]even a couple of graduate students within the department.
[00:00:56.820]So I encourage you to check out the posted flyer
[00:01:00.330]on the website for details on all those seminars.
[00:01:04.680]It'll carry us all the way through the end of April,
[00:01:07.830]but we'll be there before we know it.
[00:01:09.990]So without any further explanation from me,
[00:01:15.210]it's my pleasure to introduce this afternoon's speaker
[00:01:19.260]and co-chair of the seminar committee, Dr. Stevan Knezevic
[00:01:23.400]from here within the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
[00:01:27.030]focuses in the area of integrated weed management,
[00:01:30.510]and this afternoon is gonna share with us
[00:01:33.365]about soybean responses to dicamba and 2,4-D,
[00:01:42.210]and I'll let you take it away from here, Stevan.
[00:01:44.280]Thank you.
[00:01:45.510]All right, thank you Dan.
[00:01:46.980]All right, so as Dan said,
[00:01:48.900]welcome to the Spring Series of our seminar here,
[00:01:54.480]and I'm the first speaker.
[00:01:56.790]I was actually asked by a few colleagues
[00:01:58.920]if I could actually give this talk to,
[00:02:01.110]mostly because of the graduate students in our department
[00:02:03.984]are given this talk already about 120 times
[00:02:07.500]in the last five years in about 20 countries
[00:02:11.100]around the world, not just in US or across Midwest anyway.
[00:02:16.470]So I guess the topic of dicamba,
[00:02:23.250]it's a big D word, like the Big M.
[00:02:25.710]When you say Big M, people think of McDonald's,
[00:02:29.250]or in agriculture, they may think of Monsanto,
[00:02:32.940]but when they say Big D in the weed science jargon,
[00:02:36.930]that usually stands for dicamba.
[00:02:41.100]So if you read the quote,
[00:02:45.840]this is a quote from my colleague from the north central,
[00:02:50.340]from the North Central meeting, Kevin is his name,
[00:02:56.040]and that's what he said then.
[00:02:58.380]So that was like six years ago.
[00:03:01.800]And to a certain degree,
[00:03:03.210]that still still holds the truth there.
[00:03:06.750]And I guess I don't need to read the quote.
[00:03:10.050]I'm sure that by now most of you read it.
[00:03:14.670]So basically this is what I'm talking about.
[00:03:19.050]We're looking at dicamba injuries across the landscape,
[00:03:25.380]I would say here in Midwest or maybe most of the country,
[00:03:30.780]where we grow soybeans.
[00:03:33.150]So is this becoming like a common scenery?
[00:03:37.470]I spend almost every day during summertime at Mead.
[00:03:42.390]That's where my research is, and most of my crew is there.
[00:03:46.350]So driving from campus to Mead,
[00:03:48.360]or driving around mostly Eastern Nebraska.
[00:03:52.680]I see a lot of fields.
[00:03:54.480]A lot of fields,
[00:03:55.440]I don't wanna say almost every other field
[00:03:58.020]will have similar type of type of injuries.
[00:04:03.420]And we're talking about the months of,
[00:04:06.030]usually later parts of June and early July.
[00:04:12.120]So I guess with that, what I'm trying going to do today
[00:04:18.060]is to paint you, in the first part of my presentation,
[00:04:21.510]I'm gonna have a, paint you a little bit bigger picture
[00:04:24.930]about our agriculture in US here,
[00:04:27.360]mostly related to agronomic crops.
[00:04:29.760]And then I'm gonna go to the meat of this presentation.
[00:04:35.430]So anyway, now looking at the history,
[00:04:40.830]I started in Nebraska in '98,
[00:04:42.810]so I've been around 25 years as a weed extension specialist.
[00:04:46.800]And when I started,
[00:04:48.480]we pretty much didn't have any GMO crops.
[00:04:50.880]25 years later are pretty much all, I shouldn't say all,
[00:04:56.670]but most of the agronomic crops are,
[00:05:01.410]or I should say corn and soybean.
[00:05:03.690]I'm calling those two agronomic crops
[00:05:06.300]are pretty much a GMO.
[00:05:08.880]So anyway, don't blame it on me.
[00:05:10.980]Like I said, I started with zero.
[00:05:12.510]Now we're on about 90 plus percent.
[00:05:15.926]And we started in 2000 with a round of pretty soybeans.
[00:05:23.010]And then in 2005 or 2006,
[00:05:26.520]the Roundup-Ready corn came on board.
[00:05:28.530]So those two crops were going Roundup-Ready
[00:05:31.710]till about 2017.
[00:05:33.300]That's where the Xtend soybeans came on board.
[00:05:36.450]Monsanto introduced that trait.
[00:05:39.641]So in that package you have a glyphosate and dicamba,
[00:05:45.750]and then a few years later, they added glufosinate
[00:05:50.070]to that package.
[00:05:50.970]So that's XtendFlex.
[00:05:55.110]And then on the other side, Corteva.
[00:06:00.510]Also over the last 25 years, I witnessed all these mergers,
[00:06:04.131]all these companies, my goodness, you know,
[00:06:06.540]I would have to sit down hard to think about
[00:06:08.550]all of those mergers that happened over the last 25 years.
[00:06:11.670]But the Corteva is one of the latest mergers,
[00:06:17.730]and they had a glyphosate and glufosinate package
[00:06:21.690]and they added 2,4-D to it.
[00:06:23.400]And that's the, that and Enlist E3.
[00:06:27.240]And so basically looking at the Xtend beans
[00:06:30.192]and the Enlist beans, those are the two
[00:06:33.450]that dominate the market.
[00:06:37.080]There is also another trade out there by BASF,
[00:06:39.810]it's called Credenz technology.
[00:06:42.090]And that's not very common at this time.
[00:06:45.210]So I'm just gonna leave that aside.
[00:06:49.380]So what's future gonna bring?
[00:06:51.930]I don't think that none of us have a crystal ball,
[00:06:55.290]but I would say based on the current trend
[00:06:58.890]over the last 20 years,
[00:07:00.480]I don't think we're gonna see a lot of changes out there.
[00:07:04.320]At least I'm talking about the weed science world.
[00:07:08.190]They're talking about potential
[00:07:09.810]new active ingredients, blah, blah, blah.
[00:07:13.260]We'll just have to see how much
[00:07:17.370]of new active ingredients we are gonna see out there.
[00:07:20.820]But under this line that says future trend,
[00:07:24.990]this is actually information that I took
[00:07:27.930]from Bayer's website a couple of years ago.
[00:07:31.710]And you can see what Bayer's plan is,
[00:07:34.260]unless they changed the plan,
[00:07:35.700]which actually sometimes they do those changes too,
[00:07:39.030]depending on the situation.
[00:07:40.440]But basically what they're saying is
[00:07:42.510]that we're gonna see just a more of the same,
[00:07:45.660]more stacks instead of more active ingredients,
[00:07:49.800]new mode of actions, which I understand it's hard to get,
[00:07:54.300]and I'm sure there's companies out there
[00:07:56.160]that are working hard on it.
[00:07:57.660]In the meantime, until we get the new active ingredients,
[00:08:01.269]they are gonna be just adding more of the other traits
[00:08:08.370]into their varieties.
[00:08:12.060]So looking at the current situation,
[00:08:16.620]we have three active ingredients
[00:08:19.830]that are most commonly used for weed control.
[00:08:24.600]And those are glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D.
[00:08:30.060]Sure, you can add some glufosinate in there too.
[00:08:32.520]But for the time being stuff that's related
[00:08:36.090]to my seminar today, I'm just gonna stick with these three.
[00:08:40.620]And I do have a lot of information in this slide
[00:08:43.770]and the following slide.
[00:08:45.000]So I'm gonna kind bear with me.
[00:08:46.770]I'm gonna kind of go through pretty, pretty fast.
[00:08:49.530]And there's a reason why I'm comparing these three.
[00:08:53.490]Like I said earlier in that history slide, you know,
[00:08:56.760]we started in 2000 with Roundup-Ready,
[00:09:00.420]so we've been using glyphosate
[00:09:02.460]and then dicamba came on board as a trait.
[00:09:05.820]Even though dicamba and 2,4-D,
[00:09:08.250]they've been around for 50 years,
[00:09:09.960]glyphosate has been around for 50 years,
[00:09:11.760]they're all chemistries.
[00:09:13.290]We know a lot of things about those active ingredients.
[00:09:18.160]So, we've been using glyphosate
[00:09:23.370]and then the Dicamba and 2,4-D on board in terms of traits
[00:09:28.980]for using soybeans.
[00:09:30.750]So right now in DT Beans,
[00:09:32.850]you have three products
[00:09:33.870]which are XtendiMax, Engenia, and Tavium.
[00:09:36.887]Tavium is Syngenta, Engenia is BASF,
[00:09:39.477]and XtendiMax is Monsanto/Bayer.
[00:09:41.970]Actually Monsanto doesn't exist anymore.
[00:09:44.370]It's all Bayer now 'cause Bayer purchased them.
[00:09:48.600]As far as glyphosate, oh my goodness,
[00:09:51.480]there is a lot of products out there based on glyphosate.
[00:09:55.380]These are all the roundups plus the generics.
[00:09:57.900]In fact, the patent for glyphosate expired in 2000.
[00:10:00.889]So after that, pretty much everybody could make glyphosate,
[00:10:04.920]you know, so anyway,
[00:10:06.390]and there is probably close to 60 to 70,
[00:10:10.410]it's been a while since I counted all in our weed guide,
[00:10:13.369]different products there.
[00:10:15.360]And then for 2,4-D, we have Enlist One and Enlist Duo.
[00:10:19.890]In terms of how they work and their mode of action,
[00:10:22.910]you know, glyphosate inhibits the Shikimic acid pathway,
[00:10:27.060]which is shut down and you shut down amino acid production,
[00:10:29.940]so therefore the plants are starving
[00:10:32.428]and dying as opposed to dicamba
[00:10:36.990]and 2,4-D both being hormonal chemistry,
[00:10:40.072]they boost the growth in the plants and the plants
[00:10:43.200]are actually growing into literally depths, you know,
[00:10:47.340]so that's a simplified version of my explanation.
[00:10:51.690]But as far as selectivity,
[00:10:53.940]dicamba and 2,4-D are broadleaf killers.
[00:10:57.870]They've been, like I said, around for 50 years.
[00:11:00.750]They're used primarily,
[00:11:03.600]they used to be used primarily for broadleaf control
[00:11:06.780]in cereal crops and in rangeland
[00:11:10.380]and pasture and golf courses and turf and so forth.
[00:11:14.820]As opposed to glyphosate, which is a non-selective.
[00:11:18.270]It will kill both grasses and broad leaves.
[00:11:23.340]Visible symptoms, you know,
[00:11:25.410]all three compounds are actually post emerge compounds,
[00:11:28.320]which means you gotta wait for weeds to come up
[00:11:30.330]and then go on and spray them.
[00:11:31.980]Typically, we wanna spray those weeds
[00:11:33.840]when they're about 2 to 4 to 6 inches tall.
[00:11:38.400]If they're taller, there might be little problems out there.
[00:11:42.300]And I'll come back to that later.
[00:11:44.430]So after you spray, you can see symptoms of dicamba
[00:11:48.420]within a couple three days.
[00:11:50.250]In some cases, it could be even within eight hours
[00:11:53.040]under certain conditions, greenhouse conditions, let's say.
[00:11:56.850]And then with Roundup, might be four or five days
[00:12:00.330]with 2,4-D, a little bit longer.
[00:12:03.030]And effects of low temperature.
[00:12:06.284]And again, the reason why I'm comparing all this,
[00:12:09.180]because actually I've been using these slides a lot
[00:12:11.730]in the extension settings with the people
[00:12:14.070]that have been using glyphosate
[00:12:15.480]for the last 20 or so years
[00:12:18.180]with Roundup-Ready technology.
[00:12:19.650]Now dicamba technology and 2,4-D came on board.
[00:12:23.250]So a lot of those guys were thinking that, you know,
[00:12:25.837]"Oh, we can just use this the same way we use glyphosate."
[00:12:28.770]That's actually not the case.
[00:12:30.420]And so these couple of slides
[00:12:32.190]are trying to illustrate
[00:12:33.240]the similarities and the differences between the three.
[00:12:38.490]So effects of those low temperatures.
[00:12:40.410]And we're talking about spraying post emerge
[00:12:43.170]early spring for a burndown treatments
[00:12:45.540]or maybe late fall for some winter annual control,
[00:12:48.990]where you may have day temperatures
[00:12:50.730]and night temperatures dropping down.
[00:12:53.220]So, glyphosate is actually much more sensitive
[00:12:57.210]to those low temps than dicamba and 2,4-D.
[00:13:00.810]Okay, volatility, this is the big V word with dicamba
[00:13:05.430]and it is very high, very high with dicamba
[00:13:11.160]and it's almost non-existent with glyphosate.
[00:13:14.910]And it's actually with 2,4-D,
[00:13:18.540]but I'm not sure lower level than dicamba.
[00:13:21.601]And this volatility in the literature shows that
[00:13:23.880]it can last for 24 hours after spraying
[00:13:26.310]in some cases even 48 hours.
[00:13:28.873]So as a result of that,
[00:13:30.660]we have a higher chance off-target movement.
[00:13:33.930]And we have an issue also potential
[00:13:36.060]with the temperature inversion.
[00:13:37.500]For those of you who don't know
[00:13:38.820]what temperature inversion is,
[00:13:39.957]and I've been explaining that all over the countrysides
[00:13:42.600]or whatever, it's like if you spray dicamba today at noon
[00:13:47.670]and in the late afternoon or evening,
[00:13:52.680]you have the colder air coming down
[00:13:54.630]and pushing the warmer airs from the bottom.
[00:13:57.450]And in that area, if you have volatile particles of dicamba,
[00:14:00.816]you create a dicamba cloud that can move left and right
[00:14:03.990]with the stream movement,
[00:14:05.430]and therefore there is zero volatility cloud
[00:14:07.800]with dicamba going in and causing all kinds of problems
[00:14:11.280]wherever it comes down and settled and it's been documented,
[00:14:14.730]those clouds can move easily up to a mile.
[00:14:17.790]And some people even claim a little further.
[00:14:20.580]But anyway, another thing is that this ammonium sulfate,
[00:14:26.130]which is a water conditioner here in Midwest,
[00:14:28.500]we have hard water, we have high concentration calcium.
[00:14:32.310]So what we do is we add ammonium sulfate into that water
[00:14:35.460]to condition it, and then we'll throw in some glyphosate.
[00:14:38.820]And that's been kind of a, almost a common sense
[00:14:42.690]and given, and everybody's been doing it
[00:14:44.895]with the glyphosate, with the glyphosate,
[00:14:47.850]you know, you'll fill up the tank,
[00:14:50.490]you'll add some ammonium sulfate, you put glyphosate.
[00:14:53.190]If you don't put ammonium sulfate in it,
[00:14:55.827]the glyphosate molecules will tie to the particles
[00:15:01.252]of calcium and make it less active and less efficient.
[00:15:08.310]Anyway, however, that's not the case with dicamba.
[00:15:13.440]In fact, the label explicitly says,
[00:15:15.450]do not use ammonium sulfate with dicamba.
[00:15:18.180]So a lot of farmers actually learn that lesson hard way.
[00:15:20.760]Like I said earlier,
[00:15:22.200]they've been using glyphosate and Roundup-Ready technology
[00:15:24.960]for 20 some years and they've been using glyphosate
[00:15:28.170]for 20 some years.
[00:15:29.310]And all of a sudden somebody says,
[00:15:30.787]"Oh no, now you cannot do that."
[00:15:33.180]And the reason for it is that dicamba is acid
[00:15:38.327]and ammonium sulfate will make it a little bit more acidic,
[00:15:42.060]which makes it more prone for drift and volatility.
[00:15:46.860]So anyway, and then I said already about the crops
[00:15:51.510]what these three or four.
[00:15:54.000]Weed resistance, that's another topic that, you know,
[00:15:57.720]we deal with in our discipline.
[00:16:00.870]And when glyphosate started 20 years ago,
[00:16:04.290]there were only three species resistant to glyphosate.
[00:16:06.900]Now we have about 16 or 18,
[00:16:08.940]I even stopped counting quite frankly.
[00:16:12.270]Right now we have about seven weed species
[00:16:15.000]resistant to dicamba,
[00:16:16.500]but some of the ones that are close to our geography
[00:16:19.300]would be kochia and palmer.
[00:16:21.263]And then for 2,4-D, it would be waterhemp and palmer.
[00:16:25.470]Weed height.
[00:16:26.303]That's another one that I mentioned earlier
[00:16:28.020]when I was talking about these products
[00:16:29.520]are used post emerge.
[00:16:31.140]So with glyphosate,
[00:16:33.900]we don't worry too much about the weed height
[00:16:36.990]simply because glyphosate is,
[00:16:40.380]it was working well on weeds that were three inch tall,
[00:16:42.531]six inch tall, in some cases that were three foot tall,
[00:16:46.380]you know, so as long the weed was not glyphosate resistant,
[00:16:50.550]the weed height was not a big issue with Roundup.
[00:16:55.500]So just think about it,
[00:16:56.550]you have that stuck in your mind
[00:16:58.800]for 20 years of using Roundup-Ready.
[00:17:01.350]So a lot of these farmers are actually learning the lesson
[00:17:04.890]hard way and the first few years of dicamba technology,
[00:17:09.186]they will go out and spray these taller weeds thinking,
[00:17:12.307]"Oh yeah, we'll just kill them the way the Roundup works."
[00:17:14.850]But actually that's not the case.
[00:17:16.920]So anyway, I'll show you some pictures
[00:17:18.949]where the weed height actually
[00:17:21.750]hampered the activity of both dicamba and 2,4-D.
[00:17:25.500]So related to that is actually the rate
[00:17:28.029]and if you increase the rate with dicamba,
[00:17:32.187]then you have a problem with the potential drift
[00:17:34.560]and volatility and all that.
[00:17:36.780]With glyphosate, that was not an issue.
[00:17:38.820]In fact, quite frankly, I would imagine
[00:17:42.480]since we've been using glyphosate for 10 years,
[00:17:44.820]the last probably 10 years,
[00:17:46.230]there are guys out there don't even
[00:17:47.610]read the label on glyphosate.
[00:17:50.010]They'll just throw in a 30 ounce or 40 ounce.
[00:17:53.160]Some cases, you know,
[00:17:54.750]if they have a little bit of resistance out there,
[00:17:57.030]they may double or triple the rate
[00:17:58.686]if they don't wanna use any other products.
[00:18:00.775]So that rate was not as critical,
[00:18:05.940]you know, with glyphosate.
[00:18:09.630]This also bring us to sprayer calibration
[00:18:12.000]applicator training, which is mandatory for dicamba use.
[00:18:15.930]And then understand the label nozzle selection.
[00:18:19.404]So that's why we have all the training with dicamba.
[00:18:24.270]The rain-fast is the four to six hours for dicamba.
[00:18:28.050]Glyphosate is about an hour
[00:18:30.120]and for 2,4-D can be anywhere from one hour to to 24 hours.
[00:18:35.550]So these are a few shots where you can see some of these
[00:18:37.950]weed species, that's Marestail, Velvetleaf and waterhemp.
[00:18:42.270]They all been like foot and a half, two feet tall.
[00:18:46.950]And these are from my research plots
[00:18:48.960]where we actually sprayed them the later stages
[00:18:51.870]just to see the effects and everything.
[00:18:53.640]So, you can see dicamba will just curl,
[00:18:56.725]cup the leaves here and everything but those,
[00:18:59.550]and here we will see how they wrap the leaves
[00:19:01.530]around the stem here,
[00:19:02.820]but these plants still survive and produce the seeds.
[00:19:07.770]This is a shot that I've been using quite often
[00:19:10.500]in my extension activities.
[00:19:12.360]That's a dicamba beans field that's close to our station
[00:19:15.300]at Mead, where the local guy planted dicamba beans.
[00:19:20.516]He had this waterhemp that he wasn't sure
[00:19:23.490]whether it was glyphosate resistant.
[00:19:26.490]So he's played it only with glyphosate.
[00:19:28.530]And by the way, there's a lot of guys out there
[00:19:30.360]that replant dicamba soybeans,
[00:19:32.190]but they wouldn't use dicamba on it at all.
[00:19:34.170]They will take care of the weeds with glyphosate,
[00:19:36.570]some of the other herbicides.
[00:19:38.940]But the reason why they bought the dicamba seeds is that
[00:19:41.280]they're preventing themselves from the drift injury
[00:19:45.420]and volatility injuries from the neighbors or so.
[00:19:48.840]So these guys sprayed glyphosate,
[00:19:52.260]obviously waterhemp didn't die, so he went back and sprayed
[00:19:55.980]dicamba on it, but obviously waterhemp was already was,
[00:19:59.130]you know, three four foot tall.
[00:20:00.780]And what you can see here is just a little bit of cupping
[00:20:03.390]on the leaves and everything and this waterhemp
[00:20:06.540]is thriving dicamba treatments.
[00:20:08.610]So if you do things like that for,
[00:20:10.770]you know, every one of these seeds that survived,
[00:20:13.590]you know, next generation,
[00:20:15.000]if you do the same and after few generations,
[00:20:17.520]this is how you start the potential resistance
[00:20:19.890]issue out there.
[00:20:21.300]All right, so let's go now to the meat of my talk.
[00:20:26.280]And this is the project,
[00:20:27.930]where I'm actually trying to summarize everything
[00:20:30.420]in about half an hour or so.
[00:20:33.027]You see the list of people that work with this project,
[00:20:35.760]the two of my postdoc, Adewale and Ivan.
[00:20:39.298]And then right now I have a PhD student Luka
[00:20:44.070]that works on some of the aspects of dicamba.
[00:20:47.400]We're looking at some of the hormesis effects and so forth.
[00:20:50.580]So anyway, and my tech Jon.
[00:20:53.010]So anyway, how did I get into this actually?
[00:20:56.490]We're talking about now 2016, 2017.
[00:21:00.600]And that was the time where officially 2017
[00:21:04.950]was the year when they started with Xtend beans,
[00:21:07.440]with dicamba beans and then the drift
[00:21:11.940]and all this stuff started occurring.
[00:21:13.890]So the farmers are complaining
[00:21:16.080]and obviously what the company will do also
[00:21:18.660]send out their salespeople
[00:21:20.250]and these guys were telling farmers,
[00:21:22.357]"Oh don't worry about it,
[00:21:23.520]this is hormonal chemistry.
[00:21:24.840]It is gonna boost the growth of your beans.
[00:21:26.540]So you may even get better yields.
[00:21:28.827]Why would you be concerned or so?"
[00:21:32.820]Anyway, something that some companies will do out there,
[00:21:35.820]I'll just leave it at that.
[00:21:37.380]So that's what we are talking about,
[00:21:38.910]this is what we're talking about when you zoom in,
[00:21:41.310]when you zoom in and you can see
[00:21:43.110]how the cupping and everything.
[00:21:45.767]So in fact everything that I'm gonna share with you
[00:21:49.530]has been published in the weed science
[00:21:54.507]and horticulture journals,
[00:21:56.130]weed science literature and everything.
[00:21:57.690]If anybody wants reprint on some of those,
[00:22:00.570]just drop me an email, I'll send you all five of these,
[00:22:03.483]all five of these manuscripts
[00:22:05.400]when we go into details and everything.
[00:22:07.290]And the rest of my talk is gonna be actually
[00:22:09.660]some very simple tables
[00:22:11.700]where I'm actually summarizing all this research.
[00:22:13.980]I'm not doing much of the stats in it or whatever.
[00:22:17.400]So just to make easy and understandable presentation.
[00:22:22.770]So with the 2,4-D study, we had six micro-rates
[00:22:26.970]and I call them micro-rates
[00:22:28.290]because they're really low rates.
[00:22:29.850]We're going down to like a one fifth of the label rate
[00:22:33.510]1/10, 1/50 all the way up to 1/1000 of the label rate.
[00:22:38.850]So if the label rate is, let's say, you know,
[00:22:42.720]for this 2,4-D, it's a one kilo,
[00:22:45.150]I'm going a 1000 of the label rate.
[00:22:47.700]So we're actually doing those response curves
[00:22:50.070]and how low are those rates?
[00:22:51.960]In fact, you can see here
[00:22:53.190]when I'm saying that two teaspoon
[00:22:55.440]is equivalent of 100 of the label rate,
[00:22:58.950]we sprayed soybeans three application times,
[00:23:03.390]V2 V7 and R1 and R2 for beginning flower
[00:23:07.833]and the full flower stage.
[00:23:10.170]And these are the soybean times that we tested out here.
[00:23:13.200]We did on dicamba beans, glyphosate tolerant beans,
[00:23:16.200]glufosinate tolerant beans,
[00:23:17.583]which are LibertyLink and conventional beans.
[00:23:20.430]And then I'll give you even results
[00:23:23.910]even before I show it to you,
[00:23:25.320]it shows that all these four soybeans
[00:23:27.995]were equally sensitive to 2,4-D.
[00:23:31.350]There was some talks they said,
[00:23:32.550]oh maybe the different variety will act differently.
[00:23:35.130]I said maybe, I dunno how many varieties I can test out.
[00:23:38.220]There's no way I can test each one.
[00:23:40.950]But looking at these four that we tested here,
[00:23:43.740]they're all equally sensitive.
[00:23:45.360]So everything I showed, I'll show you later on now.
[00:23:47.880]It basically much applies like if it was only one.
[00:23:51.780]And then we did the same thing with dicamba,
[00:23:54.090]where we went from zero
[00:23:55.740]all of up to a thousand of the label rate.
[00:23:57.930]We tested actually three compounds, XtendiMax,
[00:24:00.180]Engenia and Clarity.
[00:24:02.100]Clarity is actually a product that's been
[00:24:03.840]around for a long time.
[00:24:05.310]We used it in corn for weed control.
[00:24:07.680]It's not labeled under DT beans but you know,
[00:24:10.440]doing research, you know when we started all this work
[00:24:14.070]in 2016 and 17, we still used it.
[00:24:17.700]And anyway, so the rates that we're talking about,
[00:24:21.740]it's like a 22 ounce rate of Xtendimax is,
[00:24:25.740]and we're using, let's say a 100 of the label rate
[00:24:29.610]is equivalent to about a one teaspoon.
[00:24:32.340]So just think of a one teaspoon.
[00:24:34.320]So I've been going around the country giving talks
[00:24:36.900]and this and I carry a teaspoon
[00:24:38.610]and a tablespoon in my pocket.
[00:24:40.200]My wife was asking,
[00:24:41.347]"What the heck do you need these for?"
[00:24:43.560]I said "Don't worry about it, I just wanna demonstrate."
[00:24:45.810]I mean you know how? A teaspoon is a five mils.
[00:24:49.089]So you put in five mils of dicamba and you mix that
[00:24:53.517]and you spray a field size of a football field
[00:24:58.413]and you know what's gonna happen?
[00:25:01.050]You're gonna have 70% injury.
[00:25:04.080]That's how dicamba, our soybean in sensitive to dicamba.
[00:25:08.220]I used to joke about it,
[00:25:09.240]I said you walk into soybean fields
[00:25:12.446]and you yell dicamba and the old beans go flat.
[00:25:17.130]Just kidding anyway, but okay, so again,
[00:25:20.010]three application times,
[00:25:21.570]and this is the beans that we tested,
[00:25:23.796]we did it on dicamba beans.
[00:25:25.520]At that time I thought like,
[00:25:26.737]"Oh let me see how much dicamba beans can take dicamba."
[00:25:29.667]And it does, it is truly a tolerance.
[00:25:32.880]So it can take quite a bit.
[00:25:34.470]We used Roundup-Ready, LibertyLink, we used conventional.
[00:25:37.050]We actually did this work on grapes and tomato
[00:25:39.240]and that was actually published
[00:25:40.500]in the horticulture literature or a horticulture journal.
[00:25:44.940]So all three products were equally affected soybeans.
[00:25:53.970]So basically, there was no difference whether it is the old
[00:25:58.200]Clarity that it's not registered or XtendiMax
[00:26:03.410]and Engenia that are new forms of dicamba,
[00:26:07.140]which are actually more
[00:26:10.995]or which are less prone to drift,
[00:26:15.810]you know, and they still
[00:26:18.750]caused the same amount of of injuries.
[00:26:22.560]And then, and all soybean types here,
[00:26:26.220]I said three, it should be four, were equally
[00:26:29.340]sensitive to dicamba.
[00:26:31.950]So again, there was no differences between the varieties.
[00:26:34.620]So these are some of the parameters that we tested.
[00:26:37.950]And I'm not gonna go through all this, like I said,
[00:26:39.840]I'm trying to cram, you know, five years of research,
[00:26:42.600]five publications in 30 minutes.
[00:26:44.387]So we have a reduction in plant heights.
[00:26:46.800]We have, you know, when you stunt the growth of the plant,
[00:26:50.784]you know, obviously you're stunting
[00:26:53.152]the height of the plant.
[00:26:54.720]And then for soybeans,
[00:26:56.460]soybeans could be pretty resilient.
[00:26:58.320]There are tough little cookies.
[00:26:59.970]If you stunt the growth, they can develop branches.
[00:27:02.880]So you have branching patterns
[00:27:04.830]and then obviously if they're not growing as fast,
[00:27:06.903]then you have a delay of canopy closure.
[00:27:09.600]And then obviously there are differences
[00:27:11.550]in the injuries and the yields.
[00:27:13.110]And I'll show you all those numbers in a second here.
[00:27:17.610]And for dicamba, pretty much the same type of growth
[00:27:23.400]parameters, where you can kind of just scan through.
[00:27:26.667]You can see like when you have a reduction in flower number
[00:27:29.460]at the flowering stage and the reduction in flower number
[00:27:32.490]is 92%, of course you're gonna have a 92% yield reduction,
[00:27:36.270]more or less, you know.
[00:27:38.070]Anyway and then also visual injuries,
[00:27:42.570]soybean yields and going all the way up to 90%.
[00:27:46.127]And of the three growth stages,
[00:27:48.480]the flowering stage was the one that was most sensitive.
[00:27:53.100]So in this process actually, you know,
[00:27:57.450]I still get a lot of phone calls.
[00:27:59.190]In fact all of my colleagues in Nebraska,
[00:28:01.260]when there's a question related on dicamba, they'll say,
[00:28:03.597]"Uh-uh talk to Steve. I don't wanna touch it, talk to Steve.
[00:28:07.170]I don't wanna touch it. Talk to Steve."
[00:28:09.270]It's like the topics got cooties in it or whatever it is.
[00:28:12.300]Nobody wants to touch the topic
[00:28:13.521]and I'm the oldest guy in the system.
[00:28:15.900]So I guess it's like, "Okay, what are they gonna do to me?
[00:28:18.450]I'm just gonna say the way my data is showing
[00:28:20.730]and that's what I've been doing."
[00:28:22.350]So in the process we learned a lot of people
[00:28:24.540]called this dicamba injury and whatever,
[00:28:28.830]there was a lot of confusion what is what?
[00:28:31.110]So basically, so I had to come up
[00:28:34.858]with some kind of a simple explanation here.
[00:28:38.100]So just bear with me on this one.
[00:28:40.920]So if you look at the symptoms from 2,4-D,
[00:28:46.710]you can see what I called, you know, a little bit of bubbly,
[00:28:51.570]bubbly leaves and I use the term bubble,
[00:28:54.960]it's not scientific term, I know it.
[00:28:57.300]You can, you know, criticize if you wanted to,
[00:29:00.090]but you know, bubble is like the bubble paper
[00:29:03.660]that we used to wrap the gifts and travel,
[00:29:06.030]you know, packages and whatever.
[00:29:08.490]So if you see a lot of bubbling like this
[00:29:10.470]and you don't have cupping of the edges that's 2,4-D,
[00:29:15.138]as soon as you have, you still have bubbling in here too.
[00:29:18.769]But you have cupping on the leaves
[00:29:20.640]on the edges of the leaves and that's 2,4-D,
[00:29:23.670]and that's a result of the mode of action.
[00:29:26.250]Typically the dicamba will go as the plants absorbs it
[00:29:30.990]and everything, it will tends to accumulate along the edges,
[00:29:34.486]along the edges of the leaves.
[00:29:36.900]And that's what caused that cupping.
[00:29:39.360]So we learned that in the process
[00:29:42.000]and actually a lot of people appreciated that, you know.
[00:29:45.030]So anyway, I'm gonna walk you through now
[00:29:47.040]a bunch of slides on what some of those symptoms look like.
[00:29:50.910]So there's a soybean plant,
[00:29:52.836]you can see that the second trifoliate stage,
[00:29:56.040]how it was stunted growth,
[00:29:57.540]that apical meristem was stunted.
[00:30:00.090]And then as opposed to untreated here,
[00:30:02.700]that just keeps growing.
[00:30:05.250]A lot of curling and twisting where there's a term
[00:30:07.620]in weed science, we could call it the epinasty,
[00:30:11.400]it's kind of a nasty word.
[00:30:12.690]It's called epinasty,
[00:30:14.070]that means curling and twisting of the stems.
[00:30:17.010]And the way that works is, actually, let me explain that
[00:30:19.410]for the non-weed science graduate students.
[00:30:21.540]Basically what is going on, the plants will take dicamba
[00:30:26.760]or 2,4-D, it's a hormone chemistry,
[00:30:29.160]it will boost the growth of the young tissue and the plant.
[00:30:33.690]So the young tissue starts growing
[00:30:35.550]faster than the older tissue.
[00:30:37.320]So what ended up turning is curling up,
[00:30:39.510]because you have abnormal growth,
[00:30:41.430]you end up with the curling and twisting.
[00:30:43.560]So, and that's called epinasty.
[00:30:45.297]Again, one of the jargons we use in weed science.
[00:30:48.240]So you have a lot of that on this photo.
[00:30:52.110]Reduction in plant heights.
[00:30:53.520]Obviously you know when some were 20,
[00:30:56.940]you know, untreated were 80,
[00:30:58.650]so there's like 60 centimeter height reduction.
[00:31:01.950]Pods you see these pods in the stem,
[00:31:04.140]how it's curled and twisted.
[00:31:05.430]These pods have only one seed unit versus three or four.
[00:31:09.870]Anyway and so let's look at some of the visual injury here.
[00:31:14.760]So what I'm gonna walk you through now,
[00:31:16.980]there will be, I believe five slides.
[00:31:19.110]They have identical layout,
[00:31:21.060]and I'm gonna show you the 2,4-D injury,
[00:31:24.750]which ranged from 0 to 45
[00:31:26.720]and dicamba injury from 40 to 80.
[00:31:29.310]So this is what the layout of this slide is gonna be.
[00:31:33.360]And the only thing that's gonna differ there,
[00:31:36.210]it's gonna be the rate.
[00:31:37.470]I'm saying visual injury at 21 days after treatments
[00:31:40.620]by 1/10th of the label rate.
[00:31:43.140]And these numbers will differ,
[00:31:44.700]but the layout is gonna be identical.
[00:31:46.770]And again, like I said,
[00:31:48.240]this is summary of the research there.
[00:31:51.750]There's no standard errors here or anything,
[00:31:54.120]so you just have to take my word.
[00:31:57.930]That's kind of what you try to do, at least in extension.
[00:32:01.320]Try to simplify this just to make a point.
[00:32:04.620]So if you look at 1/10th of the label rate,
[00:32:08.250]DT beans, Roundup-Ready, LibertyLink and conventional,
[00:32:11.520]we're talking about, you know,
[00:32:13.290]this is application stage V2, R1, and R2,
[00:32:16.200]we're talking about 20% and average 26,
[00:32:19.800]whatever you want to go, you know, across the board.
[00:32:23.580]In dicamba you have seventies.
[00:32:26.010]So there is the comparison between 2,4-D and dicamba.
[00:32:29.310]It's like a threefold ratio
[00:32:30.787]with a 1/10 of the label rate.
[00:32:33.600]When 1/50 of the label rate we are talking about,
[00:32:37.650]you know, less injury than in 1/10,
[00:32:40.260]you know like 10, 3, 5 picture number here,
[00:32:43.530]whatever you want.
[00:32:45.450]The point of this slide is look at with dicamba,
[00:32:48.090]we're still in the sixties.
[00:32:50.670]In the sixties and now we go to 1/100 of the label rate,
[00:32:54.870]where we see very little, almost none of the injury
[00:32:59.490]with 2,4-D and we are still in the sixties with dicamba.
[00:33:05.070]Quite a bit of difference.
[00:33:06.750]And the 1/500 of the label rate,
[00:33:09.540]we are almost no injury with 2,4-D,
[00:33:12.180]but with dicamba, we're still in the fifties high,
[00:33:16.260]whatever you wanna pick here forties, you know,
[00:33:20.100]the level of injury.
[00:33:21.150]If you look at 1/1000 of the label rate,
[00:33:23.850]there's no effects of 2,4-D,
[00:33:26.070]but there is still 40 and 50%, you know,
[00:33:30.562]38-40% on dicamba.
[00:33:35.100]So also now everybody wants to know,
[00:33:39.187]"Okay Steve, how does that translate to yields?"
[00:33:41.970]Okay, we'll get there.
[00:33:43.592]So as far as the yields go, with 2,4-D,
[00:33:48.120]we had about as much as 20 bushel per acre
[00:33:51.630]yield reduction or 25%.
[00:33:54.180]With dicamba, we had cases
[00:33:55.890]when they had 60 bushel year reduction.
[00:33:58.860]Those are the beans that yielded maybe 65 or 70 bushel,
[00:34:02.760]you know, and we had as much as 92% yield reduction.
[00:34:06.060]In fact, okay, hold on, I just went ahead of myself here.
[00:34:10.290]Quick turn.
[00:34:11.130]Okay, so here is the,
[00:34:13.080]I just picked one of those soybeans,
[00:34:14.880]I could have gone the other four,
[00:34:17.096]but the results are about the same.
[00:34:19.508]So you can see that non-sprayed controls
[00:34:26.460]are yield at 67, 73, and 75.
[00:34:30.060]Or you can see here that the 1/10th of the label rate,
[00:34:33.270]you're losing about, you know, 15 to 20 bushels,
[00:34:37.500]10 bushels here, about 15 bushels here
[00:34:40.530]or 17, 18 bushels there.
[00:34:43.050]And then as the rate drops down,
[00:34:46.380]so the yields are a little bit higher,
[00:34:49.260]but there's still some yield reduction.
[00:34:51.390]But again, if we just stick with the 1/10 of the label rate
[00:34:54.270]and you can see the reduction here
[00:34:55.970]of about 15 to 20 bushels.
[00:34:58.860]But I when you go out to dicamba, look at this from 65,
[00:35:03.150]it drops down to six.
[00:35:05.760]It's a 1/10th of the label rate.
[00:35:07.470]If you go 1/100, from 65 drops to 45,
[00:35:12.660]that's a 25 bushels and that is one of those tablespoons
[00:35:18.930]or teaspoons that I was talking about earlier.
[00:35:22.020]So you know, much lower numbers with dicamba
[00:35:27.900]than with 2,4-D.
[00:35:29.880]So the conclusion is that all these non-dicamba
[00:35:38.250]or non-Enlist soybeans are sensitive
[00:35:44.370]to these two products.
[00:35:47.070]The 2,4-D can injure dicamba beans as well
[00:35:49.770]and dicamba obviously can injure Enlist beans as well.
[00:35:54.180]But all the guys that are out there
[00:35:55.560]that might be in the conventional soybean production
[00:35:57.990]that are organic guys,
[00:35:59.850]organic guys and all that, I think they,
[00:36:03.600]all those soybeans are pretty sensitive.
[00:36:07.080]So with that, I'm gonna stop
[00:36:08.970]even though I do have about five more, six more slides
[00:36:12.060]where I talk about grapes, tomatoes and blah blah blah.
[00:36:14.349]But we'll just leave that,
[00:36:16.680]so that people can ask some questions.
[00:36:21.210]I dunno how many questions are out there
[00:36:22.874]or I can always go back and show you a few more slides.
[00:36:26.310]But let's stop for now and see,
[00:36:29.070]is there any questions either here from the room
[00:36:31.188]or people that are out at Zoom?
[00:36:34.440]Yeah, I don't know if people on the web can hear.
[00:36:37.230]The question was, it says that in the literature,
[00:36:42.284]the bottom of the bean leaves will grow faster
[00:36:46.980]and that's why the cupping is, I dunno,
[00:36:49.680]I mean this is kind of a dicing and slicing.
[00:36:52.920]One thing I'm gonna tell you,
[00:36:54.150]even though 2,4-D and dicamba been
[00:36:57.900]around for 50 plus year,
[00:37:01.470]we as weed scientists,
[00:37:03.030]still do not know exact mechanism
[00:37:06.810]how their mode of action is
[00:37:09.750]and how these things work.
[00:37:14.730]So anyway, and the way I explain in my extension meetings
[00:37:19.890]and everything, but we do know that the dicamba
[00:37:23.574]has a tendency to accumulate on the edges of the leaves.
[00:37:27.720]So which could be reason for that cupping
[00:37:31.110]or maybe that causes the bottom of the, you know, I dunno,
[00:37:35.520]I'm not a plant physiologist
[00:37:36.960]and I'm not a herbicide physiologist either.
[00:37:39.780]We actually have colleagues
[00:37:40.920]that spend their whole life just looking at modes of actions
[00:37:43.650]and everything, you know.
[00:37:45.300]So I don't know if there is anything to that story.
[00:37:47.760]The truth might be somewhere in between,
[00:37:49.680]I dunno if I'm answering your question or not,
[00:37:51.510]but yeah, so anyway, go ahead.
[00:37:58.290]Great presentation, thank you very much.
[00:38:00.360]In one of your tables, you mentioned about some of these
[00:38:04.051]products are very sensitive to temperatures.
[00:38:06.510]So what do you mean by that?
[00:38:08.250]And in particular, you said sensitive
[00:38:10.290]to less than 60 Fahrenheit.
[00:38:11.560]Okay, sure.
[00:38:13.006]That's one question.
[00:38:13.839]The other one is regarding to you didn't mention-
[00:38:15.595]Let's do one at a time, let's do one at a time.
[00:38:17.700]Okay, sounds good.
[00:38:18.533]Okay, I'm getting old so I don't want to think about,
[00:38:20.640]you know, anyway, hey, I just turned 60 guys,
[00:38:26.520]so I know I'm getting old.
[00:38:27.870]Alright, so here's the story.
[00:38:31.560]Glyphosate is used for post-emerge weed control
[00:38:38.850]throughout the whole season,
[00:38:40.050]which means from early season throughout the season
[00:38:42.840]to late season, which means, you know,
[00:38:45.570]like a late fall burndown treatments for winter annuals.
[00:38:49.470]So it's been shown that if the temperatures
[00:38:57.750]are below 60 degrees,
[00:39:00.330]which is like 15 Celsius or so,
[00:39:04.140]that the activity of the glyphosate is reduced
[00:39:07.980]and the way it goes that
[00:39:10.170]the plants gotta be actively growing,
[00:39:12.000]that glyphosate works real well in June, July
[00:39:14.640]when we have high humidity,
[00:39:15.990]when the plants are absorbing the moisture, the nutrients,
[00:39:19.680]and they're translocating this
[00:39:22.380]and then glyphosate is shutting down shikimic acid pathways.
[00:39:26.970]So you can see the effects right away
[00:39:29.880]when the plants are actively growing.
[00:39:31.650]However, during the cold temperatures,
[00:39:33.540]the plants are not actively growing,
[00:39:35.250]so therefore glyphosate is not fully translocated
[00:39:38.310]well throughout the plant,
[00:39:39.720]so therefore that's the effects of temperature.
[00:39:42.540]However, that's not the case for 2,4-D and dicamba.
[00:39:46.740]They are a little bit more tolerant
[00:39:48.780]to the lower temperature.
[00:39:50.010]I hope I explained this.
[00:39:51.330]Go ahead. What's the second question?
[00:39:52.650]Great, thank you very much.
[00:39:54.320]So you didn't mention about the mean residence times
[00:39:57.000]of these products in the soil.
[00:39:59.160]So I'm wondering if you know more about these,
[00:40:01.620]because you talk a little bit about drift, right?
[00:40:04.350]And moving in these big clouds, right?
[00:40:07.500]So probably, kind of polluting the air, right?
[00:40:11.490]So now I'm like interested to know like
[00:40:13.410]about the mean residence times
[00:40:14.880]when these chemicals get into contact with the soil.
[00:40:20.250]Okay, we can go back and forth here.
[00:40:22.710]I don't know how much we have depends.
[00:40:24.210]What do you mean contact with the soil?
[00:40:25.890]If you are in a bare soil situation,
[00:40:28.232]all these products gonna get absorbed
[00:40:30.930]by the organic particles and the soil surface,
[00:40:33.330]especially glyphosate.
[00:40:34.560]Glyphosate, if you apply on weeds that are,
[00:40:39.360]and we see that all over the place, along the roadsides,
[00:40:42.870]Nebraska, Midwest has a lot of gravel roads,
[00:40:45.810]people drive, a lot of dust goes,
[00:40:47.760]flies whatever direction.
[00:40:49.470]If you have weeds along the roadside
[00:40:52.200]that are with dust particles on it,
[00:40:54.540]the glyphosate lands on it,
[00:40:56.490]it reduces the activities.
[00:40:57.960]So glyphosate is known to do those things.
[00:41:00.353]You see what I'm saying here?
[00:41:02.190]So I have not done that as part of my research,
[00:41:05.700]but some of my colleagues that are more of herbicide
[00:41:09.690]physiologists and they have equipment
[00:41:12.810]to measure the amount of dicamba and 2,4-D in the air.
[00:41:18.060]They can do all kinds of,
[00:41:20.280]they build the tents where they can spray,
[00:41:22.740]remove the tents and they were monitoring,
[00:41:25.099]and I actually don't have slides in here,
[00:41:27.930]but I can dig it out somewhere to actually share with you.
[00:41:31.800]And they're showing that the dicamba
[00:41:37.710]will stick to the bare soils
[00:41:41.130]much better than to the surface of the plants.
[00:41:44.160]So let's say if you have a lot of residue out there,
[00:41:46.200]like a dead tissue of the plants, cornstalks
[00:41:48.718]or you know, in the springtime and everything.
[00:41:51.990]That dicamba even though it's not gonna get
[00:41:55.380]into the dead issue,
[00:41:56.580]it has a potential to lift off the surface.
[00:42:00.210]So comparing bare soil that has organic particles
[00:42:05.070]versus dry residue of cornstalks
[00:42:08.973]or weedstalks or whatever you wanna call here,
[00:42:12.390]there is more chance that the dicamba
[00:42:14.430]is not gonna stick as good to those types.
[00:42:16.500]The residue has a tendency to lift off,
[00:42:20.100]but the actual mechanism or how,
[00:42:21.930]what is the power that's holding it together and everything,
[00:42:24.630]I cannot really go into that.
[00:42:26.010]That's not my expertise.
[00:42:28.020]Great, thank you. But it's been shown
[00:42:29.430]in the literature, like I said, the 24 hours,
[00:42:32.280]if you spray today and you get temperature inversions
[00:42:36.480]and everything, next day you can still get
[00:42:39.210]a cloud that can move off the side.
[00:42:45.450]Cool. Okay, any other questions?
[00:42:52.620]I hear about farmers saying that,
[00:42:54.633]"Oh the plants will grow out of it."
[00:42:58.140]The question is will the plants grow out of it?
[00:43:00.450]Actually thank you for that question.
[00:43:02.963]Here is the slide.
[00:43:04.170]This is actually a question that's actually very good.
[00:43:09.480]Can I go, okay, so here we are.
[00:43:12.060]I get a lot of questions like okay we see these addressed,
[00:43:14.970]we hear beans are cupping and everything.
[00:43:17.490]Should we be concerned about it?
[00:43:19.230]Am I gonna get yield reduction?
[00:43:22.110]I get that question a lot.
[00:43:23.340]So that's why I have three sets of slides here
[00:43:26.010]to answer that question.
[00:43:27.510]So if you see a little bit,
[00:43:28.860]I mean you know the beauty of working extension or in life
[00:43:31.920]you have to anticipate things down the road.
[00:43:34.950]Anyway and so if you have a little bit of drift out there,
[00:43:41.464]I would say from the yield, and now you can tell me
[00:43:45.690]what do you mean by little bit of drift?
[00:43:47.550]We can slice and dice this about six different ways.
[00:43:50.760]So if you have injury level of 45%,
[00:43:58.170]which is a lot, 45%, you're looking at those plants.
[00:44:02.457]45% visual curling, twisting, something is going on there.
[00:44:11.259]You can have five bushel yield reduction.
[00:44:15.060]And this is if the injury,
[00:44:17.570]if the drift occurs on the V2 stage.
[00:44:20.640]If the drift occurs at R1 stage,
[00:44:24.600]50% of yield reduction will cost you eight bushels.
[00:44:29.250]Standard arrow might be a couple of bushels up and down.
[00:44:32.820]If you have R2 stage, about 40% visual injury
[00:44:39.060]cost you a couple of bushels.
[00:44:40.320]So you can see the differences between,
[00:44:42.390]and this is when you actually,
[00:44:43.590]you pull all these three together, you get a busy slide.
[00:44:45.930]That's why I broke it down into three slides.
[00:44:48.120]So going back now to your question.
[00:44:50.340]So if you have, I would say less than 30% injury out there,
[00:45:00.480]I would say the only thing you can do is keep irrigating,
[00:45:06.174]try to flush out the poison and the plants
[00:45:08.700]will grow out of it
[00:45:09.720]and you most likely are not gonna have the overdose.
[00:45:13.620]So this is called an educated guess.
[00:45:16.410]Actually Amit is not here,
[00:45:18.540]but we actually been trying to get funding
[00:45:20.880]from Nebraska Soybean Board to actually prove
[00:45:24.030]what I just told you,
[00:45:25.380]you know, to actually cause the injury
[00:45:27.660]and then irrigate in different levels out there
[00:45:31.680]to see how much are those beans coming back.
[00:45:34.530]But that's been basically a remedy to all those fields.
[00:45:38.280]I don't need to flash that slide with a big field,
[00:45:40.939]you know, where people are and we tell them,
[00:45:45.200]so what do I do now?
[00:45:46.740]You know, people are scared.
[00:45:48.240]I have organic guys, I work in the organic world as well.
[00:45:51.180]I'm not just a chemical guy with flaming
[00:45:53.610]and some of the research that I've been doing,
[00:45:54.900]I know a lot of organic guys out there
[00:45:56.998]and those guys had problems with the dicamba drifting
[00:46:00.330]over and killing or suppressing their beans.
[00:46:03.090]It's like what do we do Steve?
[00:46:04.890]I said the only thing you can do is collect
[00:46:08.760]all the information so maybe you can get
[00:46:10.770]some money out of the company and keep irrigating
[00:46:13.851]and keep irrigating and trying to get that what, you know,
[00:46:16.537]like when we were sick, we had temperature whatever doctor
[00:46:19.770]says drink this tea and you know it's a virus,
[00:46:23.010]you gotta get through it,
[00:46:24.000]you don't need to, you see 'em, blah blah blah.
[00:46:25.860]The same analogy.
[00:46:26.970]The same analogy is that yes the beans can grow out of it
[00:46:29.910]but depends on the amount of injury.
[00:46:32.250]Sorry for a long answer to a simple question.
[00:46:35.520]Yes, go ahead.
[00:46:36.450]Do you...
[00:46:39.540]When you see injury
[00:46:41.310]to neighboring fields,
[00:46:43.230]When you talk about the 1/1000 or 1/500,
[00:46:50.850]what is that typical injury?
[00:46:53.880]Thank you for the question.
[00:46:54.990]I get that one a lot too.
[00:46:57.090]I get that a lot too.
[00:46:58.440]So let me back off a little bit.
[00:47:03.930]That picture that I showed you,
[00:47:05.400]that field is actually from our university
[00:47:07.530]farm over at agronomy at Mead.
[00:47:11.100]We are clear over on the east end of UNL compound there,
[00:47:15.060]you know the UNL owns
[00:47:16.500]about five by five miles, whatever.
[00:47:18.570]So we're clear over on the east end
[00:47:20.610]and that field is us right next to the highway,
[00:47:23.670]whatever the highway number is,
[00:47:25.020]60 or something doesn't really matter.
[00:47:27.060]The neighbor across the street
[00:47:29.700]last year planted dicamba beans.
[00:47:31.920]He sprayed dicamba, the wind was going
[00:47:34.193]in whatever direction.
[00:47:36.210]And about a week later or so,
[00:47:38.250]we're seeing the field whole cup
[00:47:40.380]and a lot of other dicamba,
[00:47:41.970]I think even our soybean breeding program
[00:47:43.950]had some of those symptoms.
[00:47:45.510]Anyway, I never had a chance to talk to George
[00:47:48.780]about it or not.
[00:47:50.070]But anyway, so if you are seeing cupping uniform
[00:47:59.940]across the whole field,
[00:48:03.093]I would have tendency to say that
[00:48:05.940]that's a volatility injury
[00:48:08.550]that the cloud moved and equally affected
[00:48:11.220]all parts of the field.
[00:48:12.900]If you see the roadside here,
[00:48:15.330]the drift occurs from there
[00:48:16.915]and you see along the roadside,
[00:48:19.200]you have more injury and you go further away
[00:48:21.510]from the source, you have less and less injury.
[00:48:23.820]That would be your particle drift, what I would call.
[00:48:28.260]And on the beginning of my slide
[00:48:29.970]I said how people could not agree what I just told you.
[00:48:32.610]There's lots of people out there
[00:48:33.690]who don't believe in what I'm saying, but that's okay.
[00:48:35.730]That's their prerogative.
[00:48:36.780]We actually had a guy in our system
[00:48:38.330]that didn't like anything that we were saying,
[00:48:40.830]he's not with us anymore.
[00:48:42.000]I don't need to mention the name, but I had to bring it in,
[00:48:45.240]especially for those who are listening.
[00:48:47.640]Anyway, so what I'm trying to say here is that the,
[00:48:51.240]I'll get to your question.
[00:48:52.770]So if we are at the particle drift level,
[00:48:59.820]I would go all the way up to about a 1/100.
[00:49:04.950]Maybe over a 500.
[00:49:07.710]This is more a volatility level,
[00:49:09.750]a 1/1000, I would call it more of a volatility level.
[00:49:13.770]But also I'm pushing that further.
[00:49:15.570]What Luka is doing and with his experiments
[00:49:18.300]we're looking at hormesis, you know,
[00:49:20.310]the boost of growth, super low late boost of growth,
[00:49:23.640]you know, so we're actually pushing
[00:49:25.380]that 1/1000 level to one over 5,000,
[00:49:31.796]10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000
[00:49:35.580]and 50,000 of the label rates.
[00:49:40.110]How do you measure 1/50,000 of the label rate?
[00:49:43.620]Oh my goodness. A lot of titration.
[00:49:46.363]You see what I'm saying?
[00:49:47.820]And so that's all volatility.
[00:49:51.090]Did I answer your question or?
[00:49:53.130]1/1000 (faintly speaking).
[00:49:56.250]It could be cloud, yes.
[00:49:59.336]Right, right.
[00:50:03.050]100-500.
[00:50:05.460]Yeah. So would be particle drift.
[00:50:10.230]Yes, that's my bias.
[00:50:13.500]May bring another two or three, actually in Nebraska,
[00:50:15.630]we're all on the same page except one guy, but he left.
[00:50:18.930]That's okay. We don't miss him.
[00:50:20.940]Okay. Sorry Martha I know exactly why you're laughing.
[00:50:24.570]Okay, any more questions?
[00:50:26.051]We have one online.
[00:50:28.470]Okay, go ahead.
[00:50:29.400]All right, so this question
[00:50:33.420]is 2,4-D injury looks similar to virus symptomology.
[00:50:38.280]Right?
[00:50:39.270]Is there a good visual way
[00:50:41.074]to differentiate them?
[00:50:43.560]Yeah, the question everybody heard,
[00:50:45.390]is it a virus or is it a 2,4-D?
[00:50:51.600]I never been asked that question Dan,
[00:50:54.150]and I appreciate the question.
[00:50:55.380]I think about it more.
[00:50:58.575]I would, if it's a virus,
[00:51:07.920]okay, how do I want to attack this?
[00:51:09.570]I gotta bring some of my entomology background.
[00:51:11.670]My undergraduate degree was in plant protection.
[00:51:13.710]So you take a lot of bug classes or whatever.
[00:51:16.890]You know, we're gonna look at the,
[00:51:18.990]when do those viruses occur?
[00:51:20.970]Did it occur earlier in the season
[00:51:22.740]or like do they occur on May, June, July, August?
[00:51:26.940]You look at the season and see when did the viruses occur
[00:51:30.540]versus our herbicide drift.
[00:51:33.750]If it's around now you look around the neighborhood,
[00:51:37.890]whoever sprayed whatever chemicals,
[00:51:41.190]you do a little bit of investigation around
[00:51:44.430]and then it's more likely to be 2,4-D injury
[00:51:51.210]as opposed to virus injury.
[00:51:53.130]But I could be wrong at that.
[00:51:55.680]So anyway, so you gotta do what we call
[00:51:58.140]a little bit of a forensic weed science.
[00:52:00.990]We actually even have a subdiscipline within our discipline.
[00:52:04.710]We call it a forensic weed scientist,
[00:52:06.870]where we go and I go out every time I get a phone call
[00:52:10.500]on injuries and not just these chemicals
[00:52:13.680]but some other chemicals,
[00:52:14.910]I gotta go out and I gotta dissect the plants
[00:52:17.610]and look around and look on everything else.
[00:52:19.845]And so I go through that motion of trying
[00:52:22.740]to figure out what the heck has happened over there.
[00:52:27.210]And then, you know how often we have an issue
[00:52:30.870]with the virus, maybe with some of the,
[00:52:33.600]what's the new Gall Midge or whatever it's called,
[00:52:36.570]the newest insect in soybean now.
[00:52:39.750]My entomologist is gonna kill me.
[00:52:41.299]I can't remember the name right now.
[00:52:43.080]Like I said, I'm getting old
[00:52:44.460]so I don't know if those will carry viruses,
[00:52:46.620]and then you'll have the effects of a virus.
[00:52:48.681]But I would say probability
[00:52:51.600]between a virus and 2,4-D or dicamba.
[00:52:57.090]You know, you tell me if you,
[00:52:59.460]and usually if the viruses occur,
[00:53:01.650]usually they will have some of the history of that
[00:53:03.870]in previous years because you know,
[00:53:05.850]is it gonna accumulate in the population
[00:53:10.110]because viruses are actually primarily vector viruses
[00:53:13.800]are sucking insects, you know,
[00:53:15.432]so that's, you know, there gotta be a some kind of
[00:53:19.901]a history of some of the aphids or whatever sucking effects
[00:53:25.170]might be out there.
[00:53:26.400]I dunno if I'm really answering the question,
[00:53:28.200]but I'm just kind of trying to think it through
[00:53:30.099]and if that person wants to shoot me an email,
[00:53:32.430]we can go back and forth.
[00:53:33.750]Now I'm curious to find out, you know,
[00:53:36.540]maybe there's something about viruses
[00:53:38.070]that I could learn out of this discussion.
[00:53:40.050]I don't claim to know
[00:53:41.696]that I have all the answers and everything.
[00:53:44.250]But I'll be more than happy to communicate
[00:53:46.320]a little bit more.
[00:53:47.250]At least I'll get educated about viruses.
[00:53:50.100]Sure. Well, thank you.
[00:53:51.480]And we'll be sure to refer anyone with additional
[00:53:55.096]comments or questions to your email on the UNO website.
[00:53:59.550]That's great.
[00:54:00.420]A couple more here.
[00:54:02.340]We just had a comment from Paul,
[00:54:05.880]which is a good context and maybe you have something to
[00:54:09.270]say about, in 2021, Southeast Nebraska
[00:54:12.450]had record soybean yields 65 to 70 bushels on dry land
[00:54:18.090]and 65 to 90 irrigated.
[00:54:22.944]So he claimed he, okay, go ahead.
[00:54:25.050]So what's the question?
[00:54:26.490]And then there's a question here.
[00:54:29.760]What herbicides and soybean technologies
[00:54:33.570]are you testing in the hormesis study?
[00:54:38.744]Okay, in the hormesis study,
[00:54:41.070]we are looking at dicamba of course.
[00:54:46.050]We're actually looking at glyphosate
[00:54:48.480]because glyphosate has been known in the literature,
[00:54:55.440]in the greenhouse studies that the small rate
[00:54:59.790]will boost the growth of, Luka, I help me out here.
[00:55:04.200]That's why I got a PhD student.
[00:55:05.580]I designed the concept and I'll let him to work on nuts
[00:55:08.686]and bolts, but I can still handle a lot of these questions.
[00:55:11.850]There's like 25 plant species or 30 plant species,
[00:55:15.346]where glyphosate actually can boost the growth.
[00:55:20.700]In my own study that I did, oh my goodness,
[00:55:24.720]almost 25 years ago, when we started
[00:55:27.570]with Roundup-Ready technology,
[00:55:30.030]I was actually developing those response curves
[00:55:33.300]for a bunch of weed species
[00:55:35.992]that's been known in the literature that glyphosate
[00:55:39.090]does not control well.
[00:55:40.830]These are a bunch of the polygonum species,
[00:55:44.866]polygonum species, we're talking about a bindweed,
[00:55:48.030]buckweed, latest hemp, salvinia, smartweed, sweet clover.
[00:55:53.340]Those are the species that we know that glyphosate
[00:55:56.190]does not control well at the label rate.
[00:55:58.830]So when the Roundup-Ready technology started,
[00:56:01.770]there was a lot of us who were not really in favor
[00:56:04.350]of Roundup-Ready technology
[00:56:05.730]because we knew that, oh my goodness,
[00:56:08.070]now we have 10% of the beans of Roundup-Ready,
[00:56:10.800]if it's 90% we're gonna use Roundup all the time,
[00:56:13.680]we're gonna start seeing resistance all over.
[00:56:15.960]And if we don't see resistance,
[00:56:17.400]we might be seeing shift in weed species,
[00:56:19.350]clover species that's a little bit more tolerant.
[00:56:22.650]So now I'm making a full circle now to that question.
[00:56:25.920]So I developed dose response and in that process,
[00:56:29.670]I actually found out that like a sweet clover
[00:56:33.074]and I believe morning glory, thank you Luka,
[00:56:39.120]actually had a boost in growth with glyphosate.
[00:56:42.540]We're actually gonna repeat that study in the greenhouse
[00:56:45.210]maybe even as early as next week
[00:56:47.340]we're starting the project and everything.
[00:56:49.710]So that's the second chemical that we're looking at.
[00:56:55.770]In the literature also,
[00:56:57.150]there was some couple of other compounds mentioned.
[00:57:01.170]One is Lactofen, which is Cobra Herbicide
[00:57:05.070]that burns down and what was the other one Luka?
[00:57:09.600]Yeah, aminopyralid which is one of the hormone chemistries,
[00:57:13.830]you know, but we're not looking,
[00:57:15.284]we're not looking into those anyway.
[00:57:18.270]But whatever Luka comes up with
[00:57:20.307]and me with these studies,
[00:57:21.690]I'll share on our crop protection clinics
[00:57:23.880]and whoever that person is we'll be
[00:57:25.500]more than happy to visit.
[00:57:27.720]Go ahead. Excellent, thank you.
[00:57:30.660]Any final questions?
[00:57:32.610]Sorry guys, sometimes my answers are too long, you know.
[00:57:35.457]No, I've got one.
[00:57:36.360]Paul Reeds isn't here,
[00:57:37.950]so I have to ask, what about the grapes?
[00:57:40.470]Okay, I can show you.
[00:57:41.400]I dunno, actually Paul is aware if Paul is aware in, okay,
[00:57:46.050]so there is the tomato.
[00:57:48.180]There is the tomato.
[00:57:49.013]I think Paul have seen some of this stuff.
[00:57:51.270]And this is some stuff on tomatoes.
[00:57:57.480]Oh no, this is on grapes, but it will be tomatoes.
[00:58:00.360]So this is on grapes.
[00:58:02.070]Oops, hold on, on grapes.
[00:58:04.020]We're looking at again those three products
[00:58:06.736]and those are, okay, so here we are now.
[00:58:10.440]1/10th of the label rate,
[00:58:11.910]we killed it, 1/100 of the label rate,
[00:58:15.086]we did quite a bit of injury
[00:58:16.925]and then there we are 1/500.
[00:58:20.880]Look at the year,
[00:58:21.713]that's when we did this, you know, 2016.
[00:58:24.274]So that was almost like what, six seasons ago.
[00:58:28.380]Anyway, but this was all published.
[00:58:31.050]So all these later rates, you know,
[00:58:33.120]we had visuals on it
[00:58:35.550]and I don't have numbers to show you anyway,
[00:58:39.150]but the grapes survived.
[00:58:41.160]The grapes survived.
[00:58:42.180]And there is the 1/10 of the label rate
[00:58:44.467]and there is 1/100 of the label rate.
[00:58:47.550]And you can see how these, and these are also,
[00:58:51.060]some people can argue and say, oh, how old were these?
[00:58:53.370]You know, like a 30 year old plant
[00:58:56.400]versus 15 years old plant versus.
[00:58:58.950]These were two year old bear stockings that we purchased
[00:59:04.086]one year I ended up buying like 6,000 little plants.
[00:59:07.830]It was all, you know, come from funding.
[00:59:10.230]So we ordered these grapes from,
[00:59:13.110]I gotta check with my technician.
[00:59:14.550]I think it was from New York State.
[00:59:17.040]We ordered 6,000 plus of these and we plant them,
[00:59:21.270]we babysit them, water them every day.
[00:59:23.430]It was a lot of work.
[00:59:24.960]And then we'll spray them inside our soybean plots
[00:59:29.550]when I was spraying all these other treatments.
[00:59:31.470]We will leave one row empty
[00:59:33.990]and we will bring in our plants, grapes in there.
[00:59:37.530]And the same applies for tomatoes, same methodology.
[00:59:39.909]And I can show you a few pictures on tomato injury
[00:59:42.404]and then when we go through and spray,
[00:59:44.905]we'll spray those and then we'll bring them out.
[00:59:48.090]We'll bring them out and water them and babysit and watch,
[00:59:50.880]you know, and take measurements and all that stuff.
[00:59:53.730]So to answer your question,
[00:59:58.590]anything that's perennial out there,
[01:00:00.710]it is much more resilient to these things obviously.
[01:00:04.313]And then the question is, you know,
[01:00:07.530]how much of that dicamba was delivered there?
[01:00:13.890]Dicamba has been known to completely,
[01:00:18.240]I don't wanna use the word kill, like peaches.
[01:00:22.740]There's all these lawsuits.
[01:00:24.120]Actually, let me tell you something else.
[01:00:25.530]This is gonna be answered to actually,
[01:00:27.660]let's have this as a final conclusion of today.
[01:00:31.950]Monsanto knew about all this.
[01:00:35.850]Bayer purchased Monsanto,
[01:00:37.650]they knew about this.
[01:00:38.820]They set millions of dollars aside for injuries to pay.
[01:00:45.540]That's answer to all the questions.
[01:00:48.570]They are ready to pay for all the damages.
[01:00:51.810]What does that mean?
[01:00:54.210]They're admitting the guilt.
[01:00:55.350]You see what I'm trying to say?
[01:00:57.300]So anyway, they paid millions of dollars
[01:00:59.880]to bunch of people out there.
[01:01:00.773]They're still paying. You just have to document.
[01:01:03.570]There were places in Nebraska,
[01:01:05.520]where I was coaching some of my organic guys.
[01:01:08.580]They went to their lawyer
[01:01:09.930]and told them this is what it is
[01:01:11.880]and the lawyer says,
[01:01:12.847]"Forget it, we're not gonna give you any money."
[01:01:15.957]And the lawyer says, "Okay, we'll take you to court
[01:01:18.884]and Dr. Knezevic is gonna testify."
[01:01:21.690]You know what happened? In three days, they wrote a check.
[01:01:27.660]Great well.
[01:01:29.670]Thank you so much, everyone please join me
[01:01:32.220]in thanking Stevan.
[01:01:34.830]Thank you guys.
[01:01:36.720]So here's the little bit of 2,4-D or tomato injuries.
[01:01:42.210]Tomato injuries.
[01:01:43.590]Anyway, so that's the non-sprayed plant.
[01:01:47.040]These are the 1/10 and 1/100 of the label rate.
[01:01:51.000]And they never flowered, you know,
[01:01:53.280]and look and see, this is called as callus.
[01:01:55.920]See how much growth we are getting on young,
[01:01:58.950]on young tomato plants.
[01:02:01.320]So anyway, thank you guys.
[01:02:05.160]Right? Yeah.
[01:02:06.586](faintly speaking)
[01:02:09.660]Right it's a drift. Yes.
[01:02:11.303]Actually, I'll tell you something.
[01:02:14.550]Let me paint you this scenario.
[01:02:17.460]We do have greenhouse tomatoes grown around Nebraska.
[01:02:21.931]The guys have big fans,
[01:02:23.910]they open up the doors and they have big fans
[01:02:26.360]to run the air through the greenhouse.
[01:02:29.550]What happened if the neighbor sprayed,
[01:02:31.650]and I've been in that situation,
[01:02:33.360]I've been out there on a call 15, 20 years,
[01:02:36.060]almost right at the beginning of my career.
[01:02:38.130]It was like an eye-opening for me.
[01:02:40.050]The guy sprayed Grazon P+D, that's picloram,
[01:02:43.260]that's hormonal chemistry
[01:02:44.790]like 2,4-D and dicamba, on the pasture.
[01:02:47.940]The guy opened up the greenhouse, turned the fans on,
[01:02:51.060]sucked all that stuff in and killed all of his tomatoes.
[01:02:54.360]So is that a drift or is that particle?
[01:02:56.160]Whatever it is, I don't know. You tell me.
[01:02:59.130]So yeah, it's possible.
[01:03:03.300]Yeah and also when I did my PhD down in Kansas,
[01:03:06.867]the weed science greenhouse down in Kansas
[01:03:09.630]was always kept away from the rest of greenhouses.
[01:03:13.200]I don't want to give our guys ideas, you know why?
[01:03:16.680]Because we spray dicamba in the greenhouse
[01:03:19.170]where you have high humidity.
[01:03:20.790]You open the door and you move it over
[01:03:22.770]over the horticulture when Sam Wartman
[01:03:24.750]may have some tomatoes,
[01:03:26.100]you know what's gonna happen to those tomatoes?
[01:03:28.080]They're gonna all curl and twist, I guarantee you that.
[01:03:30.780]So that's a cloud moving in within the greenhouse guys.
[01:03:36.660]Sorry, I just have so much experience.
[01:03:38.958](audience applauding)

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Soybean Response to Micro-Rates of Dicamba and 2,4-D

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