Wolves-humans-dogs: How did domestication change the human-canine relationship?

Friederike Range Author

04/26/2022 Added

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This is a recording of Dr. Friederike Range's presentation for the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation given on April 21, 2022.

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[00:00:00.090]Jeffrey Stevens: Okay, Dr Friedrike Range studied biology at the University of Bayreuth, Germany.
[00:00:06.660]Jeffrey Stevens: She then completed her PhD at the University of Pennsylvania, working with Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth study monkeys in West Africa. This is actually where I met Dr Range, during her PhD.
[00:00:21.960]Jeffrey Stevens: Where when we actually met at the animal behavior society meeting in Boise Idaho to do you remember that Friedrike.
[00:00:28.620]Friederike Range: Yes, I do.
[00:00:29.790]Jeffrey Stevens: Okay, good good answer that was that was not prepped so good good answer.
[00:00:33.780]Jeffrey Stevens: that's where we that's where we met and first got to hear about the amazing stuff that she was doing but, of course, then it was it was the monkey work.
[00:00:39.630]Jeffrey Stevens: After that she returned to Europe for a postdoctoral position at the University of Vienna, where she started to study the canine behavior and cognition there.
[00:00:48.630]Jeffrey Stevens: In 2007 she was one of the founders of the clever dog lab in Vienna, which I think is the cleverest name for a dog lab that you could come up with i'm going to wanted to steal it and use it here, but that didn't I didn't do it.
[00:01:02.790]Jeffrey Stevens: And then the very next year is when she started the wolf science Center Dr rhonda is currently an associate professor at the University of veterinary medicine Vienna, where she leads the domestication lab and she's published over 100 scientific publications with since she's been there.
[00:01:19.380]Jeffrey Stevens: Her research is focused on the effects of domestication by studying wolves and dogs, particularly the proximate mechanisms underlying cooperation and the facts might influence social relationships within and across species.
[00:01:32.430]Jeffrey Stevens: In recent years, fieldwork has caught up with her again so remember she was in West Africa for a PhD now she's starting to get back into field work again.
[00:01:40.530]Jeffrey Stevens: where she and her team have started to expand their research to free ranging populations of wolves and dogs to understand how the socio ecology might shape these skills, so please join me in welcoming Dr rhonda.
[00:01:58.110]Friederike Range: So I guess you can hear me right.
[00:02:01.740]Friederike Range: Everything good.
[00:02:03.510]Jeffrey Stevens: Yes, we can hear you okay.
[00:02:05.070]Friederike Range: Perfect so thank you very much for this kind introduction and from the invitation to come and actually give a talk.
[00:02:11.880]Friederike Range: And you can relieve me I was so much looking forward to come to the US after two years, basically sitting in Home Office with the kids and family around.
[00:02:22.080]Friederike Range: And then call and I actually crossed my plans again, so I just I cannot travel at the moment, unfortunately.
[00:02:28.200]Friederike Range: So I i'm happy to give the talk via zoom and hopefully we can still have some short discussion afterwards so i'm going to be talking about wolves human dogs and how the domestication change the human canine relationship.
[00:02:44.250]Friederike Range: So, if you think about dogs as Jeff also pointed out in his introductory note, you really have in mind back there or family.
[00:02:54.090]Friederike Range: They are part of our families, they are best friends, they communicate with us to cooperate with us, they fulfill all these important rules for us if they are guarding dogs or.
[00:03:04.740]Friederike Range: Rescue dogs therapy dogs, basically, they are best friends right europe's and the question is really How did we get there, and this is something that scientists have been interested in the last.
[00:03:22.170]Friederike Range: More or less 20 years of really became more interesting or for the scientists and the general idea is that it's.
[00:03:29.100]Friederike Range: domestication right that's another patient to the human environment that may dogs are best friends.
[00:03:35.820]Friederike Range: what's important to keep in mind if you think about domestication is that they're not thinking about an event so it's not something that happened at one point in time.
[00:03:44.370]Friederike Range: And then was for adults but it's a process and this process is actually still going on, and this is really interesting because we're still selecting dogs for certain things for certain traits for also lot nowadays for code color or functions for all these different things.
[00:04:03.360]Friederike Range: and partly we also selecting wolves still for certain things so even though yeah it's also important to keep in mind that the voice that I living today they're not the.
[00:04:14.640]Friederike Range: ancestors of the docs that we have today today they are the closest really living relatives and basically the voice and the docs today they shared a common ancestor this ancestor is likely extinct, so this is the new newest information and.
[00:04:35.520]Friederike Range: But, most likely, the voice that I living today as still somewhat similar to this common ancestor it is that's what we assume most was on this world are all good panting.
[00:04:45.990]Friederike Range: They are living in family groups, and I think the offspring together so they are all very similar in their social ecology, so we can assume that the common ancestor.
[00:04:56.430]Friederike Range: Of was an ox today also shared these traits, however, something that certainly changed was that this world that I live in today they are very much hunted all over the world, as you probably know, from.
[00:05:11.880]Friederike Range: Wherever you are now.
[00:05:14.160]Friederike Range: Even though they are coming back all over Europe, they are still very much hunted and this probably also changed their behavior because only elements that were really scared of humans survived and most part of these words out of this word, so this is something to keep in mind that this.
[00:05:33.420]Friederike Range: time we are dogs are host became dogs and from the domestication process also changed wars in some ways, and this is something that we should keep in mind.
[00:05:45.690]Friederike Range: However, what scientists are interested in is which chase it changed during this long process, and what were the LIFE he selection pressures that brought about these changes.
[00:05:57.120]Friederike Range: and interesting Lee already dive and realized that all domestic case actually share some traits, and these include the crime ufology.
[00:06:08.070]Friederike Range: A lot of these domesticated floppy ears, they have smaller tease may have different code color so the right spot for example bright spots, for example, that's something very typical for domesticated animals.
[00:06:20.700]Friederike Range: Most domesticated animals are thought to be very low side they the brain size is usually a bit smaller than white relatives.
[00:06:30.000]Friederike Range: Also, the hormone levels seem to have changed and, at least in some of these domesticated also Mike and making cycle has changed, like, for example in dogs when you have to mating cycles per year, instead of one as embossed.
[00:06:44.640]Friederike Range: And this sheet of behaviors as usually referred to as a domestication syndrome.
[00:06:51.210]Friederike Range: And this is really interesting because the thought to be driven by one mechanism and that's actually a deficit in the new Chris says.
[00:07:02.250]Friederike Range: Believe Dimitri believe there was a Russian person he thought that these changes can be brought about by selection for tina's So this was his idea that if you select animals for tameness they are byproducts actually have a selection against fee and aggression.
[00:07:22.200]Friederike Range: And these are correlated so it's.
[00:07:25.320]Friederike Range: For the morphology physiology reproduction, the development of speed and some other behaviors change and what he did is actually started the Siberian farm folks experiment.
[00:07:37.440]Friederike Range: where he was in charge of these boxes in Russia, and he said selected some animals with whom that he continued to breed and they selected them really.
[00:07:48.930]Friederike Range: Do not be afraid of the human hands so basically they use their hands to stick and put it in the cage and those animals, they were not afraid of the hand.
[00:07:58.260]Friederike Range: They were allowed to breed with each other and so after a few generations, he brought about all these physiological changes that are typically domesticated animals, so these bright spots floppy ears and reproduction at least they became.
[00:08:19.260]Friederike Range: They came in here twice a year, and some other aspects as well, so this was basically the first experiment that suggested a causal relationship between selection on tameness and these other Syngenta traits, so this is a really important experiment.
[00:08:35.790]Friederike Range: So coming back to the wolves and docs The question then is nice actually selection for tameness may explain the wolf Doc differences in interactions with humans, because this would be our expectation.
[00:08:50.010]Friederike Range: Before we go there and look at what's actually art and literature.
[00:08:55.110]Friederike Range: We have to think about some aspects when we comparables and dogs because usually they live in very different environments right so.
[00:09:04.800]Friederike Range: dogs very often share or so far, or better spent the whole time business together if they are living his pet dogs, so they are highly socialized as humans, and now that humans inside out most likely, whereas most was actually.
[00:09:22.080]Friederike Range: live on our foremost was, but a lot of was live in enclosures groups, and they have very limited interactions with a human caretaker, so we cannot really compare pet dogs with Sue capitals, I put be comparison they wouldn't be quite fair.
[00:09:41.850]Friederike Range: On the other hand, if you use free ranging dogs they usually live in the human environment as well, and if very close to humans.
[00:09:48.450]Friederike Range: Humans very often interact with them the puppies they are being fed by humans are being handled by humans, so they also very often very much socialized by humans.
[00:09:58.410]Friederike Range: there's free ranging was usually try to keep away from humans, because humans try to kill them and also tried to kill the puppy so it's very seldom that actually people play this false so there's also differences, the socialization.
[00:10:12.750]Friederike Range: But if you really want to see how these animals in titus humans, we have to make sure that the experience is the same, because otherwise we don't know what the measure to be measure.
[00:10:22.830]Friederike Range: Really genetic differences, or do we just measure different experiences that they have with their environment or with humans.
[00:10:31.770]Friederike Range: And to do that we set up there with science Center in Austria together this cord cutters rash of Iranian SF and our idea was really to look at the.
[00:10:43.830]Friederike Range: booth Doc differences, but not just as humans, but also with specifics and we wanted to do there throughout the lifespan of these elements, so we had raised animals.
[00:10:55.380]Friederike Range: Really early on, and then we keep them in peer groups, basically, so they are racing peer groups, and then they are integrated into packs.
[00:11:05.280]Friederike Range: So we have both pecs and Doc pecs they are not mixed up, but they are separate but they basically have all the same experience they all are handrails they won't have the same experience with the.
[00:11:16.950]Friederike Range: people that are trained on a daily basis what's important is that we have words that are of American origin, and we have mongrels.
[00:11:27.390]Friederike Range: So these are actually dogs living on the street and, indeed, is likely gonna talk a little bit about the genetic background of mongrels us by tomorrow.
[00:11:36.450]Friederike Range: But mongers really they haven't been going through the speed selection process so there's no selection for specific traits in these dogs, so they are really more.
[00:11:48.480]Friederike Range: let's call them basic dogs, which is important because, during the breaks election, of course, we selected for certain traits and then it's difficult to know.
[00:11:59.100]Friederike Range: What was there actually in the beginning of the domestication process.
[00:12:03.570]Friederike Range: And then, as I said before, we have the animals living in packs This allows us to keep the animals actually throughout their lives, you have daily interactions with the animals or they're highly socialized.
[00:12:15.930]Friederike Range: Another project that I want to introduce you shortly because i'm going to come back to that several times during this talk is a family Doc project that was.
[00:12:27.090]Friederike Range: done in Hungary, so they raised Wolf and Doc puppies in the early 2000s, but they raised them as paradox so basically they had European dwarves and.
[00:12:39.960]Friederike Range: Also mongrels I think street dogs, but they raced them as you would raise a pet dog at home right so that would help raise them, yes, but they would keep them individually.
[00:12:51.030]Friederike Range: So not like we did that, at the whole science Center where we had them in text, but really one student took one animal home and raise them at home.
[00:13:00.240]Friederike Range: And that comes out, that is, about two to four months of age, was become quite persistent in trying to destroy your home and a lot of people actually return their puppies at that age already to.
[00:13:17.100]Friederike Range: Keeping facility, so the voice where then not raised in the same way anymore, as the paradox.
[00:13:26.220]Friederike Range: The comparison group, so this is important to keep in mind, because, of course, then these animals have very different experiences.
[00:13:33.600]Friederike Range: So I most of the talk, I will only refer to data after two months, with a few exceptions, because this is where we really now that the data is comparable between the dogs and the moves.
[00:13:47.100]Friederike Range: For the family Doc project political science and that's different.
[00:13:52.260]Friederike Range: So coming back to the domestication hypothesis so selection for tameness.
[00:13:57.660]Friederike Range: As I introduced before it selection against fear and aggression and the idea is that this would lead to better cooperation and a better communication between the the animal and the human and this is supposed to be mediated by Lucas particular it consultations and docs.
[00:14:16.800]Friederike Range: And null hypothesis that became very popular in the last few years is selection for hyper sociability basically a selection for higher social ability, so that dogs actually they seek out the human.
[00:14:31.260]Friederike Range: As a partner, and this is supposed to be mediated by oxytocin concentrations, so the love hormone.
[00:14:38.430]Friederike Range: And i'm going to first talk about selection for tameness and then later on you're gonna talk about hyper sociability, so we will talk a bit about fear a little bit about a question you don't have much there and then about cooperation communication.
[00:14:54.720]Friederike Range: So fear.
[00:14:57.360]Friederike Range: But this is actually quite easy because it's definitely true that both require a lot more intense and early socialization.
[00:15:06.420]Friederike Range: to foster trust for human, animal interactions so there's a good reason why all these different projects that have handled that has worked with worse.
[00:15:16.440]Friederike Range: intensively have hand raised these elements, because if you don't hand raise them, and if you don't do it really early on.
[00:15:23.610]Friederike Range: They will always be afraid of humans, so you really have to do it, while they're still have their eyes closed, otherwise it does not properly work.
[00:15:30.930]Friederike Range: And also what's interesting is that, even though, if they are very much socialized.
[00:15:36.120]Friederike Range: They don't easily generalize this socialization to strangers, so they built up very specific bonds, because they are human caregivers and if they are strangers, they are, they are still very, very at least most of these animals.
[00:15:51.030]Friederike Range: This is very different to dogs who need very little socialization they also need some socialization but very little compared to dogs towards and the window is also much, much broader so you can still socialize the dark when it's.
[00:16:06.420]Friederike Range: Seven months old it shouldn't be a big problem.
[00:16:11.190]Friederike Range: I was and dogs are also different directions towards novel objects, so of course are mono neophobic so there's slower to a collection of objects and docs.
[00:16:22.500]Friederike Range: i've, as I mentioned already in the beginning, when we really need to think a little bit about if there's a selection for fear involves against fear in docs.
[00:16:33.450]Friederike Range: So what really happened because our the ancestors of the boys today off the horse and dogs, so this.
[00:16:40.710]Friederike Range: Old worse, they probably weren't very much afraid of humans, so if you listen to Dave Mitch, for example.
[00:16:48.000]Friederike Range: who have who have studied voice in the northern hemisphere, he often talks about these articles coming really close and inspecting him mentors.
[00:16:57.330]Friederike Range: Human objects, they were really interested in they weren't very scared of him at all, so one would really think about maybe run some tests or service different populations, of course.
[00:17:09.240]Friederike Range: Is it really selection for fee and worse or against fee and docs and it's most likely it's both that happened to you, is it on occasion process or bring this long period.
[00:17:20.850]Friederike Range: What about the question, as I said, there's very, very little done in that direction, for good reason, right and you have hopes they're quite big they they.
[00:17:33.570]Friederike Range: can harm us so not many people have studied a question there's one study on a diet on a diet animals from the Budapest group.
[00:17:43.920]Friederike Range: And they use the threatening approach, so they went to what's the elements and for threatening them to know what how they would react they had 13 pet dogs and searching socialized wolves so here it's really important to keep in mind that these are pet dogs.
[00:18:03.330]Friederike Range: And what they found is that actually some of the pet dogs reacted with the question.
[00:18:09.150]Friederike Range: Why, none of the was actually were aggressive one was friendly and the other ones were avoidance, so they they tried to look away or move away so they didn't want to go into a conflict with a human.
[00:18:27.240]Friederike Range: So what about a corporate office, so this is really something that we have been thinking about it a long time now, because if you think about cooperation, so if you define somebody who's cooperative.
[00:18:39.990]Friederike Range: So let's Now I will pick my son now, so my son was very cooperative today because he did his homework right he was really nice and did his homework.
[00:18:52.860]Friederike Range: But this is something that we often refer to as being cooperative if they are tractable if they are obedient if they follow commands are excepted know and very often we say Oh yes, they are really a nice cooperative partner.
[00:19:07.620]Friederike Range: that's what we very often we use and that's actually also in the dictionary, if you look at a cooperation you can find this.
[00:19:14.100]Friederike Range: definition of tractor.
[00:19:15.360]Friederike Range: ability obedience and science scientists more from the evolutionary point of view, you also do you often refer to corporate business as working together to reach a common goal.
[00:19:28.260]Friederike Range: We actually partners work together to meet the goal, so this is, these are two very different definitions.
[00:19:35.610]Friederike Range: But if you talk with people and they talk about their dogs what they usually mean if they say my dog is cooperative is that the Doc really obeys very nicely and for those awards.
[00:19:47.610]Friederike Range: And so i'm going to split up now, the top limit and the two definitions and see what we can learn about horse and docks into these different ways to check stability.
[00:20:00.810]Friederike Range: Actually, the Budapest group and also at the World Science Center we have run a lot of different tests with the puppies so really early on to see.
[00:20:12.060]Friederike Range: Whether they would follow commands and be used more or less the same methods, so I report post results here.
[00:20:21.300]Friederike Range: So one of the studies we did was the weather the animals would come on command so.
[00:20:26.670]Friederike Range: Somebody would sit down and kill the animals and then he would just see if they would come and how long it would take them to come.
[00:20:32.850]Friederike Range: And this was done with a familiar person basically every week, starting at age of three weeks until they were eight weeks old and at the wolf science Center we also did it with an unfamiliar partner at the age of six and eight weeks.
[00:20:48.780]Friederike Range: i'd actually be found no difference between was and doctrine success and latency to come command.
[00:20:57.210]Friederike Range: What different, however, is the TV, so the docs that the World Science and at the age of six and eight weeks, they direct more often.
[00:21:06.510]Friederike Range: Then the.
[00:21:09.120]Friederike Range: dogs tailback more often than the books.
[00:21:11.970]Friederike Range: You don't know really know if this is an effect because of the stranger was there now, or if it was an edge effect.
[00:21:19.800]Friederike Range: But it was something interesting.
[00:21:22.740]Friederike Range: Now, another thing that we tested was whether they would sit and lie on command so again this test was conducted at both and both project at seven, eight and nine weeks.
[00:21:34.980]Friederike Range: At the wolf science and the only had eight or nine weeks at seven weeks the dogs were a bit faster to sit in Budapest and the words but at eight and nine weeks, I was actually no difference in the successful agency to sit down between the two species.
[00:21:54.630]Friederike Range: At the science and maybe i'll actually also tested, whether they would lie down, and they are the the docs tended to be a bit faster than the books are they tended to be a bit faster.
[00:22:07.860]Friederike Range: And not surprisingly, or maybe say surprisingly, the there was more time reading in the docs and in the woods.
[00:22:16.080]Friederike Range: Another test buddy one when was the better the animals, except, of being restraints, or if they would work muster and how they would behave as a mother and there was actually no difference between the walls and the docks and that aspect.
[00:22:31.170]Friederike Range: How about about animals, so when they were about one and a half to two years old, we also tested a diet wars and dogs at the wolf science Center to see how they reacted to commands and what you see in this graph is basically that.
[00:22:47.520]Friederike Range: The docs orient and are closer to the human than the horse and these training sessions.
[00:22:57.960]Friederike Range: This is significant so it's statistically significant However, if you think if if you look at the difference.
[00:23:04.710]Friederike Range: Whether this is biologically really meaningful is is another question right because they even the voice, they are oriented oriented to the trainer and 80% of the time.
[00:23:16.410]Friederike Range: And 85% they are close within one meter so whether this makes a huge difference knows, but actually the dialog box were much better and following the commands and there are faster to do so then divorce, so they follow more of the commands so there was a significant difference also here.
[00:23:37.590]Friederike Range: what's also interesting here what we looked at in this study is Luke aquatic rates and the one thing that the phone also across several studies, no matter whether we looked at urine or saliva the dogs actually have higher resting look aquatic leads levers than divorce.
[00:23:57.270]Friederike Range: And for both of them actually the training was releasing stress, so they were less stressed after the training interaction with the familiar human partner and the docs a bit of more so than the voice.
[00:24:13.500]Friederike Range: How about track ability when it's in competition with rewards, so what we did here, basically, is we checked whether the animals would.
[00:24:24.060]Friederike Range: come if you would call them away from feet, so there was a box, there was food in the box or in a cage so the animals saw the food that would smell it.
[00:24:34.140]Friederike Range: They could manipulate the box, but they couldn't get access to it, and then the human so once ever engaged, this is spock's the human tried to call them away from that food.
[00:24:45.960]Friederike Range: And yet the dogs canker get on the horse the horse really continued manipulating the box a lot longer and we're more interested in this food reward in the box and come into the human, so there was a difference yeah.
[00:25:02.820]Friederike Range: And dogs back the tears more often.
[00:25:08.280]Friederike Range: What about if I try to take food away from an animal or a resource away not food or any kind of resource, so this is really more about resource Defense and something that.
[00:25:20.820]Friederike Range: it's really important what we trained is our pet dogs a lot right in the beginning, when you have puppies you try and try to train them that it's Okay, if you take things away from them.
[00:25:30.480]Friederike Range: And so what we did here is we played a game fetching and retrieving a ball, with a stranger so Basically, this was a ball and you throw it and then you try to get the animal to go bring the ball back to you and give it back to you.
[00:25:48.450]Friederike Range: And this was again and done it both facilities or as opposed to research groups and the Doc Center to retrieve more than the worse.
[00:25:57.450]Friederike Range: And it was also easier to take the ball back from the docks and from the horse and actually add in Budapest also four out of 716 puppies ever tested we're.
[00:26:08.100]Friederike Range: reactive with some aggression, so they were growling and snapping at the human, then when she tried to take the ball away, but this was a stranger.
[00:26:18.990]Friederike Range: So just keep that in mind and dogs tended to like the team of.
[00:26:26.400]Friederike Range: The actual science and we also ran the test when they a little bit older, but this time is a familiar person and though the dogster tended to retrieve the ball more often and, of course.
[00:26:39.630]Friederike Range: There was no difference in a difficult, did you take the ball away so the familiar person could actually take the ball away from the animal, without any problem.
[00:26:52.080]Friederike Range: So what about if you try to do that with died animals if you give them something that the animals, want to have, and then you will try to take it back.
[00:27:03.690]Friederike Range: So this was done again by the Budapest group, it was the same animals that are tested in the threatening approach, so they were first tested.
[00:27:11.190]Friederike Range: And the threatening approach and afterwards in this garden game, so they gave them something that they then try to get into a game with the animals that they would guard the objects and then that stranger was actually tried to take the food out the toys away from the animals.
[00:27:29.400]Friederike Range: So, again it's important to keep in mind that these are pet dogs and socialized words so at least I mean, I have a dog, I know how I train my dog and this influences, especially such situations quite a bit, so this is something that one really has to keep in mind here.
[00:27:46.980]Friederike Range: Either extra meant I could get six out of nine docs to God the toy.
[00:27:52.920]Friederike Range: So they were barking mainly and one was actually snapping.
[00:27:57.660]Friederike Range: And, but the stranger could take the toys away afterwards, without any problems, so there was no problem, taking a toy re want they stopped discarding interaction or the experiment actually stopped interacting in that way.
[00:28:11.760]Friederike Range: With the voice, this was different so five of the searching was actually down at objects and two were actually aggressive so they snapped.
[00:28:20.430]Friederike Range: And, but three were friendly and the stranger could not take the food in the toys away so there was not possible with any of the animals.
[00:28:29.850]Friederike Range: They care take care was allowed to take the toys away from four out of the five words so there's also some difference here.
[00:28:38.400]Friederike Range: In in the garden behavior between the animals, but please keep in mind that these are pet dogs that probably are trained in a very different manner and and the socialized schools.
[00:28:52.620]Friederike Range: And that's it aspect that's important men be thinking about whether somebody is cooperative or not, whether they accept no or not.
[00:29:01.260]Friederike Range: And here we ran a test at the wall science Center at the animals were about six months old.
[00:29:06.600]Friederike Range: And we showed them my piece of food, and then we said no you're not allowed to take it it's important to keep in mind that this is the first situation.
[00:29:15.540]Friederike Range: First time that they ever experienced anything like that, so we usually don't go into conflict with our animals for good reasons we want to have a good working relationship and trust for relationship, and this was the only test movie ever did.
[00:30:09.900]Friederike Range: So what's important to note here is that the war was very persistent but it didn't go into a question right, it could have easily just bit Sophie and her leg and would have happened.
[00:30:20.580]Friederike Range: None of the wars that that So yes, they were persistent and they were trying to get there but they weren't aggressive.
[00:30:30.330]Friederike Range: So this is a Doc.
[00:32:12.210]Friederike Range: Okay, so basically we had three phases first feather human was blocking the animal, and here we see that actually the nine of the.
[00:32:21.600]Friederike Range: Wolf step B tests that actually took some meat and that face, none of the dogs did it, and the second phase, basically, the human step aside and then sixth edition of was and five dogs took the food.
[00:32:33.600]Friederike Range: And such place actually the human was then turning around putting her back to what's a chair and then one more dog actually took the fruit.
[00:32:42.360]Friederike Range: Nine oxygen takes a food and three was didn't take the shoot so over all the different models, who took the meat and the dogs and if they took it the walls were faster, so they did it in the earlier phases and the docs.
[00:32:58.410]Friederike Range: So if you sum this up distractibility what we see is that there are no clear difference intractability during puppet but as a dice the dogs actually obey more they are faster and easier to inhibit men books, so one day that they're quite clear differences.
[00:33:18.060]Friederike Range: I was also more prone to defend resources against changes as puppies and.
[00:33:24.540]Friederike Range: They are probably also as adults, based on this one study from Budapest and but they of course, we have the problem is a pet dogs and the wolves have lower loopy protocol it levers and dogs and for both training sure reduces stress.
[00:33:42.960]Friederike Range: So how about working together to reach a common goal.
[00:33:47.160]Friederike Range: So wi fi really cooperate more on the eye level miss each other so here, we ran a test at the booth science Center without animals.
[00:33:57.750]Friederike Range: And we actually use use the string pulling table, and this is a table standing outside of the enclosure.
[00:34:04.740]Friederike Range: You put it to food rewards on the table, and there is a string that is looked through a platform and if if both partners put on the two ends of the strings are tenuously you move the table forward and the food can actually be retrieved through the fence.
[00:34:24.660]Friederike Range: And so we gave the animals are going into specific string pulling today's 17th of April 2016 we're testing Vinci and Christina and session one.
[00:35:12.300]Friederike Range: Okay, so basically we ran the study one time was one trade and be time to differently so in 50% of the trials, the animals arrived first and could choose which side to pull on.
[00:35:25.200]Friederike Range: And 50% of the trials, the human arrived first and all the human always chose the side that was preferred by the animals, so the animal actually had to adjust and go to the non preferred side.
[00:35:39.600]Friederike Range: To make this work, and this is as a lot of people that work with stocks no it's not that easy once if you have a preference you like to stick to that preference, but they wanted to know whether they really adjust to the human behavior.
[00:35:55.590]Friederike Range: We ran six sessions, with six traits each and if they reach the criterion or four out of six correct in two consecutive sessions and they participated in the to trade condition I had.
[00:36:07.020]Friederike Range: To have the apparatus of setup and here actually the animals and the humans, they had to coordinate to go to one apparatus first and then together to the second apparatus to solve it.
[00:36:18.480]Friederike Range: And only if they saw both apparatus, it was counted as success.
[00:36:23.580]Friederike Range: So what we found in the one trade condition is basically no difference between was and Doc so they were equally successful, however.
[00:36:33.990]Friederike Range: 14 out of the 15 was actually tried to steer the rope from the partner when the partner was on the preferred site there's only two hours or 12 dogs actually ever tried to steal the rope from the human partner so well there was definitely.
[00:36:52.590]Friederike Range: Definitely a different perception of to whom this rope belongs.
[00:36:59.790]Friederike Range: And the two apparatus condition the animals were also very successful the partners were very successful so 80% success.
[00:37:07.470]Friederike Range: But here was actually interesting to look at the park and they had to move from the first to the second apparatus so here the human was instructed to wait for five seconds.
[00:37:18.330]Friederike Range: To see what the animal would do if, then I would start moving to the second apparatus or not, and what we saw here say actually the.
[00:37:26.250]Friederike Range: wolves and the docs different in that, so the was really initiated movement is a second apparatus much more often than the docs that the docs just baited for the human, to move, so the walls were more likely to lead and the dogs.
[00:37:44.460]Friederike Range: And if you then looked at whether the animals and the cases where the human actually took the lead, so the human started to move.
[00:37:51.870]Friederike Range: Well, the animal, in a sense, follow the human, you also find a significant difference me that the dogs were more likely to follow the human need than the votes, so there was a significant difference here.
[00:38:07.320]Friederike Range: So, working together basically been socialized was and dogs can cooperate with humans on the same high level, so they can really work together in a nice cooperative way.
[00:38:18.150]Friederike Range: But the cooperation incorporation style seems to different, whereas the docs really try to avoid conflict so they don't try to stay on the road, for example.
[00:38:27.180]Friederike Range: and follow the lead the horse really cooperate in more equal terms they initiate movement that will serve as mine, so it's more on on i'll ever rather than following commands.
[00:38:45.390]Friederike Range: So how about communication there's idea that the horse communicator that the ducks communicate much better with humans, then the works so basically the classic study is.
[00:38:57.870]Friederike Range: Pointing study by you have two containers one is painted with food and the other one is not, and then the human actually points to what debated container The idea is that.
[00:39:10.470]Friederike Range: This is a non referential communication at the corporate of information, so the human is sharing the information with the food is hidden as cooperative and sharing information and dogs have been found to follow the point in much better men force.
[00:39:27.840]Friederike Range: be real, we ran the study was traffic or animals at the World Science Center but the editor conditions.
[00:39:34.800]Friederike Range: One is the gazing where the human escaping as appointed container and actually also was a specific one specific partners gazing at the data container this looks like that so specific what we use here are socialized Doc for the boss, now the doctor.
[00:39:54.660]Friederike Range: And the doctor can train them.
[00:40:16.980]Friederike Range: Think, so what we found is actually that yes, the docs i'm much better and following the disappointing.
[00:40:24.390]Friederike Range: But the activists are really good with adopting so they are significant here, where some dogs really can do that and the human gazing neither the wolf's not the dogs are very successful this.
[00:40:38.910]Friederike Range: So this made us thinking that maybe at least how we give the pointing Q, which is really rather abrupt movement looking straight at the animal, but really finding like you go there that may be the docs.
[00:40:56.520]Friederike Range: perceive it more as a command and then just to score there, whereas the horse but they're not so good at following commands as we just saw.
[00:41:05.820]Friederike Range: So maybe it has something to do with this.
[00:41:09.870]Friederike Range: Another study or another paradigm that has been used to show that docs communicate is human this humans, a lot more than horse it's actually that, looking back paradigm, or the unsolvable paradigm.
[00:41:24.390]Friederike Range: Here you have a container there's food in there and the animals first learn how they could extract this food so, for example, the Budapest group who came up with this setup so there's a.
[00:41:38.910]Friederike Range: string in there was attached to a piece of food and they learned that they can pull out the string with the food and then eat the food they can do that six times.
[00:41:48.540]Friederike Range: And then they're from trial, where this method doesn't work anymore, and then the researchers look what the animals are doing so here, you have the Doc and here you have the word.
[00:42:10.980]Friederike Range: What you see in the dog the dog is actually looking back at the human.
[00:42:16.860]Friederike Range: And this has been interpreted as looking for help, or asking for help.
[00:42:23.520]Friederike Range: To solve the problem, and while at least getting the attention of the human, so this is supposed to be the communication.
[00:42:31.380]Friederike Range: And the Budapest group they ran to to test been tasked and disrupt tasks and and both of them, they found that actually the dogs look back at the human.
[00:42:42.720]Friederike Range: lot earlier and more often, then, then the force.
[00:42:51.900]Friederike Range: However, if you work with wolves and.
[00:42:56.820]Friederike Range: Your race them and you spend a lot of time with them you realize that they are really persistent and something's so they don't really like to give up.
[00:43:04.530]Friederike Range: I really try to figure things out and continue doing things so maybe the reason why they didn't look at the humanist because they weren't ready yet because they were really just more persistent they were they weren't giving up that fast.
[00:43:21.360]Friederike Range: Whereas the dogs just gave up earlier and then since there's nothing else to do they just look at the human.
[00:43:28.200]Friederike Range: So we set out to test this idea and we tested the wolves and the dogs at the science Center and also pet dogs and free ranging ducks and in the unsolvable task actually.
[00:43:40.440]Friederike Range: On the answer tribe we actually measured how persistent they are and what we found is that there was a lot more persistent than any of these other.
[00:43:50.370]Friederike Range: populations of docs they're all about the same so there's not a huge difference here between the different populations, but the boss really many played a lot more answers we have replicated or service as a setup so wolves are just much more persistent and docs.
[00:44:07.050]Friederike Range: And then we looked at whether they would look back and, yes, we found the same difference basically the horse look back a lot later.
[00:44:16.020]Friederike Range: than all these different populations, but actually if you then control for persistence statistically so when you figure out that actually is persistence experiences difference much better than the group.
[00:44:31.020]Friederike Range: So, in other words animals that are more persistent look back later, and this is independent of the group so also pet dogs are friendly and dogs the dogs at the wolf science Center.
[00:44:41.790]Friederike Range: So stocks that are more persistent look back at the human nature, so the question is whether this really tells us something about communication with humans or if this is actually driven by some other differences in trades between was and dogs.
[00:45:00.180]Friederike Range: So let me try to come up with another study, where we actually don't have this problem, and so this was a showing study.
[00:45:08.880]Friederike Range: So basically first the animals were trained to that they are two humans, and they have different roles, one is a corporate partner, so this person always write reports, the animal.
[00:45:21.540]Friederike Range: And the other one is our competitive partner, so when the voice of process partner, the partner actually eat the food herself, so it doesn't give it up.
[00:45:31.920]Friederike Range: And so once they learn these roles of the partners, they were tested and we were in the test room and there were three containers basically.
[00:45:43.140]Friederike Range: Sorry, this is three containers hanging on the wall, they weren't reach before the animals.
[00:45:49.650]Friederike Range: But nice romantic came in and hit a piece of food in one of the three containers and the animals could observe that.
[00:45:55.920]Friederike Range: Then next from right to left and one of these partners that they had experienced before, so the cooperative or the competitive competitive partner actually entered sat down on a chair and then the animal could indicate where the food was hidden.
[00:46:12.150]Friederike Range: And if they would indicate it to the corporate of partners or corporate partner would actually give the food to them, whereas a competitive partner would eat it reset.
[00:46:22.920]Friederike Range: And what we found is actually that the booth as well as the dogs indicated that correct container mainly to the Co operative partner and not as a competitive partner.
[00:46:32.460]Friederike Range: But the worst it so at least even more than the docs so there was no difference significantly, so the voice could one day to communicate with a human in a similar way as the Doc.
[00:46:48.120]Friederike Range: So to sum this up was and talks different for in pointing but it's unclear whether it's about corporate fitness or whether it's about building dimension, maybe.
[00:46:59.550]Friederike Range: But if we yeah both worlds and dogs can actually communicate with humans to get access to resources, at least in some situations, so the communication is possible and if you control for consistency there's probably not a big difference between the two species.
[00:47:18.840]Friederike Range: So how about selection for hyper sociability.
[00:47:25.380]Friederike Range: So basically, the idea is here that dogs are more likely to seek human contact as than men force whether it's just human or in general, more so hyper social so also towards other animals that's not quite clear on my processes.
[00:47:42.690]Friederike Range: that's out there at the moment but it's also the idea that it's this whole.
[00:47:49.020]Friederike Range: Seeking human contact is driven by the hormone and by the oxytocin amen so this love for one that would mediate these two responses.
[00:48:00.150]Friederike Range: So we run basically two studies and I would like to show you here now, one is a study and was about preferences food versus colors so do the animals actually prefer are covered over food and other differences between boys and dogs.
[00:48:15.930]Friederike Range: So we had a pre test, where the animals experienced one trainer that would either provide a cuddle or food.
[00:48:26.340]Friederike Range: And we measured how much time they would spend resist specific person and actually the Doc spent more time being color than the words so they enjoyed the cuddle more than the worse, maybe.
[00:48:37.560]Friederike Range: At least accepted the Academy more than the horse there was instead Rand and explored the testing inclusion.
[00:48:45.300]Friederike Range: And then, in the test they had a choice between the cutter or food provider so both of these people were President now and they could choose which one they would approach.
[00:48:55.500]Friederike Range: And what we found is that actually the docs have made a choice and worse, but actually there was no preference for the cut over food night and the knocks on the wall, so they did not differ in that aspect and was about 5050.
[00:49:13.740]Friederike Range: And then we really ran a test on sociability so we wanted to know how much contact the animals actually going to enjoy would have is a human partner.
[00:49:26.280]Friederike Range: And how they're oxytocin levels would react afterwards oxytocin and cortisol levels as well, so.
[00:49:34.140]Friederike Range: after they had the social interactions that was for five minutes, either with their bonnet personal, which was a hand razor on case of pet dogs do now.
[00:49:43.620]Friederike Range: officer familiar human, which was a researcher that the elements new from different tests, but they usually don't intact the sensor was not a complete stranger but it for me, a person.
[00:49:54.180]Friederike Range: who ran the test through the fence, as you see, on the pictures, so that they could actually read with a familiar human person, without having any trouble here.
[00:50:04.230]Friederike Range: And after these injections the animas went for walks and be collected the urine to analyze the oxytocin and click record to quit levers.
[00:50:14.850]Friederike Range: You tested the will science Center horse the dogs and also a group of paradox as a comparison.
[00:50:24.120]Friederike Range: What we found is in regard to body contact and that actually all Adam I spent more time as a hand raised or than with a familiar person.
[00:50:35.610]Friederike Range: But there was really no significant difference between horses and dogs overall how much time they spent with a message human partner.
[00:50:46.680]Friederike Range: However, there was a huge difference in the group level variability so there was a significant difference this was being much more valuable than dogs.
[00:50:56.250]Friederike Range: So the, for example, is a familiar person three books never interacted with it from a young person, whereas some other was also interacted with for me, a person for the entire time, so you have the whole range person the dogs it's much more.
[00:51:12.390]Friederike Range: yeah not very good.
[00:51:15.960]Friederike Range: I independently far no difference between the two conditions.
[00:51:21.510]Friederike Range: What we then we're interested in is to look at the self directed behaviors so how much how stressed, are the animals doing this contact.
[00:51:31.560]Friederike Range: The MSA human partners, and so we looked at these yawning behaviors and.
[00:51:38.700]Friederike Range: scratching and all the things and what we found is that the ducks actually showed a lot more self directed behaviors and the books actually three times as many, and this was true for the pet dogs, as well as for the pet dogs.
[00:51:51.750]Friederike Range: which was rather interesting and actually it was.
[00:51:56.910]Friederike Range: correlated with body contact, so they gave the more time they spend in body contact with the familiar person, the more.
[00:52:07.230]Friederike Range: Self directed behaviors were observed so was correlated positively this body contact and the mediated by the relationship strengths.
[00:52:16.950]Friederike Range: So for the handrails that we didn't find the same results for the docs and also interestingly, the looky particular levels for quality of his time spent in body contact with the familiar person, so they were really a bit stressed when they were in contact with the funniest person.
[00:52:37.830]Friederike Range: In terms of oxytocin actually are really surprised because we didn't find any differences and divorce and pet dogs only in the pet dogs oxytocin levels actually increased when they interacted with upon that human partner, so this was really surprising for us and again.
[00:52:58.350]Friederike Range: cause us to caution when we actually tried to compare pet dogs, this was because this is problematic, even in the physiological correlates so we have to be very careful what kind of population what experiences, they have if you really want to understand differences here.
[00:53:19.290]Friederike Range: So if you sum this up differences associate sociability I actually started, and they are mediated by relationship strings.
[00:53:27.810]Friederike Range: and close contact with humans might be stressful for both dogs and voice and certain situations and what's really important is that, as a socialization this humans predict sports and Doc sociability.
[00:53:39.540]Friederike Range: but also their physiological correlates so, as I said, the paradox behave different than the paradox is wasn't surprising even once.
[00:53:51.600]Friederike Range: So if you can come back to our starting point which trace change during the domestication process, and what are the likely selection pressures for this changes.
[00:54:03.930]Friederike Range: I think, overall, we can say we are still trying to really figure this out so it's not that easy one thing that's easy as fear right, I mean there's a clear difference between the two species, but what the selection pressure was you don't really know.
[00:54:20.190]Friederike Range: aggression.
[00:54:21.960]Friederike Range: We don't really have a lot of clear evidence yet because there's very little studies done.
[00:54:28.650]Friederike Range: So here we would really need some more studies communication, but in pointing there are differences.
[00:54:37.980]Friederike Range: But it's the question again, what are we measuring here, is it really.
[00:54:44.310]Friederike Range: referential communication is it pulling commands difficult Tibetan yes tell me there's a difference, so the docs.
[00:54:54.840]Friederike Range: That that takes all the time you find that an all studies now always making that as much more so than the worst.
[00:55:01.500]Friederike Range: But what might that mean, I have no idea we really need to understand what taking really means for the animals is that excitement is affiliation.
[00:55:11.700]Friederike Range: Is it I don't know to me that's a tape us if you look at whether they take back to the left or to the right, as we have seen that they are differences and so negative or positive Rasa We really need to understand this to vegan you bit better.
[00:55:27.870]Friederike Range: And what about cooperation.
[00:55:30.810]Friederike Range: But depends on the definition, whether we are working together to achieve a common goal, or whether it's about obedience.
[00:55:41.100]Friederike Range: And yeah sociability Of course there seems to be some differences, but they also seem to be subtle and depend a lot on the socialization.
[00:55:52.830]Friederike Range: So maybe you what was selected for maybe not so much tameness but maybe more differential temperament because this really allows us to.
[00:56:07.530]Friederike Range: to guide the dogs let's put it in that way in a nice way and to give some maybe some support some confidence.
[00:56:18.810]Friederike Range: They are they have increased sensitivity to social integration and this really allows us to work with them and a cooperative.
[00:56:26.940]Friederike Range: way in a collaborative way that meaning cooperative name is that they follow our lead and do what they expect from them and maybe this is also why they as social to other people, even though, if they don't like it so much and stresses them, but maybe they just try to fulfill our expectations.
[00:56:46.650]Friederike Range: So if you love me then you obey me and this actually allows for safe coexistence of humans and docs.
[00:56:54.510]Friederike Range: Thank you very much for your attention, and thank you to all the people who have this all the studies, there are tons of people behind all these studies and thank you for attention and i'm happy to take some questions.
[00:57:18.570]Jeffrey Stevens: Thank you for that for that wonderful talk were questions that folks have come out, you can either come on up to the speakers or do if we have the microphones or if we have questions on zoom we can do that.
[00:57:32.430]Friederike Range: I can see it on not share my video Jeff.
[00:57:37.380]Jeffrey Stevens: You can't stand still Okay, we thought we had that turned on but apparently that's not our apologies.
[00:57:50.970]Jeffrey Stevens: yeah now we're good, thank you for that really fascinating talk i'm glad you touched on the tail wagging at the end.
[00:57:58.710]Jeffrey Stevens: and found that really intriguing.
[00:58:00.810]Jeffrey Stevens: I wonder if you have any idea of tail wagging is a sort of automatic response like maybe affiliated with some kind of physiological response and emotional response, or if it's kind of an intentional effort to communicate, is there any information at least about that piece of it.
[00:58:22.050]Friederike Range: Difficult I know that one of our trainers actually trained avoid to take on command.
[00:58:30.660]Friederike Range: So it is possible to to train them to do the tail wagging unk man, even the wolves how much it's a I think in the docs it's more yeah it, I think, in the end it's excitement whether it's positive excitement or just.
[00:58:49.680]Friederike Range: yeah arouse a negative positive, this is really something that we need to figure out.
[00:58:55.140]Some.
[00:58:56.550]Jeffrey Stevens: sort of an sorry you're suggesting sort of an automatic response that's associated with excitement.
[00:59:02.100]Friederike Range: Nice, I think that and that's it so.
[00:59:04.770]Friederike Range: For me, this would fit best when the promise really I mean we know that.
[00:59:09.900]Friederike Range: It depends well they take back to the left or to the right at least there were two studies showing that that.
[00:59:15.660]Friederike Range: The direction of the Tibetan difference it's very difficult to record these things in the field of course because you need to show them to know exactly where the the middle of the tagging yes.
[00:59:27.180]Friederike Range: But I think it might be very important to really understand that here reading what's going on there, and I think it's it's.
[00:59:33.660]Friederike Range: To a big part it's automatic, so I cannot believe it otherwise, because they are begging so much and some dogs are getting so excited I mean the tail is going all over the place.
[00:59:44.940]Friederike Range: But I think it's really something intriguing and it comes up in every study and you don't know what it is.
[00:59:54.870]Jeffrey Stevens: very interesting, thank you.
[01:00:00.990]Jeffrey Stevens: Okay, we have a question from the zoom chat they want to know, do you have any thoughts on why the floppy ears come along with domestication.
[01:00:12.300]Friederike Range: Now it's just a so it's probably the enduro cross says so they change something.
[01:00:18.690]Friederike Range: And the morphology.
[01:00:22.500]Friederike Range: But that's a question I guess to a genesis would be able to answer that exactly.
[01:00:31.020]Jeffrey Stevens: I had a quick question, so I really find it fascinating the idea that the point is possibly like a command to the animals, and I was wondering if you could speak to a little bit.
[01:00:42.480]Jeffrey Stevens: So when you're how I understood it, at least, it was the points that happen to both bulls and dogs.
[01:00:50.040]Jeffrey Stevens: That were heavily socialized and I know that previously they've done some pointing tasks with less socialized or.
[01:00:56.070]Jeffrey Stevens: I don't know if even like Feral and young, to see how quickly that point happens, and you can tease apart if that's more of a like.
[01:01:05.190]Jeffrey Stevens: Like genetically primed thing or if it's more of a developmental which kind of sounds like what you were.
[01:01:10.140]Jeffrey Stevens: Suggesting is more of a developmental like you've seen this multiple times you've been rewarded for it in some way like we're pointing at food and that's why it happens in these animals.
[01:01:21.120]Friederike Range: No, actually, they are not to train on these things before, and so they are still very young, so they are puppies right they are just a few months old but it's how they perceive it right, so I mean if you say something okay go over there.
[01:01:37.530]Friederike Range: And you point with your finger they might follow it more if they are more entry or if they're more ready to follow you to start with.
[01:01:47.340]Friederike Range: The boys always have their own ideas they also have their own ideas that puppy say they do a lot of different things.
[01:01:54.450]Friederike Range: That you know you do not expect and the dog and dogs might be in general have a different mindset that they just try to to please you more or just maybe also not think so much about it.
[01:02:12.570]Friederike Range: So the developmentally the difference disappears when the animals are diet so as a dicey animals actually follow the pointing the voice, as well as the dogs and you don't even need training was that in between, so this is the Budapest group showed us as well.
[01:02:29.670]Friederike Range: So it disappears it's really it's might be also be a certain age, the animus I don't know it's difficult, we have so few studies on the things it sounds like there are lots of studies.
[01:02:42.480]Friederike Range: The problem is, and not so socialized animals if you do the pointing you don't you don't know what you're testing, because the animals.
[01:02:49.320]Friederike Range: If they're not paying attention because I try to avoid the whole situation you don't know what you're measuring so you cannot measure that was on socialized and it's.
[01:02:58.950]Jeffrey Stevens: awesome Thank you so much.
[01:03:04.980]Jeffrey Stevens: What an interesting talk.
[01:03:07.350]Jeffrey Stevens: i'm really intrigued by your oxytocin findings, I would have thought that there would have been a little bit more there so i'm kind of surprised alongside with you.
[01:03:17.010]Jeffrey Stevens: in humans there's an argument that oxytocin one of oxytocin's major roles is to orient attention towards can.
[01:03:25.650]Jeffrey Stevens: And to attend to features that kind of signal kinship so over visible identity kinds of features that look make you know make other people look like you, or that identify other people as potentially being closer and kinship to you.
[01:03:43.590]Jeffrey Stevens: And i've heard that extended them to the argument that one of the features that might make dogs unique is that.
[01:03:53.100]Jeffrey Stevens: That works for them that that they see humans as potentially within that same bucket of kin.
[01:04:00.780]Jeffrey Stevens: That, for which oxytocin could potentially have that orienting response and I guess i'm curious if given that you have so much expertise in this if that holds water with you, if that if that theory kind of makes sense to you, given what you've seen.
[01:04:16.680]Jeffrey Stevens: In the way that the animal's behavior and the differences between the wolves and dogs.
[01:04:23.250]Friederike Range: At this could this could explain a little bit the difference that we saw between the pet and the pack dogs right so maybe the pet dog see their own are more as a.
[01:04:32.130]Friederike Range: In group or can can grow up as a pet the pack boxes see the trainers as trainers, I mean there are there to come and have fun with them, but they are not really part of the pack so that might might expand the differences that we see between the pet and the pack docs yes.
[01:04:52.290]Friederike Range: I would have to look into that a bit more.
[01:04:57.570]Jeffrey Stevens: um I wanted to ask if you did any sort of systematic observation of the behaviors of both groups of animals in their Pack and whether there were any particular wolves who emerged as leaders and how that may have related to their levels of persistence.
[01:05:23.070]Friederike Range: So you have a lot of observations on the animus.
[01:05:28.470]Friederike Range: leader leadership we don't really have we have dominant cetera so we always have, of course, a leading adamant and the packs.
[01:05:39.030]Friederike Range: I have to think now I.
[01:05:45.840]Friederike Range: But no, I wouldn't so from my top of my head we haven't looked at this specifically.
[01:05:52.950]Friederike Range: But I don't think.
[01:05:55.320]Friederike Range: From the data I have in my head that there's a correlation with the persistence at the most, especially the maples most of them are very persistent.
[01:06:06.180]Jeffrey Stevens: Thank you.
[01:06:07.380]Friederike Range: They are going for it.
[01:06:14.640]Jeffrey Stevens: We have another question from zoom they said, you mentioned the jaan response when discussing stress responses during interaction did the wolves exhibit this stress response as well, and did you notice any similarities in stress responses between both dogs and wolves.
[01:06:31.560]Friederike Range: yeah no shows the same kind of stress responses, yes.
[01:06:36.270]Friederike Range: So it's the same kind of signals that he mentioned.
[01:06:42.240]Jeffrey Stevens: perfect, then we have one more from zoom they said, thank you for this wonderful presentation, do you know if there has been any association made between any differential behavior observed in pet dogs and the alleged presence of genetics, that is similar to wolves such as predatory genes.
[01:07:00.000]Friederike Range: No, I don't know.
[01:07:09.480]Jeffrey Stevens: hi, thank you for this talk, I just have a question regarding play with the animals if you notice any difference outside of trials between how the socialized wolves played versus how the dogs played.
[01:07:22.830]Friederike Range: played with each other, always humans.
[01:07:26.040]Jeffrey Stevens: I guess with each other or with humans.
[01:07:30.300]Friederike Range: You have servers study and play behavior so they are some subtle differences, especially in the play ball.
[01:07:37.260]Friederike Range: They all play quite a bit so there's no difference and the amount of play that they play.
[01:07:46.560]Friederike Range: With humans, I have to say that we try to avoid play situations because it's something that we often goes over excitement, and we do for this for us, so we are we have that.
[01:08:00.660]Friederike Range: And we try to avoid these situations, so we don't really play very much so, and that's.
[01:08:06.840]Jeffrey Stevens: Great Thank you.
[01:08:11.040]Jeffrey Stevens: Maybe to the follow up on that a little bit I think it's amazing that you can you raise the wolves in the pack dogs in a similar way as possible.
[01:08:20.910]Jeffrey Stevens: But do you think there are, do you think there's still could be differences in how trainers respond to them, because I know if I were.
[01:08:27.420]Jeffrey Stevens: Wolf, I would treat it differently than I would a dog even even with that experience is there any possibility that any potential differences, you see, are actually based on different ways that people that the trainer's interact with the wolves and the dogs.
[01:08:42.960]Friederike Range: Actually, if I would have had half an hour longer going to talk, I would have added some stuff on that.
[01:08:48.510]Friederike Range: Because I started actually to add some slides and idea starting to look into these things and, for example, with the training study was a diet animals.
[01:08:58.290]Friederike Range: it's really interesting because the trainers orient differently to the wolves and the dogs, of course, we don't know.
[01:09:04.200]Friederike Range: What is triggering that whether it's a the behavior of the animals, that is, triggering the behavior of the humans or vice versa, but there is a correlation between how much they human origins, to the animals and then how much they animate audience back.
[01:09:21.480]Friederike Range: and actually the for the wolves they.
[01:09:25.710]Friederike Range: Let me just think.
[01:09:29.580]Friederike Range: The both orient more if the human oriented to them for the docs it's not so important.
[01:09:36.660]Friederike Range: So it's there are certainly some interactions there and we actually just started a completely new project, where we are looking at both Doc.
[01:09:46.710]Friederike Range: Now, at human differences and the attitudes towards Wolf and dogs and how this might actually change their behavior.
[01:09:55.620]Friederike Range: Because this is it could really have a huge influence right, I mean we have the you have a certain idea of awards, and now I had to be intact this award.
[01:10:03.900]Friederike Range: And I catch myself sometimes so i'm going in now with the votes, and you know that it's a predator, is a big animal and they become even bigger if you're one to one with them, and if you see them through the fence and.
[01:10:19.680]Friederike Range: Yes, I I don't know how much this really influences our behavior but we're starting to look into that so another two years I can probably give you better answers.
[01:10:30.630]Jeffrey Stevens: Excellent great well Thank you so much, please join me in thanking Dr Range for her talk.

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Tags:
canine
cognition
dog
domestication
human-animal interaction
psychology
wolf

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Wolves-humans-dogs: How did domestication change the human-canine relationship?

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