Trait Expression: Translation

Amy Hauver Author

07/19/2022 Added

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Trait expression is the process by which genes becomes proteins, and it occurs in two parts: transcription and translation. This video describes the process of translation.

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[00:00:09.161]In this video, we'll discuss the second stage
[00:00:12.420]of trait expression, translation.
[00:00:15.780]Transcription was the first step
[00:00:17.340]that we discussed in trait expression,
[00:00:19.440]where a specific gene is transcribed
[00:00:21.300]into complimentary messenger RNA.
[00:00:24.300]This happens in the nucleus.
[00:00:25.950]The nucleotide sequence of the messenger RNA
[00:00:28.500]is read and translated
[00:00:30.390]to determine a specific amino acid sequence
[00:00:32.850]that forms a protein.
[00:00:35.010]We'll start our focus on translation
[00:00:36.840]by looking closer at messenger RNA.
[00:00:39.780]RNA is a single strand of nucleotide subunits.
[00:00:43.140]After transcription,
[00:00:44.340]the messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus
[00:00:46.770]and into the cytoplasm.
[00:00:48.990]This is where the messenger RNA will encounter a ribosome.
[00:00:52.530]The ribosome is a large macromolecule
[00:00:55.050]designed to universally translate mRNA nucleotide sequences
[00:00:59.250]into specific amino acid sequences that form a protein.
[00:01:04.350]Messenger RNA nucleotides
[00:01:06.060]are read by the ribosome in groups of three.
[00:01:09.000]This group of three nucleotide forms a codon
[00:01:12.180]and corresponds to a specific amino acid.
[00:01:16.170]The first codon pictured here
[00:01:18.090]is made up of guanine, uracil, and cytosine,
[00:01:21.420]and a ribosome pairs this with the amino acid valine.
[00:01:26.820]The second codon is made up of adenine and two uracils,
[00:01:30.000]and this is paired with the amino acid isoleucine.
[00:01:34.110]One codon, AUG, always acts as a start codon
[00:01:38.040]to signal the beginning of protein construction.
[00:01:40.800]This is denoted simply as START.
[00:01:43.320]Ribosomes assemble around the mRNA
[00:01:46.080]and bind to the start codon to initiate translation.
[00:01:50.250]As the ribosome reads the codons,
[00:01:52.470]it adds the corresponding amino acid
[00:01:54.690]to the growing polypeptide chain.
[00:01:57.450]There are also stop codons that signal the ribosome
[00:02:00.630]when a protein amino acid sequence is complete.
[00:02:03.930]Every codon between the stop and start codon
[00:02:06.870]specify which amino acid
[00:02:09.180]the ribosome should add to the chain.
[00:02:11.670]At the stop codon of the messenger RNA sequence,
[00:02:14.490]the finished polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome
[00:02:17.880]and translation is complete.
[00:02:19.920]After being released,
[00:02:20.970]the chain folds into its 3D shape for that specific protein
[00:02:24.660]and is moved in the cell
[00:02:26.010]to where it may perform its function.

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Trait Expression: Translation

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