Inheritance
Jacob Nikodym
Author
07/19/2022
Added
6
Plays
Description
Describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through inheritance.
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- [00:00:07.710]This video will discuss
- [00:00:09.420]the principles of genetic inheritance in families.
- [00:00:12.840]Genetic inheritance determines the genes
- [00:00:15.600]that a living thing will possess
- [00:00:17.460]to control its traits through its lifetime.
- [00:00:20.760]It is a phenomenon that can be easily observed
- [00:00:23.910]by looking at specific traits that vary between families
- [00:00:28.020]or among members of the same family.
- [00:00:31.110]Individual members of the same family
- [00:00:34.170]will often share several traits.
- [00:00:36.210]Traits that can be visually observed,
- [00:00:39.570]such as eye color, hair color, and height,
- [00:00:43.560]along with traits that are measured in other ways,
- [00:00:46.620]such as blood type,
- [00:00:48.390]are controlled by genes
- [00:00:49.830]passed from one generation to the next.
- [00:00:52.950]Different versions of these genes are called alleles.
- [00:00:56.640]For example, there are three different versions
- [00:00:59.760]of a gene found among humans
- [00:01:02.340]that controls a red blood cell surface feature:
- [00:01:05.820]the A, B, and O alleles.
- [00:01:09.480]Every human inherits one of these alleles from each parent.
- [00:01:14.910]This inheritance process
- [00:01:16.770]can create six possible combinations
- [00:01:19.500]of these pairs of alleles among all people.
- [00:01:23.190]Because of the way alleles of genes are expressed
- [00:01:26.820]to control traits or phenotypes,
- [00:01:29.580]it is possible for offspring
- [00:01:31.500]to express a different phenotype than either parent.
- [00:01:35.310]The three blood type alleles demonstrate this phenomenon.
- [00:01:39.630]A mother who is type A and a father who is type B
- [00:01:44.400]can have a type O child with the OO genotype
- [00:01:49.170]when the mother is the AO genotype
- [00:01:53.250]and the father is the BO genotype,
- [00:01:56.340]and then both parents pass on the O allele in their gametes.
- [00:02:01.440]In some other examples of inheritance,
- [00:02:04.290]a child might have a similar eye color to one parent
- [00:02:07.890]and a similar hair color to the other.
- [00:02:11.010]Other traits like height
- [00:02:13.200]that are controlled by multiple genes
- [00:02:15.660]can result in a mixture of alleles
- [00:02:18.000]from the two parents being passed on,
- [00:02:20.640]leading to the child having a height
- [00:02:22.800]in between that of their parents.
- [00:02:25.380]The concepts of genetic inheritance
- [00:02:28.290]were first discovered by an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel.
- [00:02:33.030]He looked for patterns in trait inheritance
- [00:02:35.970]in families of pea plants.
- [00:02:38.190]Starting with true breeding lines,
- [00:02:40.950]plants that were homozygous for a trait,
- [00:02:43.920]he crossed them and looked for mathematical patterns
- [00:02:47.730]that could explain how the traits were inherited.
- [00:02:51.000]He observed inheritance of flower color
- [00:02:54.270]and seed color among other traits.
- [00:02:57.150]He proposed biological explanations
- [00:03:00.060]to support the patterns of phenotype ratios
- [00:03:02.820]observed across generations of these families.
- [00:03:06.810]The general principles of inheritance
- [00:03:09.450]are similar in all sexually reproducing plants and animals.
- [00:03:14.040]The basic rules that Mendel discovered
- [00:03:16.950]can be applied to inheritance of resistance
- [00:03:19.950]in all pest types, including weeds, insects, and diseases.
- [00:03:25.650]This is complicated when a pest reproduces
- [00:03:29.340]by an alternative method,
- [00:03:31.230]which we will explore in another video.
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