01 Agricultural Pest control Plant Initial 2021

Frank Bright Author

12/16/2021 Added

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Ag Plant initial update for 2021 training season.

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[00:00:00.400](upbeat music)
[00:00:15.810]Hello, I'm Frank Bright, extension assistant
[00:00:17.850]for the Pesticide Safety Education program.
[00:00:20.490]Welcome to the initial training
[00:00:21.800]for the agriculture pest control plant category.
[00:00:25.200]This training will help you understand
[00:00:26.930]how to use pesticide applications
[00:00:28.790]to protect agricultural crops, vegetables,
[00:00:31.900]small fruits, tree fruits, nuts, pastures, grasslands,
[00:00:37.290]and non-crop agricultural land.
[00:00:40.030]Through this training,
[00:00:40.970]you will learn a variety of topics from different extension
[00:00:43.590]and university specialists.
[00:00:45.730]You should have studied the agricultural plant manual
[00:00:48.170]before watching this video and should follow along
[00:00:50.990]with the different learning objectives for each chapter
[00:00:53.240]as they are covered.
[00:00:55.932]The following learning objectives are found
[00:00:57.430]in Integrated Pest Management, or chapter one.
[00:01:01.069](upbeat music)
[00:01:14.970]I'm Julie Peterson.
[00:01:16.090]I'm an extension entomologist
[00:01:17.700]out at the West Central Research and Extension Center
[00:01:20.090]in North Platte.
[00:01:21.360]I'm gonna be sharing with you all
[00:01:23.060]some of the information about integrated pest management.
[00:01:26.350]One of the most important parts
[00:01:28.270]of integrated pest management can be crop rotation.
[00:01:31.430]So by switching between different crops from year to year,
[00:01:34.580]this not only allows you to break the life cycle
[00:01:37.290]of pests, like insects and diseases,
[00:01:39.940]but it can also allow you to use different pesticides
[00:01:43.100]with different modes of action.
[00:01:45.100]By doing this,
[00:01:45.980]it decreases the likelihood of developing resistance,
[00:01:49.140]particularly for weeds.
[00:01:51.170]It allows you to avoid using the same mode of action
[00:01:54.240]over and over each year.
[00:01:56.730]By breaking the life cycle of important pest insects,
[00:02:00.120]such as Western corn rootworm,
[00:02:02.140]this can also allow you to manage that population.
[00:02:05.180]So for example, that insect,
[00:02:07.400]the adult beetles will lay their eggs in corn fields,
[00:02:10.710]and then those eggs hatch the next year,
[00:02:12.870]and the larvae can only feed on corn.
[00:02:15.350]So by growing corn two years in a row,
[00:02:18.070]you open yourself up to potentially having pest damage.
[00:02:21.880]However, if you were to switch from corn to a non-corn crop,
[00:02:26.070]this would allow you to break the life cycle.
[00:02:28.540]There are some exceptions to this for corn rootworm beetles,
[00:02:31.760]but in most parts of Nebraska,
[00:02:33.630]rotating between corn and a non-corn crop
[00:02:37.040]allows you to break the life cycle of rootworms.
[00:02:40.420]One of the important components
[00:02:41.860]of integrated pest management
[00:02:43.510]is using multiple types of tactics together.
[00:02:46.460]There are a lot of different types of tactics you can use.
[00:02:49.600]Cultural would be one of those.
[00:02:51.900]Cultural practices include things like crop rotation,
[00:02:55.230]planting date, or selection of a type of a crop
[00:02:58.300]that has some natural resistance to the pest.
[00:03:01.810]Sanitation is another one of those methods.
[00:03:04.740]Sanitation involves modifying the environment
[00:03:07.920]in order to discourage pest survival and reproduction,
[00:03:11.080]and that can thereby help to decrease pest populations.
[00:03:15.400]Biological control is an important type
[00:03:17.820]of natural management.
[00:03:19.430]It uses natural enemies like predators and parasitoids.
[00:03:23.230]These are types of beneficial insects
[00:03:25.320]that can help to control your pests.
[00:03:28.540]Mechanical control can be really important,
[00:03:30.730]particularly for weed management.
[00:03:32.970]This includes things like mowing or tillage
[00:03:35.600]in order to reduce those weed populations.
[00:03:39.280]Chemical control is an important part
[00:03:41.260]of integrated pest management.
[00:03:43.280]However, it's necessary to consider pest identification,
[00:03:47.090]monitoring, and economic thresholds
[00:03:49.500]before determining whether or not pesticides are needed.
[00:03:53.470]It's also important to consider resistance management
[00:03:56.710]in order to avoid the development of resistance
[00:03:59.790]by your pests.
[00:04:02.460]Crop monitoring is an important part of scouting your fields
[00:04:06.140]in order to determine which pests are out there
[00:04:08.830]and whether or not any type of action is needed.
[00:04:13.040]Principles of crop monitoring,
[00:04:14.680]including visiting your field from representative areas,
[00:04:19.010]looking at evenly distributed places throughout the field.
[00:04:23.370]You may wish to avoid border areas
[00:04:26.070]and the edges of the field,
[00:04:27.960]unless you are looking for a pest
[00:04:30.110]that actually frequents those areas.
[00:04:32.660]So sometimes insects such as grasshoppers may be moving in
[00:04:36.490]from the edges of the field.
[00:04:38.130]And in those cases,
[00:04:39.310]it's more appropriate to scout the borders.
[00:04:41.980]However, what you really want to do
[00:04:43.480]is have a representative sample from your fields
[00:04:46.840]in order to be able to assess what pests are out there
[00:04:50.650]and in what populations.
[00:04:52.930]Frequent scouting of your fields, at least once a week,
[00:04:56.210]or for some insects that may need to happen
[00:04:58.260]more than once a week,
[00:04:59.530]can give you important information about what's out there.
[00:05:02.500]Some of the observations
[00:05:04.070]that are revealed during a scouting trip
[00:05:06.300]include which pests are present,
[00:05:08.890]the growth stage of both the pest and the crop itself,
[00:05:12.580]whether or not pests are being attacked by natural enemies,
[00:05:15.740]so if they are diseased or if they've been parasitized,
[00:05:19.340]whether a pest infestation is increasing or decreasing,
[00:05:23.530]and the condition of the crop.
[00:05:25.380]So all of this information is gonna be really important
[00:05:28.380]to help you determine
[00:05:29.480]whether or not an action step is needed.
[00:05:32.340]There are also some important things to determine
[00:05:35.390]whether or not an insecticide needs to be sprayed.
[00:05:38.800]One of those is called the economic injury level.
[00:05:41.530]This is the level at which the damage
[00:05:43.570]that the pest is doing to your crop
[00:05:45.930]is equal to the cost of actually applying
[00:05:49.440]some sort of control method.
[00:05:51.270]So of course it makes sense
[00:05:52.500]that we don't want to spray an insecticide
[00:05:55.590]if the cost of that is actually
[00:05:57.570]more than the amount of damage that's being done
[00:06:00.030]by the pest in your field.
[00:06:02.130]Now, we also set what's called the economic threshold
[00:06:05.550]or action threshold.
[00:06:07.200]This is gonna be lower than the economic injury level.
[00:06:10.180]This allows some time for the pest population
[00:06:13.940]to not be exceeding the economic injury level
[00:06:17.160]by the time you're able to come in
[00:06:19.260]and make your management action.
[00:06:22.200]When it comes to crop diseases,
[00:06:24.150]we use a damage threshold instead of an economic threshold.
[00:06:28.280]This is because it's harder to count diseases
[00:06:30.920]like we can count insects.
[00:06:32.520]So instead, we look at the amount of damage
[00:06:34.460]that the disease is doing to the crop
[00:06:36.540]to determine when an action is needed
[00:06:38.750]in order to protect your crop.
[00:06:41.060]When it comes to managing weeds,
[00:06:43.220]there are at least seven different strategies
[00:06:45.160]that you can use to suppress weed populations.
[00:06:48.260]These include things like tillage and mowing,
[00:06:50.910]as well as crop rotation, mulching,
[00:06:53.630]the planting and use of cover crops,
[00:06:56.040]biological controls, and, of course, herbicides.
[00:07:00.400]Using these different management options
[00:07:02.380]together in an integrated approach
[00:07:04.520]is usually more effective
[00:07:06.010]instead of relying on just a single practice.
[00:07:10.200]For disease management, there are several different factors
[00:07:13.170]that need to be considered before determining
[00:07:15.640]how or if to manage those diseases.
[00:07:18.610]The first one is being familiar with which diseases
[00:07:21.320]are common or uncommon in your area
[00:07:24.180]and with the crops that you're growing.
[00:07:26.380]The second is being able to recognize
[00:07:28.210]the disease in the field,
[00:07:29.700]knowing the signs and symptoms and the type of damage
[00:07:32.570]that this disease can cause on your crop.
[00:07:35.710]And finally, being familiar with the damage thresholds.
[00:07:38.780]Understanding when that disease is doing
[00:07:41.180]enough damage to your crop,
[00:07:42.730]that it warrants some type of control.
[00:07:45.220]Thinking about these three factors can help you determine
[00:07:48.210]when and how to manage crop diseases in your fields.
[00:07:52.830]Before applying a pesticide in a crop field,
[00:07:55.560]it's important to consider three pieces of information.
[00:07:59.500]The first is all of the information that you've gathered
[00:08:02.070]from your crop scouting.
[00:08:03.680]So this is knowing which pests may be out there
[00:08:06.400]at what levels and what sort of damage they might be doing.
[00:08:10.530]The second piece of information to think about
[00:08:12.640]are those economic thresholds and damage thresholds.
[00:08:15.870]Do you have enough of a pest population
[00:08:18.130]that it really warrants their control?
[00:08:20.800]And finally, you need to think about the impacts
[00:08:23.460]of using pesticides in your field.
[00:08:26.090]So chemical controls can be really useful,
[00:08:29.090]but they do sometimes come with costs,
[00:08:31.420]particularly if they're not used according to label
[00:08:34.430]and following proper protocol.
[00:08:36.120]There may be risks to the person applying the pesticides,
[00:08:39.260]and there may be environmental consequences as well.
[00:08:42.550]So chemical controls are a really important tool
[00:08:45.090]that we have, but they should be used together
[00:08:47.380]with other non-chemical management options as well.
[00:08:51.320]One of the important pieces of information
[00:08:53.660]that you'll be recording while doing your crop scouting,
[00:08:56.770]is the growth stage of the crop itself.
[00:08:59.540]Understanding which stage of its growth that the crop is at
[00:09:03.200]can be important for determining economic thresholds.
[00:09:06.510]Sometimes younger crops are more vulnerable
[00:09:08.990]to insects and other pests,
[00:09:10.780]and may therefore have a lower economic threshold
[00:09:13.880]when they're at earlier growth stages.
[00:09:18.110]Sometimes the crops are actually more vulnerable
[00:09:20.840]when they're at later or reproductive growth stages.
[00:09:23.600]So it's important to understand how economic thresholds
[00:09:27.130]and growth stages correspond for your pest and your crop.
[00:09:31.820]For most crops, we divide the growth stages
[00:09:34.330]into vegetative, or V,
[00:09:36.540]and reproductive, or R stages.
[00:09:39.620]For corn, the first growth stage is VE, or emergence.
[00:09:43.930]This is just when the young shoot
[00:09:45.900]starts to emerge from the ground.
[00:09:48.940]It then enters into the V1, or first leaf stage.
[00:09:52.940]This is when there is just one leaf that is visible,
[00:09:56.680]and the other leaves are still emerging.
[00:09:59.850]Corn is in the V, or vegetative state,
[00:10:02.680]all the way up until approximately V18,
[00:10:05.730]which is when it has approximately 18 leaves.
[00:10:10.170]At this time, it'll then transition
[00:10:12.080]into the VT or tasseling stage.
[00:10:15.110]This is when the last branch of the tassel
[00:10:17.450]is completely visible
[00:10:18.740]and emerging from the top of the plant.
[00:10:23.160]The corn plant will then enter reproductive stages of corn.
[00:10:27.110]This starts with R1, which is early silking stage.
[00:10:31.160]The silks are emerging from the base of the ear
[00:10:34.070]and are first visible.
[00:10:37.710]As the corn ears develop,
[00:10:39.550]they then enter R2 through R6.
[00:10:43.010]This is the blister stage, milk stage,
[00:10:45.940]dough stage, dent stage, and finally maturity,
[00:10:49.670]which is when the black layer is forming.
[00:10:52.400]These stages are all based on physiological development
[00:10:56.020]of the kernels of the ears of the corn.
[00:10:59.050]Similar to corn, soybean is broken into vegetative,
[00:11:02.830]or V stages, and reproductive, or R stages.
[00:11:07.400]The first stage of soybean growth is VE, emergence.
[00:11:11.910]This is when the hypocotyl is elongating
[00:11:13.960]toward the soil surface
[00:11:15.620]and pulling the cotyledons up with it.
[00:11:18.720]The next stage is VC or cotyledon stage.
[00:11:22.700]This is when the cotyledons are now visible
[00:11:24.920]above the soil surface.
[00:11:27.120]This is also when nodule formation begins below the ground.
[00:11:32.270]The soybean plant then enters
[00:11:34.160]the V1 through V6 growth stages.
[00:11:37.530]These are numbered based on the number of nodes
[00:11:40.450]that have completely unrolled trifoliates.
[00:11:45.780]The soybean plant will then enter the reproductive stages.
[00:11:48.910]R1 is considered whenever the blooms are beginning.
[00:11:53.270]So this is when at least one open flower on any of the nodes
[00:11:56.930]are found on the main stem.
[00:11:59.616]R2 is full bloom,
[00:12:01.760]and R3 is when the pods are beginning to grow.
[00:12:06.210]R4 is full pod,
[00:12:08.070]when the pods are at least 3/4 of an inch long.
[00:12:12.387]R5 is when beginning seed is starting to happen,
[00:12:16.120]and then R6 is full seed.
[00:12:19.100]The final two stages are R7 and R8.
[00:12:22.180]These are the beginning of maturity and then full maturity.
[00:12:25.840]Full maturity is when the soybean seeds
[00:12:28.160]have completed their development.
[00:12:30.320]Next, we'll discuss the growth stages
[00:12:32.490]for small grains and sorghum.
[00:12:35.340]Small grains and sorghums go through six growth stages.
[00:12:39.070]The first is the seedling stage.
[00:12:41.410]This is followed by tillering,
[00:12:43.190]when shoots emerge on opposite sides of the plant.
[00:12:46.780]Jointing is next.
[00:12:48.120]This is when the stems and leaf sheaves
[00:12:50.130]begin to elongate rapidly.
[00:12:53.160]Heading is the stage
[00:12:54.400]when the heads of the main stem emerge first.
[00:12:58.160]The fifth stage is when flowering occurs.
[00:13:01.120]The final growth stage is ripening.
[00:13:03.450]This is when the crop grains are mature
[00:13:05.790]and ready for harvest.
[00:13:07.669](upbeat music)
[00:13:16.850]Chapter two, Insect Pests of Field Crops,
[00:13:19.680]learning objectives are as follows.
[00:13:22.070]Please follow along in the manual as they are discussed.
[00:13:25.548](upbeat music)
[00:13:38.210]I'm gonna discuss some of the common
[00:13:39.930]and important insect pests
[00:13:41.360]that can be found in Nebraska crops.
[00:13:44.760]In corn, we often divide these
[00:13:46.740]into above and below-ground insects.
[00:13:49.230]The first one is gonna be the corn rootworm.
[00:13:51.890]These are the most economically important
[00:13:53.670]corn pests in Nebraska.
[00:13:55.720]The corn rootworm complex includes
[00:13:57.720]the Western, Northern, and Southern species.
[00:14:01.040]The Western and Northern overwinter as eggs in the soil.
[00:14:04.500]These larvae will then hatch in late May to early June,
[00:14:07.720]and these larvae feed on corn roots,
[00:14:09.780]which causes root damage and lodging.
[00:14:12.620]So not only can the corn plant have trouble
[00:14:14.950]bringing up water and nutrients due to damage to its roots,
[00:14:18.880]but it then can also lean over and lodge.
[00:14:21.700]And this makes it really difficult
[00:14:23.530]to harvest the growing corn ears.
[00:14:26.710]The adults of the corn rootworm beetle
[00:14:28.450]emerge and mate in July to August,
[00:14:30.530]and females lay their eggs in cornfields.
[00:14:33.010]There's one generation per year,
[00:14:34.700]so these eggs will overwinter until the next spring.
[00:14:38.060]An important part of the biology of the corn rootworm
[00:14:40.850]is that it feeds exclusively on corn.
[00:14:43.260]This is one reason why crop rotation to a non-corn crop
[00:14:46.540]is an important part of managing this insect.
[00:14:49.800]Another important below-ground corn pest are wireworms.
[00:14:53.810]These are long, skinny larvae,
[00:14:55.850]and they're yellow to red-brown in color.
[00:14:58.540]Wireworms live in the soil for two to six years
[00:15:01.040]and can feed on the corn seed
[00:15:02.880]or a young stem below the ground.
[00:15:05.610]Crop rotation is also important consideration
[00:15:08.190]when thinking about wireworm populations.
[00:15:11.200]Wireworms tend to prefer grasses and small grains.
[00:15:14.760]So if you're planting corn into a field
[00:15:16.700]that's previously been in small grains,
[00:15:19.030]you may consider that you'll have
[00:15:20.390]additional wireworm pressure.
[00:15:22.570]Some additional below-ground corn pests include
[00:15:25.330]white grubs and seed corn maggots.
[00:15:28.470]Moving to above-ground corn pests,
[00:15:30.610]we get into a group of different caterpillars.
[00:15:33.590]Early in the season, you may see black cutworms,
[00:15:36.110]which can feed on the young seedlings of corn plants.
[00:15:39.710]Additional above-ground corn pests include
[00:15:42.090]Southern corn leaf beetle and corn leaf aphid.
[00:15:45.270]However, I'm gonna focus in on one of the important pests
[00:15:48.170]called European corn borer.
[00:15:50.400]These larvae are cream colored caterpillars
[00:15:53.210]and with raised black spots.
[00:15:55.730]These insects tunnel inside of corn plants
[00:15:58.170]and can disrupt the flow of water and nutrients.
[00:16:01.330]There are two generations per year of corn borer,
[00:16:03.920]but it's the second generation
[00:16:05.370]that causes the most yield loss.
[00:16:08.160]Other types of above-ground corn pests include
[00:16:10.590]the common stalk borer as well as Western bean cutworm.
[00:16:14.870]Western bean cutworm moths fly
[00:16:16.940]in late June to early July and lay their eggs
[00:16:19.750]in large masses on the uppermost corn leaves.
[00:16:23.480]These eggs hatch, and the young larvae will crawl up
[00:16:26.320]and feed on the tassels of the corn plant.
[00:16:29.060]They feed up there for several days
[00:16:30.730]before moving down and into the corn ears.
[00:16:33.710]It's in the corn ears that they feed on developing kernels
[00:16:36.540]and where they do their most damage.
[00:16:38.640]In addition to reducing yield,
[00:16:40.870]they can also bring in secondary fungal infections,
[00:16:43.830]which reduces the quality of the yield.
[00:16:46.740]These insects will then drop off the ear in late August
[00:16:50.250]and spend the winter as a prepupa buried in the soil.
[00:16:53.940]They emerge the next year,
[00:16:55.460]thereby having just one generation per year.
[00:16:58.640]Now that we've finished talking about corn insect pests,
[00:17:01.340]let's transition to soybeans
[00:17:03.020]and talk about some of the different insects
[00:17:05.030]that can be found in those crops.
[00:17:07.280]One of the important soybean pests
[00:17:09.200]is a beetle called bean leaf beetle.
[00:17:11.750]These insects overwinter as adults,
[00:17:13.850]and then seek out soybean fields as the plants emerge.
[00:17:17.320]They complete their first-generation in July
[00:17:20.320]and then the second in September.
[00:17:22.770]The adults feed on leaves, stems,
[00:17:24.770]and pods of the soybean plant,
[00:17:26.750]whereas the larvae feed on the roots and nodules.
[00:17:30.130]Another insect pest that can be found in soybeans
[00:17:32.810]is the soybean aphid.
[00:17:34.450]This was an invasive insect that came in
[00:17:36.690]and was first found in Nebraska in 2002.
[00:17:40.220]It can feed on the plant juices
[00:17:41.860]with its tiny, needle-like mouth parts.
[00:17:44.810]It reproduces very quickly
[00:17:46.730]and can have dozens of generations each year.
[00:17:50.050]An important part of this insect's biology
[00:17:52.310]is that it overwinters in buckthorn trees.
[00:17:56.170]A final soybean pest is the twospotted spider mite.
[00:17:59.660]These are very tiny arachnids,
[00:18:01.530]so they have eight legs instead of six, like insects.
[00:18:05.260]Infestations are characterized by yellow speckling
[00:18:08.410]and wilting of leaves.
[00:18:10.180]You can also locate the silky spider-like webbing
[00:18:13.530]that these arachnids produce.
[00:18:16.510]Alfalfa is an important perennial crop in Nebraska
[00:18:19.500]and has specialized insects that can be pests
[00:18:22.220]in those fields.
[00:18:24.660]Alfalfa weevil is one of the most important
[00:18:27.070]insect pests of alfalfa.
[00:18:29.530]Both the larvae and adults
[00:18:31.010]feed on new growth of alfalfa plants
[00:18:33.460]causing pinholes or skeletonized leaves
[00:18:36.210]as well as scarring on the stems.
[00:18:38.680]The most damage often occurs when there's regrowth
[00:18:41.870]after the first alfalfa cutting.
[00:18:44.000]This is when the plants are most vulnerable
[00:18:46.030]to feeding from these pests.
[00:18:48.240]Alfalfa weevil completes at least one generation per year
[00:18:51.460]in Nebraska, but research is ongoing
[00:18:54.120]to better understand how this insect overwinters
[00:18:57.510]and reproduces in our state.
[00:19:00.140]Another common alfalfa pest is the potato leafhopper.
[00:19:03.790]These are very small, green, wedge-shaped insects.
[00:19:07.700]The adults migrate into the fields in May from the South.
[00:19:11.500]Both the nymphs and the adults feed on alfalfa plant juices
[00:19:15.110]with their piercing-sucking mouthparts.
[00:19:18.060]Initial injury is a V-shaped yellow area at the leaf tips,
[00:19:21.720]which is called hopperburn.
[00:19:24.260]Another important crop for Nebraska is wheat.
[00:19:27.060]Wheat can be attacked by several different types of insects,
[00:19:30.060]so it's important to recognize what these are.
[00:19:33.680]There are several different species of aphids
[00:19:35.820]that feed on wheat.
[00:19:37.480]Aphids have small, piercing mouthparts
[00:19:40.300]that feed on plant juices like a tiny straw.
[00:19:43.510]Greenbugs and Russian wheat aphids are important species
[00:19:46.670]that can cause economic injury to wheat.
[00:19:49.500]Birdcherry oat aphids and English grain aphids
[00:19:52.640]are less likely to cause damage in wheat,
[00:19:54.800]but can still be found.
[00:19:56.630]It's important to be able to distinguish
[00:19:58.620]between these aphid species
[00:20:00.620]in order to determine how much damage
[00:20:02.530]they're capable of doing to your wheat fields
[00:20:04.790]and whether or not treatment is warranted.
[00:20:09.420]Another pest of wheat is the wheat curl mite.
[00:20:12.360]The wheat curl mite is an important vector
[00:20:14.950]of three different viruses: wheat streak mosaic,
[00:20:18.410]high plains mosaic, and Triticum mosaic virus.
[00:20:22.070]This complex of viruses can cause a lot of disease loss
[00:20:25.940]in winter wheat production in the Western Great Plains.
[00:20:29.750]Some of the other important crops for Nebraska
[00:20:32.240]include sugarbeets.
[00:20:33.630]The sugarbeet root maggot
[00:20:35.030]is one of the important insect pests of this crop.
[00:20:38.800]Dry beans can also be attacked by insects,
[00:20:41.400]such as the Mexican bean beetle,
[00:20:43.280]as well as the Western bean cutworm,
[00:20:45.200]which is a pest of both corn and dry beans.
[00:20:49.340]While there are many insect pests
[00:20:51.000]that specialize on just one type of crop,
[00:20:53.730]there are also many that can feed
[00:20:55.250]on a variety of different types of plants
[00:20:57.550]and can be generalist herbivores.
[00:21:00.050]Grasshoppers are one of those.
[00:21:02.380]Grasshoppers can damage mainly by defoliating of crops.
[00:21:06.700]There are over a hundred
[00:21:07.700]different grasshopper species in Nebraska,
[00:21:10.260]but they're really just four
[00:21:11.480]that cause significant damage to cultivated crops.
[00:21:14.830]Those are migratory, redlegged, twostriped,
[00:21:17.960]and differential grasshoppers.
[00:21:20.520]Pest species of grasshoppers typically overwinter as eggs.
[00:21:24.650]The eggs will hatch in the spring,
[00:21:26.360]and the immature grasshoppers, or nymphs,
[00:21:29.000]will then feed in non-crop areas for about 40 to 60 days.
[00:21:34.090]This is an important window of opportunity for management
[00:21:36.890]because the grasshoppers do not yet have wings
[00:21:39.890]and they're more susceptible to insecticides.
[00:21:43.010]As this non-crop vegetation tends to dry out
[00:21:46.060]and the season progresses,
[00:21:48.170]grasshoppers may be moving into cultivated fields.
[00:21:51.540]That's one reason why they're more common
[00:21:53.600]along the borders of fields
[00:21:55.320]is because they're moving in from non-crop habitat.
[00:21:59.530]As part of an IPM program, it's important to consider,
[00:22:02.650]not just chemical management,
[00:22:04.250]but non-chemical management as well.
[00:22:06.780]Two of these types of controls
[00:22:08.490]could be cultural control or biological control.
[00:22:11.880]Cultural controls include things
[00:22:13.780]like planting a type of crop
[00:22:15.430]that has some sort of resistance to the insect.
[00:22:18.730]You could also use tillage or mowing
[00:22:21.170]as types of cultural controls.
[00:22:23.710]Additionally, you could plant crops using insect-free dates.
[00:22:28.210]This is one practice that is used for wheat
[00:22:30.300]for Hessian fly control,
[00:22:31.990]using fly-free planting dates
[00:22:34.050]to avoid whenever the insect pest is at its peak.
[00:22:37.950]Biological control is a really important part
[00:22:40.420]of pest management.
[00:22:41.820]This is using those beneficial insects and arachnids
[00:22:44.900]out in your field
[00:22:46.070]in order to help you fight against the pest insects.
[00:22:49.400]This might be something like a predator,
[00:22:51.320]such as a lady beetle that's consuming aphids.
[00:22:54.060]It could also be a parasitoid.
[00:22:55.920]There are a lot of different types of parasitoid wasps.
[00:22:59.110]These are small insects that actually sting their pests
[00:23:02.560]and lay their eggs inside of them.
[00:23:04.770]So a parasitoid wasp may hunt
[00:23:06.960]and catch and sting a caterpillar
[00:23:09.050]and lay her eggs inside of that caterpillar.
[00:23:11.750]The young larvae then develop inside of the caterpillar
[00:23:14.700]and then are able to kill that caterpillar.
[00:23:19.380]Applying insecticides to the soil
[00:23:21.480]can be an important practice for soil-borne insects.
[00:23:25.100]One of those methods is applying insecticides in a band
[00:23:28.200]over top of the row.
[00:23:29.910]You can also apply insecticides in the furrow
[00:23:32.550]at planting time or broadcast after emergence of your crop.
[00:23:37.500]Soil insecticides are often used in corn
[00:23:40.200]in order to manage those below-ground pests of this crop.
[00:23:44.680]Finally, seed treatments on the seed itself
[00:23:48.100]can help protect early seedlings of your crops.
[00:23:52.400]Soil-applied insecticides are usually done
[00:23:54.960]earlier in the growth season.
[00:23:56.780]However, later in the season,
[00:23:58.650]foliar insecticides may be necessary,
[00:24:01.370]especially for taller crops, such as corn.
[00:24:04.350]Whenever it starts to reach tassel,
[00:24:06.380]using aerial-applied insecticides may be appropriate.
[00:24:10.090]However, ground rigs and chemigation,
[00:24:12.630]by putting insecticide through your irrigation pivot,
[00:24:15.480]may be appropriate depending on your pest,
[00:24:18.150]the growth stage of your crop,
[00:24:20.260]and what products you're using.
[00:24:22.660]Now that we've discussed both soil-applied
[00:24:25.130]and foliar insecticides,
[00:24:27.030]we need to think about what are the different factors
[00:24:29.330]that can affect the efficacy
[00:24:31.230]when we're applying these products.
[00:24:33.610]It's important to consider reaching our target insect
[00:24:37.120]and avoiding off-target movement
[00:24:39.410]so that we can not just save money
[00:24:41.740]on insecticide applications,
[00:24:43.670]but also reduce any environmental or human health costs
[00:24:47.930]of using these products.
[00:24:50.160]Some of the factors
[00:24:51.250]that can affect insecticide effectiveness
[00:24:54.390]include applying the correct insecticide
[00:24:57.240]at the correct rate,
[00:24:59.310]paying attention to environmental conditions
[00:25:01.660]during application, including temperatures, moisture,
[00:25:06.170]and rainfall events.
[00:25:08.140]If there's a large rainfall event
[00:25:09.800]immediately after a foliar insecticide,
[00:25:12.440]the active ingredient may be washed off of the plant,
[00:25:15.450]and then this will be much less effective.
[00:25:18.690]It's also to consider soil conditions,
[00:25:21.150]including moisture and pH,
[00:25:23.160]when you're applying soil insecticides.
[00:25:25.940]Typically, this type of information will be provided
[00:25:28.670]on the product label.
[00:25:31.990]High winds can move insecticides off-target.
[00:25:35.520]This reduces the amount of product
[00:25:37.430]that reaches your target pest,
[00:25:39.170]but can also increase non-target movement
[00:25:42.060]and potentially have impacts on beneficial insects
[00:25:44.940]that are not intended.
[00:25:47.240]Finally, the stage of the insect pest
[00:25:49.360]is really important in terms of its susceptibility.
[00:25:52.470]Typically, younger and smaller insects are more susceptible
[00:25:55.750]to an insecticide,
[00:25:57.120]and they may be harder to control
[00:25:59.300]once the insects become larger and more mature.
[00:26:02.880]Some insects such as Western bean cutworm
[00:26:05.310]and other ear-feeding caterpillars, such as corn earworm,
[00:26:08.720]can also become less vulnerable to insecticides
[00:26:12.550]as they enter into the ear
[00:26:13.990]and are protected by the husks of the corn ear
[00:26:16.520]and are no longer able to be controlled by insecticides.
[00:26:21.580]An important part of integrated pest management
[00:26:24.090]is also resistance management.
[00:26:26.410]By controlling our insects and other pests
[00:26:28.780]using not just chemical means,
[00:26:30.920]but a whole mixture of different options
[00:26:33.020]like cultural and biological controls,
[00:26:35.520]we can help reduce their pest populations
[00:26:38.180]while also reducing the chance of resistance management.
[00:26:41.930]Resistance management is gonna be important,
[00:26:44.220]not just for controlling our pests now,
[00:26:46.630]but maintaining the tools that we have
[00:26:48.640]so that they'll be effective for years to come.
[00:26:51.556](upbeat music)
[00:27:00.440]Learning objectives for chapter three,
[00:27:02.530]Field Crop Weeds, are the following.
[00:27:05.060]If you get lost,
[00:27:05.970]refer to your manual to find the correct information.
[00:27:09.350](upbeat music)
[00:27:25.507]Hi, I'm Amit Jhala,
[00:27:27.150]extension weed management specialist in Lincoln.
[00:27:31.060]Today, I'm going to discuss chapter number three,
[00:27:34.160]Field Crop Weeds.
[00:27:35.940]First of all, I would like to define what is a weed.
[00:27:38.850]So weed is a plant that can cause economical damage
[00:27:42.910]by providing competition to crops
[00:27:45.700]for moisture, nutrients, light, and space.
[00:27:49.930]This is a simple definition of weed.
[00:27:52.160]However, in second photograph, you can see,
[00:27:55.070]weed can also be defined as a plant growing out of place.
[00:27:58.740]For example, in the second photograph,
[00:28:01.947]marestail is growing on a concrete floor.
[00:28:04.530]So for this purpose,
[00:28:07.870]a plant growing out of place is also a weed,
[00:28:10.780]if you compare with waterhemp growing here
[00:28:13.220]in this first photograph in a soybean field.
[00:28:16.930]In addition, in certain situations,
[00:28:19.390]crop can also become a weed.
[00:28:20.797]For example, volunteer corn, in this photo,
[00:28:24.600]is growing in soybean field.
[00:28:26.130]So volunteer corn is also considered as a weed
[00:28:29.600]because it provides competition
[00:28:31.490]for moisture, nutrients, light, and space
[00:28:34.450]for our main crop, soybean, in this photograph.
[00:28:39.160]Broadly, weeds have been classified
[00:28:41.360]in two different categories, monocot weeds and dicot weeds.
[00:28:45.380]There is a third category about sedge weeds.
[00:28:48.617]For example, yellow nutsedge and purple nutsedge
[00:28:51.830]are also in a separate category of sedge weeds,
[00:28:55.230]but those are not very commonly found
[00:28:57.350]in agronomic crops in Nebraska.
[00:28:59.610]So we are broadly going to discuss
[00:29:02.290]about monocot and dicot weeds.
[00:29:04.740]So the difference between them is
[00:29:07.110]monocot weeds are known as grass-like weeds.
[00:29:11.370]Compared with dicot weeds,
[00:29:13.270]they are known as broadleaved weeds.
[00:29:16.120]Monocot weeds, the name itself indicates
[00:29:18.620]that it has only one cotyledon.
[00:29:20.660]When monocot weed will emerge,
[00:29:22.690]it will come with only a single cotyledon
[00:29:25.270]compared with dicot weeds
[00:29:27.080]that comes with two cotyledons.
[00:29:30.200]Monocot weeds have parallel veins.
[00:29:32.430]As you can see in this photograph,
[00:29:35.320]they have parallel veins.
[00:29:36.670]Compared with broadleaf weeds, they have net-like veins.
[00:29:40.690]The root system of monocot and dicot weeds
[00:29:43.310]are also very different.
[00:29:44.660]For example, for monocot weeds,
[00:29:46.950]they have a fibrous root system.
[00:29:48.510]Compared with dicot weeds, they have taproot system.
[00:29:54.200]So these are some basic difference
[00:29:55.960]between monocot and dicot weeds.
[00:29:59.040]These are some best examples of monocot weed species
[00:30:01.990]that are commonly found in agronomic crops in Nebraska.
[00:30:05.456]For example, barnyardgrass, crabgrass, fall panicum,
[00:30:09.880]different type of foxtail species.
[00:30:12.160]We have all three.
[00:30:13.580]Green, yellow, and giant foxtails,
[00:30:15.610]you will find in corn and soybean
[00:30:17.617](indistinct) and fields in Nebraska.
[00:30:20.220]We also have some sandbur, shattercane, wooly cupgrass,
[00:30:25.510]and sometimes we also find some weeds like Johnsongrass
[00:30:30.030]in some sorghum fields, particularly.
[00:30:34.470]These are some examples of common dicot weeds
[00:30:37.210]that you will find in agronomic crops in Nebraska.
[00:30:39.690]For example, cocklebur, Eastern black nightshade,
[00:30:43.360]kochia, common lambsquarters, morningglories.
[00:30:47.466]Pigweeds, that includes both waterhemp, Palmer amaranth,
[00:30:51.420]as well as redroot pigweed.
[00:30:53.150]Those are the three common pigweed species
[00:30:56.050]that you will find in several agronomic crops in Nebraska.
[00:31:00.699]Russian thistle, smartweed, sunflower, velvetleaf.
[00:31:03.800]These are also some common broadleaf or dicot weeds
[00:31:08.020]that you will find in agronomic crops
[00:31:10.150]across the state of Nebraska.
[00:31:14.150]Based on the life cycle,
[00:31:15.450]weeds have been classified in different three categories,
[00:31:19.350]annual weeds, biennial weeds, and perennial weeds.
[00:31:23.140]So annual weeds,
[00:31:24.900]they complete their life cycle from seed to seed
[00:31:28.000]just in one growing season or less than a year.
[00:31:31.750]There are several examples of annual weed species.
[00:31:35.217]For example, velvetleaf, Eastern black nightshade,
[00:31:38.820]or waterhemp or Palmer amaranth.
[00:31:40.700]Those are excellent examples of annual weed species.
[00:31:44.680]And they start emerging sometime in May,
[00:31:48.090]and then they grow very well
[00:31:53.650]when they get enough moisture through irrigation
[00:31:57.720]or by rainfall.
[00:31:59.530]And then they flower,
[00:32:01.450]and then they produce seeds by the end of the season,
[00:32:03.910]sometime in September or October, depending on the season.
[00:32:07.390]So within about six months or less than a year,
[00:32:10.730]they complete their life cycle,
[00:32:12.030]and that's why they are known as annual weed species.
[00:32:18.970]And annual weeds are also broadly classified
[00:32:21.210]into two different categories.
[00:32:22.610]Number one is winter annual weeds
[00:32:24.260]and then summer annual weeds.
[00:32:25.920]So winter annual weeds typically start emerging in the fall
[00:32:30.370]or in early spring.
[00:32:32.130]For example, downy brome, field pansy,
[00:32:34.857]henbit, field pennycress.
[00:32:36.450]Those are some excellent examples of winter annual weeds.
[00:32:40.250]Compared with summer annual weeds,
[00:32:42.080]they germinate in the spring.
[00:32:43.640]They grow throughout the summer,
[00:32:45.380]set the seeds by autumn,
[00:32:47.170]and then they die before the winter starts.
[00:32:49.860]So those are typical summer annual weeds
[00:32:52.130]that interfere during our agronomic crop duration.
[00:32:56.960]For example, pigweeds, lambsquarters,
[00:32:59.726]velvetleaf, common sunflower.
[00:33:01.200]Those are some classic examples
[00:33:03.110]of summer annual weed species.
[00:33:07.580]Biennial weeds are those.
[00:33:09.150]It takes about a couple years
[00:33:10.670]to complete their full life cycle from seed to seed.
[00:33:14.160]There are some examples like musk thistle,
[00:33:16.740]wild carrot are some good examples.
[00:33:19.130]It takes about couple of years
[00:33:20.700]to complete their life cycle.
[00:33:22.310]So that's why they are known as biennial weeds.
[00:33:25.000]The third category, and the final one, is perennial weeds.
[00:33:28.650]So weeds live for more than two years,
[00:33:30.720]and some of them can also reproduce by vegetative means.
[00:33:34.780]For example, Johnsongrass, it can reproduce by rhizomes.
[00:33:38.630]In this photograph, this is Johnsongrass,
[00:33:41.370]and it has ability to reproduce by seed
[00:33:43.870]as well as through rhizomes, which are underground portion.
[00:33:47.910]And it can reproduce the rhizome.
[00:33:49.760]So sometimes if you control them,
[00:33:51.810]the above-ground portion will die,
[00:33:53.650]but they are still active during the below-ground
[00:33:56.300]through the rhizomes.
[00:33:57.190]And after a few months,
[00:33:58.810]when weather condition is suitable, they can grow.
[00:34:01.580]So that's why perennial weeds are difficult to manage.
[00:34:05.580]Dandelion is also another example
[00:34:07.670]of a perennial weed species.
[00:34:12.197]Perennial weeds are broadly classified
[00:34:14.710]into two different categories.
[00:34:16.120]Number one is herbaceous perennials,
[00:34:18.410]and the second is woody perennials.
[00:34:20.550]So herbaceous perennials are known as above-ground parts,
[00:34:23.740]last for growing season, and die before winter.
[00:34:26.680]Compared with woody perennials,
[00:34:28.590]where above-ground parts are year around,
[00:34:31.120]so they can stay green throughout the year.
[00:34:33.750]If you compare with herbaceous perennial,
[00:34:36.520]they overwinter and have underground vegetative parts.
[00:34:39.670]So herbaceous perennials can have some vegetative parts.
[00:34:43.740]For example, rhizomes, bulbs, or even tubers.
[00:34:47.650]Compared with woody perennials,
[00:34:49.330]they don't have any underground vegetative parts.
[00:34:51.960]However, they have capacity to remain green
[00:34:54.150]throughout the year.
[00:34:56.580]And herbaceous perennials can generally found
[00:34:58.870]in cropping systems, in pastures, in roadsides,
[00:35:02.450]and some other places.
[00:35:04.060]As well as can be found in fencerows,
[00:35:07.080]pastures, and roadsides for woody perennials,
[00:35:10.130]where human activities are minimum.
[00:35:14.100]There are multiple ways
[00:35:15.280]where you can prevent the weed problems.
[00:35:18.060]For example, by applying herbicides, are known as chemicals,
[00:35:21.590]which are applied for weed control in crop
[00:35:26.540]as well as non-crop areas.
[00:35:28.570]The second one is tillage
[00:35:30.660]that can also be implemented, as shown in this photograph,
[00:35:35.723]for weed control,
[00:35:37.130]as well as some cultural practices.
[00:35:39.230]For example, narrow row spacing
[00:35:41.090]is one of the cultural practices
[00:35:43.230]that can be used for management of weeds in agronomic crops.
[00:35:47.410]And there are some examples of biological weed control,
[00:35:50.790]but not in agronomic crop situation.
[00:35:56.660]Herbicides are typically used
[00:35:58.560]for management of weeds in agronomic crops,
[00:36:00.790]particularly in corn and soybean fields
[00:36:02.960]where we have several thousand acreages,
[00:36:06.570]not only in Nebraska,
[00:36:07.670]but also in several states in the North Central.
[00:36:10.550]So herbicides are typically applied
[00:36:12.657]for weed control in agronomic crops.
[00:36:16.090]Pre-emergence herbicides and post-emergence herbicides.
[00:36:18.820]Those are the broad categories of herbicides.
[00:36:21.960]Pre-emergent herbicides are known as those
[00:36:25.920]which we are generally applying on the soil surface
[00:36:28.600]before crop and weed emergence.
[00:36:30.960]If you compare with post-emergent herbicides,
[00:36:33.550]they are applied after crop and weed emergence.
[00:36:36.250]So that's why they are known as post-emergence herbicides,
[00:36:39.010]because they are applied after crop and weed have emerged.
[00:36:43.670]The second difference between those two is
[00:36:45.920]pre-emergence herbicides have soil residual activities,
[00:36:49.560]so that's why they are applied on the soil.
[00:36:51.490]And once they will receive some rainfall or irrigation,
[00:36:54.870]they get activated and they will prevent
[00:36:57.260]the emergence of weed seeds.
[00:36:59.130]So they are directly attacking on the weed seeds
[00:37:02.550]when their radicle will come out and the chemical is there.
[00:37:05.700]So this is how pre-emergence herbicide
[00:37:07.990]will kill the new emerging weed species.
[00:37:10.850]If you compare with post-emergence herbicides,
[00:37:13.460]because they are applied post-emergence
[00:37:16.720]and they have foliar activities,
[00:37:18.240]so they will actually kill the existing weed population.
[00:37:21.450]And, generally, post-emergence herbicides,
[00:37:23.520]they do not have soil residual activities.
[00:37:26.160]Some examples of post-emergence herbicides are
[00:37:29.780]glyphosate, glufosinate, sethoxydim.
[00:37:33.170]And these are some brand names like Roundup, Liberty, Poast,
[00:37:36.330]are some trade names of those post-emergence herbicides.
[00:37:39.280]If you compare with pre-emergence herbicides
[00:37:42.220]like Prowl H2O, Valor, Authority-brand herbicides,
[00:37:46.750]those are some typical examples of pre-emergence herbicides
[00:37:49.950]that we have been using in our agronomic crops.
[00:37:56.726]There are different ways you have to consider
[00:37:58.610]when you select,
[00:37:59.850]particularly, residual pre-emergence herbicides
[00:38:03.610]based on soil texture, pH of the soil,
[00:38:06.420]as well as organic matter content of the soil.
[00:38:09.220]This is particularly important
[00:38:10.800]when you select pre-emergence herbicides,
[00:38:13.040]because these are the factors that can affect their efficacy
[00:38:16.963]as well as crop safety.
[00:38:18.600]So it is very, very important to understand you consider
[00:38:22.840]what is the soil organic matter content in the field
[00:38:25.760]before you actually apply your pre-emergence herbicide,
[00:38:28.690]because your rate of application
[00:38:30.240]will depend on all these three factors.
[00:38:32.880]And it is always important to follow the herbicide label
[00:38:36.030]because sometimes some herbicides can be applied
[00:38:38.510]in Eastern part of Nebraska,
[00:38:40.210]but not in Western part of Nebraska.
[00:38:42.620]For example, herbicides with chlorimuron-ethyl,
[00:38:46.320]means a herbicide active ingredient
[00:38:49.020]in Classic or Fierce XLT.
[00:38:53.310]Those are the herbicides can be applied
[00:38:55.160]only in Eastern part of the state,
[00:38:57.470]but not in the Western part
[00:38:59.310]because of the difference in pH
[00:39:01.810]and some other dry conditions.
[00:39:05.540]Factors to consider
[00:39:06.610]when making a post-emergence herbicide spray decision.
[00:39:09.830]So these are the factors that you have to consider
[00:39:12.150]when you apply polyreactive post-emergence herbicides
[00:39:15.470]in your agronomic crops.
[00:39:17.400]For example, you have to scout the field.
[00:39:20.350]You need to consider what is the growth stage of the crop,
[00:39:24.190]because each herbicide can be applied
[00:39:26.010]only up to certain growth stage of agronomic crops.
[00:39:29.440]Whether it is corn or soybean,
[00:39:30.850]you have to consider up to what maximum limit
[00:39:34.120]you can apply post-emergence herbicide.
[00:39:36.130]And then based on that, you need to select your herbicide.
[00:39:40.777]Weed stage is also important
[00:39:42.010]because majority of post-emergence herbicides indicate
[00:39:44.800]that you have to apply a post-emergence herbicide
[00:39:47.690]when weeds are less than six-inch tall
[00:39:50.070]to get the better efficacy.
[00:39:52.150]So weed stage is also important
[00:39:54.130]as well as you need to make some notes,
[00:39:56.370]which type of weeds are present,
[00:39:58.170]because, accordingly, you can select your herbicide.
[00:40:01.010]Because each and every herbicide is not broad spectrum,
[00:40:03.750]so keep some good records of which type of weed species
[00:40:07.890]are present in the field is extremely important.
[00:40:11.360]Some other factors such as herbicide use history,
[00:40:15.280]as well as some weather, is also an important.
[00:40:18.480]Because if it rains immediately after you spray,
[00:40:21.690]then herbicides will be washed off from the leaves,
[00:40:24.770]and it will not be able to provide good efficacy
[00:40:28.700]because the absorption of the herbicide can be affected.
[00:40:31.650]So you need to make sure of the weather condition
[00:40:34.530]before you apply your post-emergence herbicides.
[00:40:40.760]What do we mean by foliar-applied herbicides?
[00:40:42.690]So foliar-applied herbicides
[00:40:44.100]are same as post-emergence herbicides
[00:40:46.180]that you apply after crop and weed emergence.
[00:40:49.500]It can be used in a sequence of preplant
[00:40:51.740]or pre-emergence herbicide for a season-long weed control.
[00:40:54.360]So generally we recommend that
[00:40:56.600]if you are a corn or soybean growers,
[00:40:58.790]you start with a pre-emergence residual herbicide
[00:41:01.410]at planting, and then you can apply a single application
[00:41:04.880]of a post-emergence herbicide
[00:41:06.730]when you will see some weeds are coming out in the ground
[00:41:10.470]and the residual activity has been reduced.
[00:41:14.370]And then effective for control of perennial weeds.
[00:41:17.891]For example, volunteer corn and late-emerging weeds,
[00:41:20.380]such as waterhemp,
[00:41:21.400]or some perennial weeds like Johnsongrass,
[00:41:23.630]can also be controlled effectively
[00:41:26.330]by applying post-emergence herbicides.
[00:41:31.680]What is spray additive?
[00:41:32.760]Because this is something we always
[00:41:35.610]discuss about spray additives,
[00:41:37.270]because it improves the efficacy
[00:41:38.970]of your post-emergence herbicides.
[00:41:41.120]So when you apply a post-emergence herbicide,
[00:41:44.230]it will absorb through the leaf of the weed species.
[00:41:47.530]So when you add some additives, for example,
[00:41:50.080]ammonium sulfate, or crop oil concentrate,
[00:41:52.700]or methylated seed oil, or non-ionic surfactant,
[00:41:56.710]it always improves the ability of herbicide
[00:42:00.720]to stick to the leaves,
[00:42:02.300]and then absorption and translocation
[00:42:04.520]will occur very effectively if you compare with
[00:42:07.520]without using any adjuvant at all.
[00:42:10.000]So each herbicide has different adjuvants.
[00:42:13.570]For example,
[00:42:14.403]if you are applying glufosinate type of herbicide,
[00:42:17.680]which is Liberty or Interline type of herbicides,
[00:42:20.810]where ammonium sulfate is the best adjuvant for them.
[00:42:24.440]Compared with, for example, glyphosate,
[00:42:26.670]where we recommend to use ammonium sulfate,
[00:42:29.320]as well as either crop oil concentrate
[00:42:31.640]or non-ionic surfactant
[00:42:33.320]to improve the efficacy of glyphosate type of herbicide.
[00:42:36.660]So each herbicide label indicates which best adjuvant
[00:42:41.330]will provide better efficacy of that herbicide
[00:42:44.410]that you have to consider to improve the efficacy
[00:42:47.920]and to get maximum out of your
[00:42:50.230]post-emergence herbicide application.
[00:42:53.890]Herbicide carryover can be defined
[00:42:55.700]as a residual activity of herbicide
[00:42:58.690]that can cause some injury to the crops next year
[00:43:02.380]or to the crop that you grow in a rotation,
[00:43:05.150]which is not very common.
[00:43:07.680]But sometimes due to the dry weather condition,
[00:43:10.580]lack of rainfall, lack of moisture in the soil,
[00:43:13.400]sometimes the breakdown of a residual herbicide
[00:43:16.720]will not occur very easily.
[00:43:19.200]And then some residual carryover effect will be observed
[00:43:23.820]in a typical field situation.
[00:43:26.540]For example, in this photograph,
[00:43:27.940]you can see atrazine carryover in soybean field.
[00:43:31.210]So atrazine was applied last year,
[00:43:33.740]late in the season, in a corn field.
[00:43:36.410]And then because of the dry weather condition,
[00:43:39.130]there were some issues of carryover in soybean field.
[00:43:42.530]But again, I would like to remind you
[00:43:44.030]that in general, normal condition,
[00:43:46.640]the herbicide carryover is not a big issue,
[00:43:48.840]but sometimes due to some weather parameters
[00:43:51.920]or sometimes if herbicide was applied
[00:43:54.060]at higher than label rate late in the season,
[00:43:56.510]then sometimes you will see carryover injury of herbicides.
[00:44:03.970]How to minimize herbicide carry over injury.
[00:44:07.140]So there are some different ways you can minimize
[00:44:09.380]the herbicide carryover injuries.
[00:44:11.300]For example, do not apply more than label rate
[00:44:14.120]because if you apply at more than label rate,
[00:44:17.180]there are more chances that herbicide
[00:44:19.270]will not break down in the soil
[00:44:20.770]and you will see some carryover injury
[00:44:23.280]in the next rotational crop.
[00:44:25.930]The second is avoid overlap of spray pattern
[00:44:28.630]because sometimes when you overlap
[00:44:31.440]your herbicide application in the field,
[00:44:33.320]means you are applying almost a double rate of herbicide,
[00:44:36.190]at least in the area which was overlapped in the field.
[00:44:39.270]So sometimes you will see some carryover injury
[00:44:41.970]in next year, in that particular spot
[00:44:44.780]where the overlapping was occurred.
[00:44:46.530]So you have to be really careful
[00:44:47.960]when you apply your post-emergence herbicide
[00:44:50.330]to avoid the overlapping of herbicide spray.
[00:44:54.360]Reduce the rate of persistence herbicide
[00:44:56.480]and apply in tank mix with less persistent herbicide
[00:44:59.330]without compromising efficacy for weed control.
[00:45:02.300]So that is also one more ways where you can
[00:45:07.680]reduce the carryover injury, by tank mixing herbicides
[00:45:11.100]that will reduce the herbicide rate
[00:45:13.430]for both the herbicides.
[00:45:17.420]Herbicide-resistant weeds are, now, you will find
[00:45:20.360]in almost all the agronomic crops, not only in Nebraska,
[00:45:23.700]but also in several states in the North Central,
[00:45:26.240]particularly in corn and soybean cropping systems
[00:45:29.180]where we have been applying number of herbicides
[00:45:31.537]for the last several years.
[00:45:32.880]And now, weeds have evolved resistant to those herbicides.
[00:45:36.250]Particularly in Nebraska,
[00:45:38.870]these are the nine weed species
[00:45:41.860]that have evolved resistant
[00:45:43.250]to at least one or more herbicides.
[00:45:45.250]For example, some weed species,
[00:45:46.890]for example, waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, kochia,
[00:45:50.370]they have evolved resistant to number of herbicides.
[00:45:53.730]And the weed species I have listed here
[00:45:58.650]in this table with red color,
[00:46:00.750]those are glyphosate-resistant weed species,
[00:46:04.190]and they are very widespread.
[00:46:05.410]So management of those glyphosate-resistant weeds
[00:46:09.690]is one of the important objectives in migrations program.
[00:46:14.820]These are the examples of glyphosate-resistant weeds
[00:46:17.960]that we do have in the state of Nebraska.
[00:46:21.057]Marestail, waterhemp, kochia,
[00:46:23.520]Palmer amaranth, giant ragweed, and common ragweed.
[00:46:26.580]Those are the six glyphosate-resistant weeds
[00:46:29.560]that we do have in the state of Nebraska.
[00:46:32.100]And some of them are very widespread.
[00:46:34.010]For example, waterhemp, Palmer amaranth,
[00:46:36.630]they are widespread in Eastern
[00:46:39.000]as well as West Central part of the state.
[00:46:42.013]And if you go to the Western part,
[00:46:43.510]we have lot of kochia,
[00:46:46.100]which is resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides
[00:46:49.410]as well as glyphosate,
[00:46:50.580]and it is widespread in Western Nebraska.
[00:46:54.020]We also have a lot of marestail, which is across the state,
[00:46:57.300]and it has also evolved resistant to glyphosate
[00:46:59.910]as well as ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
[00:47:02.830]Common ragweed and giant ragweed are not very widespread,
[00:47:05.890]but we have confirmed them in Eastern Nebraska.
[00:47:13.770]There are different mechanisms of herbicide resistance,
[00:47:16.670]and they are broadly classified
[00:47:18.100]into two different categories.
[00:47:19.630]Number one is target-site resistance,
[00:47:22.270]and the second is non-target-site resistance.
[00:47:25.500]So target enzyme becomes less sensitive
[00:47:28.860]or insensitive to the herbicide.
[00:47:30.740]The loss of sensitivity is usually associated
[00:47:33.250]with the point mutation,
[00:47:34.550]which is a heritable change, is known as point mutation,
[00:47:38.530]in the gene coding for the protein.
[00:47:40.720]So that is target-site resistance.
[00:47:43.540]And the non-target-site resistance,
[00:47:45.390]it could be because of the reduced herbicide absorption
[00:47:48.590]or reduced translocation,
[00:47:50.070]or even due to metabolic resistance.
[00:47:52.860]Means that resistant biotypes have an enhanced ability
[00:47:56.880]to metabolically degrade the herbicide
[00:47:59.840]to less or non-toxic forms,
[00:48:01.680]so which is known as metabolic resistance of weed species.
[00:48:05.010]So there are different ways weeds can evolve resistance,
[00:48:09.610]and these are some different mechanisms.
[00:48:16.430]There are different ways we can minimize
[00:48:19.410]the herbicide-resistant weeds.
[00:48:21.287]For example, you have to scout your fields regularly
[00:48:24.470]to know that which are the weed escape in your field,
[00:48:27.130]particularly when you apply a post-emergence herbicide.
[00:48:30.250]After a couple of weeks, you should scout your field
[00:48:32.980]to make sure if weeds are dying or not.
[00:48:35.370]And if not, then it is possible that you might have
[00:48:38.760]evolved resistance in some weed species
[00:48:41.450]to that herbicide you applied post-emergence.
[00:48:44.680]Crop rotation is also important
[00:48:46.980]so you can rotate your herbicide that you select
[00:48:50.360]in a single field.
[00:48:52.330]As well as you can add up the cultural practices
[00:48:54.930]that can help maybe, for example,
[00:48:57.980]a higher population of planting seeds,
[00:49:01.320]as well as you can go for narrow row spacing
[00:49:04.490]that can create more competition,
[00:49:06.460]and it will provide less opportunity
[00:49:08.300]in space-poor weed species
[00:49:09.840]to grow and emerge and compete with the crops.
[00:49:12.670]So these are some cultural practices that you can adopt.
[00:49:16.290]Use of herbicides with different mode of action.
[00:49:19.830]We always discuss and recommend about using herbicide
[00:49:23.870]with multiple modes of action,
[00:49:25.800]because then you are not relying only
[00:49:27.570]on single herbicide mode of action,
[00:49:29.780]and including multiple mode of action can help
[00:49:32.610]to reduce or delay the evolution
[00:49:35.100]of herbicide-resistant weeds.
[00:49:40.200]Integrated weed management is not a new concept,
[00:49:43.490]but we always recommend growers
[00:49:45.240]to adopt the integrated weed management,
[00:49:47.400]because it includes multiple ways for weed control
[00:49:50.790]and not only relying on chemicals,
[00:49:52.690]but also including cultural practices
[00:49:55.000]and some other ways to improve the weed control
[00:49:58.150]in a long run.
[00:49:59.000]So integrated weed management
[00:50:01.010]is a combination of cultural, mechanical,
[00:50:03.500]and chemical management approach
[00:50:05.510]that we should adopt in our agronomic crops,
[00:50:09.750]so we can not relying on single method.
[00:50:14.740]Cover crop is one of them.
[00:50:16.067]For example, in this photograph,
[00:50:17.870]a cereal rye cover crop is providing
[00:50:20.370]a very good cover on the soil
[00:50:23.010]and it has reduced infestation of marestail.
[00:50:27.024]For example, if you see here,
[00:50:28.600]there are a lot of marestail in cornfield.
[00:50:30.890]But here, because of the cereal rye cover crop biomass,
[00:50:35.170]it has provided good competition with marestail,
[00:50:38.740]which is typically emerged in the fall
[00:50:40.660]as well as in the spring.
[00:50:42.310]So if you have a cover crop at that time,
[00:50:44.190]it can provide very good suppression of weed species.
[00:50:48.130]And when you go for planting your crops,
[00:50:51.040]the biomass is there,
[00:50:52.750]and it will reduce the emergence of weed species.
[00:50:55.890]So cover crop is also one of the best cultural practices
[00:50:59.400]that can be considered
[00:51:00.850]for overall management of herbicide-resistant weeds.
[00:51:06.850]This is the "2020 Guide for Weed, Disease,
[00:51:09.340]and Insect Management in Nebraska."
[00:51:11.380]Every year we update this guide,
[00:51:13.320]so I recommend everyone to purchase this.
[00:51:15.880]It is available online on marketplace.unl.edu,
[00:51:20.130]and this is the best resource, not only for weed control,
[00:51:23.120]but also to get information
[00:51:25.030]about insect and disease management
[00:51:27.820]in number of crops in Nebraska.
[00:51:32.440]Thank you very much for your attention.
[00:51:33.797]And my contact information is here,
[00:51:35.640]if you have any question about weed management
[00:51:38.720]or biology in agronomic crops in Eastern Nebraska.
[00:51:42.320]Thank you.
[00:51:43.356](upbeat music)
[00:51:52.880]The next chapter, Field Crop Diseases,
[00:51:55.320]is chapter four in the manual.
[00:51:57.010]Please follow along
[00:51:57.930]as we cover the learning objectives four.
[00:52:00.652](upbeat music)
[00:52:15.990]Hi, I'm Tamara Jackson-Ziems,
[00:52:17.590]Nebraska extension plant pathologist.
[00:52:19.970]And today I'll be talking about plant disease concepts.
[00:52:25.700]We have a couple of different kinds of diseases,
[00:52:28.020]abiotic or biotic.
[00:52:30.370]Let's first talk about the abiotic disease
[00:52:33.140]and what does that mean.
[00:52:36.200]Abiotic disease, or more commonly called disorders,
[00:52:39.650]are caused by non-infectious agents.
[00:52:42.610]That usually means these are non-living agents
[00:52:45.280]that caused the damage.
[00:52:47.360]There's a number of different kinds of abiotic diseases,
[00:52:51.020]and here's a few examples of those.
[00:52:53.450]For example, we can have variability in soil pH,
[00:52:56.960]either too high or too low,
[00:52:59.380]like we have in this picture where soil pH was very low.
[00:53:03.860]As a consequence of that,
[00:53:05.280]it also led to a fertility issue in the soil.
[00:53:08.990]In this case, aluminum toxicity
[00:53:11.130]as the aluminum was released.
[00:53:12.750]We can also, of course, see deficiencies
[00:53:15.490]for a number of different nutrients as well, though.
[00:53:18.850]In addition, moisture extremes.
[00:53:20.800]Too much water, or even too little water,
[00:53:23.220]can cause abiotic disease.
[00:53:25.400]Chemical injury is very common these days.
[00:53:28.360]We see a lot of herbicide damage from drift.
[00:53:31.540]We also include mechanical injury,
[00:53:34.120]and that can be by equipment or by some storm damage,
[00:53:37.740]which is all too often, very common in Nebraska,
[00:53:41.150]like the hail damage we see in this picture.
[00:53:45.360]The other category of diseases are biotic diseases,
[00:53:48.420]and these are ones caused by infectious agents.
[00:53:52.490]Most diseases are caused by plant pathogens
[00:53:55.770]that are one of four different types
[00:53:58.130]listed here on this slide.
[00:54:00.920]Many of these pathogens are fungal in nature,
[00:54:03.720]and we're not necessarily talking about mushrooms
[00:54:06.210]that many people will picture when I say fungus.
[00:54:09.090]One example may be the common smut that we see
[00:54:12.950]on some corn plants,
[00:54:14.410]often like on the ear that we have here.
[00:54:17.340]Diseases can also be caused by nematodes.
[00:54:19.890]Nematodes are microscopic worms
[00:54:21.760]most often found in the soil.
[00:54:23.530]And one of the most common and damaging examples is
[00:54:26.200]soybean cyst nematode that we have.
[00:54:28.190]And you can see the small white females
[00:54:30.050]on the soybean roots in that picture.
[00:54:32.640]Next, diseases can also be caused by bacteria,
[00:54:35.750]and those are much more common in Nebraska,
[00:54:38.130]and in particular,
[00:54:39.140]disease like bacterial leaf streak on this leaf.
[00:54:42.160]And finally, viruses like we see on this particular leaf
[00:54:46.350]in the lower right-hand corner.
[00:54:48.110]And so most of our pathogens
[00:54:49.610]fall in one of those categories.
[00:54:52.040]But to really understand the interactions of these diseases
[00:54:56.550]and what you're looking for,
[00:54:57.860]you're gonna have to know more about their relative sizes
[00:55:00.850]to each other and to plant cells.
[00:55:03.710]Unfortunately, most of these are microscopic.
[00:55:06.840]You're not usually going to see the organisms themselves,
[00:55:10.000]and so it will be important for you to recognize symptoms
[00:55:14.700]that they cause.
[00:55:15.940]And so, in this slide, you can see a general plant cell.
[00:55:20.820]Now, remember back to introductory biology
[00:55:23.380]when you learned that plant cells
[00:55:25.040]are generally rectangular in shape with a thick cell wall.
[00:55:28.690]And that's what we have here,
[00:55:30.350]and representatives from each of the pathogen groups there.
[00:55:34.040]So you can see how big or small they are
[00:55:37.050]in comparison to the plant cell and to each other.
[00:55:40.090]And so, in this particular slide,
[00:55:42.670]you can see in the upper corner up there,
[00:55:44.530]that's the nematode head.
[00:55:46.380]It looks really big in this picture,
[00:55:48.120]and that's only the very tip of it.
[00:55:50.190]It's quite large, in fact, compared to the plant cell.
[00:55:53.810]A fungus, in fact, the fungal hyphae is this strand
[00:55:57.260]that we see right here.
[00:55:58.800]That's a very small part of a fungal body.
[00:56:01.980]The whole fungal body together is called a mycelium
[00:56:05.640]and can grow unnoticed inside that leaf.
[00:56:09.090]As we get smaller and smaller,
[00:56:10.610]we start talking about things like bacteria
[00:56:14.050]down here in the lower left-hand corner of the slide.
[00:56:17.390]Bacteria are about the same size of the common organelles
[00:56:20.730]inside of a plant cell,
[00:56:22.150]like the mitochondria or the chloroplast.
[00:56:25.030]Even smaller though,
[00:56:26.670]are those viruses that we see in the left-hand side there.
[00:56:31.500]They look like specks in the slide.
[00:56:33.710]You will never see viruses,
[00:56:36.070]even using a good hand lens or microscope.
[00:56:38.970]So we have to learn to recognize the symptoms of those
[00:56:42.060]and all the other types of diseases.
[00:56:46.210]One important thing that you need to understand
[00:56:48.810]are the three components that are absolutely critical
[00:56:51.830]for disease development.
[00:56:53.730]We call this the disease triangle.
[00:56:56.620]The reason you and I are here is because we work with plants
[00:57:00.070]in particular, probably crops.
[00:57:01.960]And so we have to have a susceptible crop
[00:57:04.210]to have disease development.
[00:57:06.450]Second, of course, like we just talked about,
[00:57:08.700]we have to have a pathogen,
[00:57:10.160]a virulent pathogen, to cause disease.
[00:57:13.840]But often overlooked or under-emphasized
[00:57:17.700]is the importance of the environment or weather conditions
[00:57:21.110]for disease development.
[00:57:22.760]And so these three things make up the disease triangle,
[00:57:26.720]the plant, the pathogen, and the environment.
[00:57:30.180]But it's also critical to understand
[00:57:32.550]that in addition to these three items,
[00:57:35.140]the timing of when those three occur is critical.
[00:57:39.500]And some people even refer to this
[00:57:41.230]as the fourth leg of the triangle, making it a pyramid.
[00:57:45.930]One of the things that I wanna mention
[00:57:47.520]and make sure you understand is that most of the pathogens
[00:57:50.310]that we talk about require moisture.
[00:57:53.520]And they require moisture in forms of rainfall,
[00:57:57.280]relative humidity, even irrigation water or dew.
[00:58:01.270]They use moisture to aid
[00:58:03.530]with infection or pathogen reproduction,
[00:58:06.310]like spore production, to spread to other plants,
[00:58:10.060]or they may use that for movement around
[00:58:12.420]on the plant itself.
[00:58:14.380]Some pathogens can even take advantage of wounds,
[00:58:17.570]and wounds created by hail or high winds
[00:58:20.360]are quite common for some of our diseases.
[00:58:24.910]If you have any doubts
[00:58:26.020]or you need any help diagnosing a plant disease,
[00:58:29.260]we have a lot of resources available to you,
[00:58:32.090]and it is absolutely critical
[00:58:33.960]that you get an accurate identification
[00:58:36.200]of what that disease is for effective management.
[00:58:39.730]If you need assistance with that,
[00:58:41.130]we have the UNL Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic
[00:58:43.920]on the UNL East Campus available to you.
[00:58:47.010]I encourage you to use your QR code scanner
[00:58:49.890]and scan the code in the left-hand corner of the slide,
[00:58:53.190]or go to the website below.
[00:58:55.160]Contact us at the UNL Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic,
[00:58:57.740]or submit a sample for analysis.
[00:59:02.150]Once you know exactly what disease you're dealing with,
[00:59:04.720]then you can begin working toward a management strategy
[00:59:08.750]that will be more effective.
[00:59:10.360]There's a number of different strategies available.
[00:59:12.650]Just five are summarized here.
[00:59:15.470]When you're looking at some of our agricultural plants,
[00:59:17.840]especially row crops, genetic resistance,
[00:59:21.320]that's disease resistant or tolerance to these diseases,
[00:59:25.350]is often the most economical and even most effective way
[00:59:28.990]to manage many of these diseases.
[00:59:31.580]So I would consider that first when selecting seed.
[00:59:35.470]We also have a number of cultural practices
[00:59:38.160]that can be effective,
[00:59:39.580]and this depends a lot on the systems
[00:59:42.650]and the farming practices of the local area.
[00:59:45.780]And so crop rotation is probably the most common way
[00:59:49.230]that we manage diseases out there.
[00:59:52.040]Most common crop rotation in Nebraska, of course,
[00:59:54.410]probably corn and soybean rotation.
[00:59:57.300]In many cases, tillage might be a way
[00:59:59.660]to reduce overwintering inoculum from one year to the next,
[01:00:03.800]but tillage is not often recommended
[01:00:05.730]because of some of the negative effects it can have.
[01:00:08.400]And so you should consider that carefully
[01:00:10.420]if you're in a specific area
[01:00:12.470]with soils vulnerable to that damage.
[01:00:15.140]Sanitation, the cleaning of equipment
[01:00:17.480]moving from one field to the next,
[01:00:19.470]can help slow movement of some pathogens,
[01:00:22.040]and so you should keep that in mind as well.
[01:00:25.090]We also know that a number of our important pathogens
[01:00:28.860]have wide host ranges,
[01:00:30.680]and so they may reproduce and infect common weed species.
[01:00:34.930]And so managing those species
[01:00:37.160]may actually help you reduce disease as well.
[01:00:40.350]In some cases, we can even modify the environment
[01:00:43.260]that crop is grown in.
[01:00:44.770]For example, many pathogens need wet conditions.
[01:00:47.980]And if you have chronically wet areas in fields
[01:00:51.450]that have consistent ponding,
[01:00:53.900]some people often tile those parts of the fields
[01:00:56.410]to improve drainage.
[01:00:59.130]We also commonly use a number of different chemical methods
[01:01:02.610]for managing our diseases, like the use of fungicides,
[01:01:06.750]either on the leaves or on the seed,
[01:01:08.770]bactericides, or even nematicides that are available to us.
[01:01:13.090]We also have a number of different biological compounds
[01:01:16.630]that contain living organisms
[01:01:18.550]that are antagonistic to some of the pathogens
[01:01:21.790]that we're trying to fight.
[01:01:23.800]Finally, there are a few physical and mechanical methods
[01:01:27.520]that may also be helpful in managing diseases.
[01:01:31.280]We often store dried grain
[01:01:33.210]or dry that grain to dryer moisture
[01:01:36.300]so it manages some of the grain mold diseases.
[01:01:39.940]In higher-value crops like fruits and vegetables,
[01:01:42.810]we often use soil sterilization
[01:01:44.960]either with heat, solarization, or even UV.
[01:01:48.680]Radiation and refrigeration of some crops like potatoes
[01:01:52.050]will also extend the life and reduce post-harvest diseases.
[01:01:58.060]Again, we have a number of, excuse me,
[01:02:00.350]a number of resources available to you
[01:02:03.050]in managing diseases and identifying them.
[01:02:06.060]Please go through this list
[01:02:07.610]and check out some of these free resources
[01:02:09.800]like the CropWatch website and newsletter,
[01:02:12.067]"Market Journal" videos.
[01:02:13.740]And also, we have a regional resource
[01:02:16.280]called the Crop Protection Network
[01:02:18.700]that has a lot of great resources to utilize.
[01:02:22.290]And so if you need to contact anybody for more help, though,
[01:02:25.370]please reach out to your local county extension office,
[01:02:28.770]or follow me on Twitter for more information.
[01:02:32.020]Thank you.
[01:02:33.123](upbeat music)
[01:02:41.530]Chapter five covers pesticide application equipment
[01:02:44.570]and contains the following learning objectives.
[01:02:47.140](upbeat music)
[01:03:04.120]Hello, my name's Greg Kruger.
[01:03:05.540]I'm the weed science
[01:03:06.550]and pesticide application technology specialist
[01:03:08.720]at the West Central Research Extension
[01:03:10.610]and Education Center in North Platte, Nebraska.
[01:03:13.340]And today, I'm gonna talk a little bit about nozzles,
[01:03:17.460]pesticide applications,
[01:03:19.320]when we should use different nozzles,
[01:03:22.250]when we should replace nozzles,
[01:03:23.650]and a little bit about how different nozzles
[01:03:26.620]influence droplet size.
[01:03:28.420]So without further ado, let's start to dig in.
[01:03:31.760]So we'll start the discussion
[01:03:34.460]with the different types of nozzles.
[01:03:35.797]And the first nozzle that I have here in my hand
[01:03:39.400]is just a standard flat-fan nozzle.
[01:03:42.540]And if we talk just briefly about nozzles,
[01:03:45.330]all nozzles are meant to atomize a liquid,
[01:03:49.660]which means we're gonna create particles or droplets
[01:03:53.090]as that liquid passes through this nozzle.
[01:03:55.670]So what we're gonna do
[01:03:56.503]is we're gonna pressurize that liquid,
[01:03:58.700]creating what we call hydraulic nozzle,
[01:04:01.130]pressurize that liquid against the orifice
[01:04:03.750]and force that liquid through.
[01:04:05.590]As we do that, so we create these droplets
[01:04:07.907]and we get a pattern.
[01:04:09.320]With this particular nozzle,
[01:04:11.250]we're gonna get a flat-fan pattern,
[01:04:13.300]which means that nozzle pattern
[01:04:15.460]is gonna open up horizontally,
[01:04:18.730]and it's gonna distribute across an area.
[01:04:23.040]When we run this nozzle through the field,
[01:04:24.433]it's gonna create a strip
[01:04:26.760]where we make that treatment then, yeah.
[01:04:30.940]If we look specifically at this nozzle,
[01:04:33.540]what we see is both the manufacturer,
[01:04:37.760]the fan angle, in this case, 110 degrees.
[01:04:41.140]The orifice size, in this case, so with this nozzle,
[01:04:44.080]it's a 015 or 0.15 gallon per minute.
[01:04:47.670]And then the type of nozzle we have.
[01:04:50.280]So this one says VS at the end, which is VisiFlo Stainless.
[01:04:54.320]The VisiFlo is telling me
[01:04:55.170]that this nozzle's color coded.
[01:04:56.890]So all green nozzles that we see
[01:04:58.720]that are in that VisiFlo system,
[01:05:00.220]tell me that, you know,
[01:05:01.650]we've got a 015 GPM.
[01:05:06.110]And then the S is telling me the tip material,
[01:05:08.070]in this case, stainless steel.
[01:05:10.890]Now, as we start to move through different nozzles,
[01:05:13.087]and we'll do this rather quickly,
[01:05:14.970]but here's a couple more standard hydraulic nozzles.
[01:05:18.620]These are XR, or extended range.
[01:05:22.144]I bring these up so that you can see
[01:05:23.230]what the different tip materials look like.
[01:05:26.440]In my right hand, or on the left side of the screen,
[01:05:29.090]you'll see a stainless steel nozzle like we had before.
[01:05:31.167]And in my left hand, or the right side of the screen,
[01:05:33.750]you'll see that ceramic nozzle tip we have here.
[01:05:38.680]Now, flat-fan nozzles are used
[01:05:43.190]in most broadcast applications in the US.
[01:05:45.790]So if we think about standard row crops,
[01:05:48.180]and in Nebraska, we've got lots of corn, soybeans, wheat,
[01:05:51.090]these are the types of nozzles
[01:05:52.190]that we're gonna be commonly using.
[01:05:55.940]There are many other types of nozzles out there.
[01:05:57.920]One of those are flood nozzles.
[01:05:59.700]We'll see these commonly used
[01:06:01.640]for high-volume applications,
[01:06:04.080]so if we're making fertilizer applications to row crops,
[01:06:07.210]if we're doing a range and pasture
[01:06:09.600]where we're dealing with high volumes,
[01:06:11.380]or roadsides and right-of-ways, things like that.
[01:06:14.360]These flood nozzles become a important tool in our arsenal.
[01:06:19.000]Basically, same kind of design.
[01:06:21.490]We've got an orifice
[01:06:22.360]that we're gonna pressurize the liquid through,
[01:06:24.370]but now on these types of nozzles,
[01:06:26.500]you usually see some sort of a deflection plate
[01:06:28.450]or something like that.
[01:06:29.900]They're also set up to handle high volumes.
[01:06:31.780]So we'll find that the coding on the back,
[01:06:34.430]or the lettering system, numbering system
[01:06:36.480]is gonna be a little bit different
[01:06:38.410]because the flow rates are so much higher
[01:06:40.720]with these types of nozzles.
[01:06:45.050]Next one we have here is a twin-fan nozzle.
[01:06:48.370]This nozzle is identical to the flat-fan nozzles
[01:06:52.430]we talked about before, in that it's gonna create a fan.
[01:06:55.490]But instead of just a single fan,
[01:06:57.220]these nozzles are gonna produce two fans.
[01:06:59.900]These nozzles are often used in situations
[01:07:01.990]where we want to try to maximize coverage.
[01:07:05.130]What we see is that the second fan
[01:07:07.440]helps mitigate gaps or skips.
[01:07:12.020]They also tend to produce smaller droplet sizes
[01:07:15.100]than single-fan nozzles.
[01:07:17.350]And that is a general rule,
[01:07:18.450]not a given fact for every nozzle.
[01:07:20.960]But as a general rule,
[01:07:22.120]they tend to create smaller droplet sizes,
[01:07:23.760]which helps us improve coverage.
[01:07:26.870]Now, the last one that I've kinda got in my arsenal here
[01:07:31.530]that I want to talk about
[01:07:32.640]before we get into some of the newer nozzle designs,
[01:07:35.640]is our banding nozzle.
[01:07:36.820]So the previous nozzles,
[01:07:38.810]the flat-fan nozzles we were looking at,
[01:07:40.460]were what we call broadcast nozzles.
[01:07:43.530]That's gonna be set up on a sprayer
[01:07:45.120]where we have multiple nozzles across the boom
[01:07:47.240]and we're treating an entire area.
[01:07:51.040]The particular nozzle I've got in my hand
[01:07:52.550]is a banding nozzle.
[01:07:54.010]The way we recognize that
[01:07:55.350]is if we look at the nomenclature,
[01:07:57.480]that etiology on that nozzle tip again,
[01:08:00.480]instead of just the VS that we saw on the earlier nozzle,
[01:08:03.330]we now have a little E in front of that
[01:08:05.270]after the fan angle and the orifice size.
[01:08:07.830]And that E tells me that this is an even-flow nozzle.
[01:08:10.870]And the even-flow nozzles are gonna be used to create bands.
[01:08:14.930]If we look close at the actual exit orifice,
[01:08:18.180]so we'll see that the exit orifice on this particular nozzle
[01:08:21.120]is a little square and a little less oval-shaped.
[01:08:24.280]And that's because we want the volume
[01:08:27.170]that's coming out across that pattern to be even.
[01:08:29.820]So we get the same amount of pesticide
[01:08:31.560]on the outside of the pattern as the center of the pattern,
[01:08:34.310]because there's not gonna be any overlap
[01:08:35.790]with these applications.
[01:08:37.020]And we're gonna use these to either treat an area
[01:08:39.710]right over the top of the row, for some pesticides,
[01:08:42.800]or we may wanna treat the area between the rows
[01:08:45.450]and not treat the actual crop.
[01:08:47.740]That's where these nozzles become a useful tool to us.
[01:08:52.680]Now, that's the basics of our standard hydraulic nozzles.
[01:08:57.810]Now I wanna talk just briefly
[01:08:59.420]about some of the other nozzle designs that we might see.
[01:09:02.470]So when we think about drift and drift management,
[01:09:07.200]nozzles are a very good tool to help us manage drift.
[01:09:10.830]And one of the ways that we can build nozzles
[01:09:14.380]or manufacture nozzles to help reduce drift
[01:09:16.320]is the use of air induction.
[01:09:18.260]On this particular nozzle,
[01:09:19.810]you'll see a little air induction port on the front side.
[01:09:22.770]That air induction port allows air into that nozzle
[01:09:25.520]between the pre-orifice and the exit orifice,
[01:09:28.310]allowing the pressure to be reduced on that spray liquid,
[01:09:32.410]giving us larger droplet sizes and therefore less drift.
[01:09:36.270]There's a number of these different nozzles
[01:09:38.410]out there on the market.
[01:09:39.430]And which one I would choose is gonna be dependent
[01:09:42.030]on the type of application I'm making.
[01:09:44.640]One of my favorite places to start
[01:09:48.118]is a nozzle like this.
[01:09:49.310]This is what we consider a second generation Venturi nozzle.
[01:09:53.430]This one, in this particular case, is an AIXR.
[01:09:57.370]This one's built by TeeJet.
[01:09:58.840]If I prefer Hypro GuardianAIR,
[01:10:01.810]or if I prefer Greenleaf,
[01:10:04.810]the AirMix are very similar to this.
[01:10:08.440]And this nozzle is gonna produce
[01:10:10.240]somewhere between a coarse and a very coarse spray droplet
[01:10:14.050]for most orifices and most pressures we operate at.
[01:10:16.910]So it gives me a good starting point
[01:10:18.760]for setting up that sprayer.
[01:10:20.380]Now, the one thing that I do wanna leave with all of you
[01:10:22.970]is that there isn't one right nozzle for all applications.
[01:10:26.590]So we need to tailor our nozzle selection
[01:10:30.230]for the particular application we're making.
[01:10:32.670]As we look at pesticide labels and things like that,
[01:10:34.560]we'll see recommendations in terms of droplet size
[01:10:38.808]and volume and things like that.
[01:10:40.487]And we need to be selecting those nozzles
[01:10:41.910]based on those types of parameters.
[01:10:45.000]Now, the next thing I want to talk a little bit about
[01:10:48.000]is how we get different droplet sizes.
[01:10:51.210]And the first one we've already clearly identified
[01:10:54.320]is the nozzle design.
[01:10:56.490]So if we use a standard flat-fan,
[01:10:58.570]we're gonna get small droplet sizes.
[01:11:00.460]As we move to air induction nozzles,
[01:11:03.630]we'll see the droplet size get larger and larger.
[01:11:06.290]So that nozzle design is the first starting point
[01:11:09.110]in terms of managing droplet size.
[01:11:12.080]The other things that we can do, orifice size is one.
[01:11:15.830]So if I used large orifice nozzles,
[01:11:17.790]I'm gonna see larger droplet sizes.
[01:11:21.560]The greater the flow rate that we get,
[01:11:23.640]the larger that droplet size is gonna be.
[01:11:26.220]If I think about a hot summer day, you know,
[01:11:29.760]if I'm sitting in the cold, it's hard to do.
[01:11:31.647]And I think about that hot summer day,
[01:11:33.130]I go out and turn on that garden hose.
[01:11:35.700]That garden hose is gonna produce
[01:11:37.110]extremely large droplets,
[01:11:38.620]but it's also got a very large orifice.
[01:11:40.820]As I start shrinking that orifice size down,
[01:11:42.610]I start forcing that liquid through a smaller orifice.
[01:11:44.490]That droplet size is gonna get smaller and smaller.
[01:11:47.240]The same thing is true with our nozzles.
[01:11:49.220]As we get that really small orifice size,
[01:11:51.341]we're gonna get really small droplets,
[01:11:52.580]just like we're moving our thumb
[01:11:55.050]across that water hose.
[01:11:59.180]Now, the next one that influences droplet size
[01:12:01.700]that we want to talk about is pressure.
[01:12:04.200]And pressure is a really key one,
[01:12:05.570]particularly as we think about our ground applications.
[01:12:09.060]And if I've got a few aerial applicators in there,
[01:12:11.770]take this one with a little bit of a caveat,
[01:12:13.580]but for ground applications, as we reduce pressure,
[01:12:17.350]we increase the droplet size.
[01:12:19.490]So, well, bringing that pressure down becomes critical.
[01:12:22.350]So anytime I have an opportunity to set up my application
[01:12:25.270]with a lower pressure, that's the way to go.
[01:12:27.590]Now, the fourth thing on my list,
[01:12:29.690]and the last one we want to talk about,
[01:12:31.210]is the use of different spray solutions
[01:12:34.974]and spray modifiers in the tank to modify droplet size.
[01:12:39.220]And in this particular case,
[01:12:40.860]we're usually talking about using something
[01:12:42.380]to increase droplet size, to reduce drift.
[01:12:45.080]And you'll see these commonly referred to as DRTs or DRAs,
[01:12:49.830]which are just short for drift-reduction technologies
[01:12:52.410]or drift-reducing adjuvants.
[01:12:55.212]And these can be a variety of different chemistries
[01:12:58.200]from oils to polymers to guar gums
[01:13:01.630]and a range of other things out there.
[01:13:03.940]But we add these things, as we add these things to the tank,
[01:13:06.670]generally, the viscosity of that tank solution goes up
[01:13:10.170]and the droplet size is gonna follow,
[01:13:12.210]getting larger and larger, and in turn, reducing drift.
[01:13:17.180]So the next thing we wanna talk about
[01:13:20.030]is drift and drift management.
[01:13:21.350]And we've talked a lot about the nozzle
[01:13:23.270]and the droplet size, and that's a critical factor.
[01:13:25.940]And there's, again,
[01:13:27.200]a lot of different nozzle types out there.
[01:13:29.650]We talked about the standard hydraulic flat-fans.
[01:13:32.450]We're gonna have hollow-cone nozzles,
[01:13:34.500]which are probably gonna produce even smaller droplets,
[01:13:37.360]in many cases, than the flat-fan nozzles.
[01:13:41.930]We're gonna have raindrop nozzles
[01:13:44.350]or right-of-way nozzles that we use to,
[01:13:49.411]boomless nozzles that we're gonna use
[01:13:50.470]to manage roadsides, ditches, things like that.
[01:13:53.370]Maybe make applications
[01:13:55.350]where we can't get a standard boom across.
[01:13:57.367]You know, just keep in mind
[01:13:58.945]there's a lot of different nozzles
[01:13:59.830]for a lot of different purposes out there.
[01:14:02.060]That nozzle's the first place I'm gonna start.
[01:14:04.210]And the droplet size is the first place I'm gonna start
[01:14:07.230]in terms of managing the off-target movement.
[01:14:09.580]So in later chapters,
[01:14:11.170]we're gonna talk more about the major factors
[01:14:13.450]that influence drift and off-target movement,
[01:14:17.730]particularly the environmental conditions
[01:14:19.300]and things like that.
[01:14:20.460]But now, before we get farther into this,
[01:14:23.480]is a good time to stop and talk a little bit about
[01:14:25.890]the two factors,
[01:14:29.220]or two different types of off-target movement.
[01:14:31.760]One being a physical particle drift,
[01:14:34.080]the other being vapor drift.
[01:14:35.580]And when we think about physical particle drift,
[01:14:37.850]we're talking about the particles or spray droplets
[01:14:41.420]that move off of the intended area
[01:14:43.720]at or near the time of application
[01:14:46.080]and those droplets being carried off via winds
[01:14:51.820]or other environmental phenomenon.
[01:14:55.020]When we talk about vapor drift, we're talking about
[01:14:57.200]the conversion of a liquid into a gas phase.
[01:15:00.840]That happens after that droplet's deposited
[01:15:04.420]into the target area.
[01:15:06.210]And then we're talking about it changing state.
[01:15:09.370]So it turns into a gas,
[01:15:12.070]that gas then moves off of the field
[01:15:14.860]after that droplet's deposited.
[01:15:16.770]So we're really talking about the difference
[01:15:18.760]between droplets that have deposited in the target area
[01:15:21.920]and droplets that convert to a gas and move off
[01:15:25.140]after the application.
[01:15:28.280]Now, when we think about physical particle drift,
[01:15:30.440]again, a number of different factors.
[01:15:33.940]The first starting point, again,
[01:15:35.360]and I just, I know I'm reemphasizing this,
[01:15:37.320]but it really starts with nozzle selection
[01:15:39.720]and making sure I get the right nozzles.
[01:15:42.710]There's a number of different nozzle types out there
[01:15:45.350]for a variety of different applications, again,
[01:15:47.960]and we wanna make sure that we choose
[01:15:50.070]that right nozzle for the right application.
[01:15:53.590]Now, the last thing before we kinda wrap up this chapter,
[01:15:57.230]I wanna talk about nozzle replacement.
[01:15:59.710]We've seen a variety of different situations
[01:16:02.550]where applicators either change their nozzles
[01:16:05.490]every year on a regular basis
[01:16:08.250]to applicators that believe
[01:16:09.310]that nozzles never need to be changed.
[01:16:11.520]And so we wanna talk about a little bit of a guideline
[01:16:13.580]that we can use in terms of deciding whether
[01:16:16.010]that nozzle needs to be replaced or not.
[01:16:18.520]First thing that we wanna do
[01:16:19.700]is inspect our nozzles for damage.
[01:16:21.780]So look and see if the pattern looks correct on it.
[01:16:27.120]If we've got plugged nozzles, worn nozzles,
[01:16:30.340]damaged nozzles in some way,
[01:16:32.660]we're gonna see that that pattern
[01:16:34.520]is not evenly distributed across that nozzle.
[01:16:38.870]So we'll see gaps where it looks like
[01:16:40.600]there's a heavier pesticide application load.
[01:16:43.600]We'll see places where it doesn't look like
[01:16:45.870]the pesticide is depositing at all
[01:16:48.880]underneath that sprayed area.
[01:16:51.960]The next thing we wanna do is determine
[01:16:53.520]whether the flow rate is correct.
[01:16:55.540]So the way we would encourage you to do that
[01:16:59.270]is to set that sprayer at a known pressure,
[01:17:03.000]calculate up how much you would expect to catch
[01:17:05.770]in a known amount of time,
[01:17:07.390]and then see how close you are.
[01:17:09.310]And as a general rule, what we use is a 10% rule.
[01:17:12.260]So if we see that a nozzle
[01:17:14.690]is emitting 10% or more of the volume
[01:17:19.240]that we expect to catch in that known period of time,
[01:17:22.110]that nozzle is now worn out, and it's time to replace it.
[01:17:25.390]The pattern may still look okay.
[01:17:27.930]We may be getting a good distribution,
[01:17:29.950]but that nozzle is, at this point, worn out,
[01:17:32.870]and we need to replace it.
[01:17:34.020]So again, first step is inspect the nozzles.
[01:17:37.595]And then the second step we wanna talk about there
[01:17:39.660]is really collecting the flow rate
[01:17:42.400]and making sure that we're getting
[01:17:44.240]what we expect out of that nozzle.
[01:17:46.500]So that kinda wraps up what we wanted to talk about
[01:17:49.950]in terms of nozzles.
[01:17:51.040]You'll find more supplemental information in the manual,
[01:17:55.230]and by all means, good luck with your spray applications.
[01:17:59.413](upbeat music)
[01:18:08.140]Calibration and pesticide application
[01:18:10.837]and the corresponding learning objectives
[01:18:12.710]are covered in chapter six.
[01:18:14.721](upbeat music)
[01:18:24.410]All right, welcome back.
[01:18:25.710]We've now moved from the spray lab
[01:18:28.690]into the mixing lab.
[01:18:30.470]And here, we're gonna talk a little bit about
[01:18:32.160]calibration and why calibration is so important.
[01:18:35.630]So calibration is merely making sure
[01:18:38.230]that that sprayer that we're using,
[01:18:41.274]the output from that sprayer is matching
[01:18:43.810]the amount of output that we intended
[01:18:45.910]to place on that field.
[01:18:46.980]So it involves a number of different steps,
[01:18:50.360]which you'll find in detail in the manual.
[01:18:52.860]And in that manual,
[01:18:54.850]it talks about how we can go through those calculations
[01:18:57.300]to make sure that output is right.
[01:18:58.650]But for the purpose of today,
[01:19:01.490]I really wanna make sure to emphasize how important it is
[01:19:04.410]to get the right output across the field.
[01:19:07.200]And there's a number of reasons that we'd want
[01:19:09.834]to make sure that sprayer's well calibrated.
[01:19:12.380]First off, if the sprayer's not calibrated correctly
[01:19:15.720]and we over apply,
[01:19:17.000]we run the risk of injuring the crop
[01:19:19.700]or actively growing vegetation and wildlife
[01:19:25.070]in that area that we make the application.
[01:19:29.550]It adds an added cost because we need more pesticide
[01:19:32.380]to treat that area.
[01:19:33.530]And the other thing is that
[01:19:36.780]it can lead to unintended effects,
[01:19:40.550]residual activity for subsequent crops and things like that,
[01:19:43.580]if we don't have the right calibration, we over apply.
[01:19:47.540]On the other side,
[01:19:48.710]if we don't have that sprayer properly calibrated,
[01:19:51.410]and we under apply,
[01:19:52.550]that can lead to a series of other different issues.
[01:19:55.530]Probably the biggest is
[01:19:56.680]that we don't completely kill that pest
[01:19:58.470]that we intended to kill.
[01:20:00.130]When we don't do that,
[01:20:02.330]we create a domino or a chain reaction.
[01:20:05.010]And we start to see a selection for resistance
[01:20:08.120]and that pesticide will no longer be viable
[01:20:10.570]for future applications.
[01:20:12.250]So making sure that we get the right amount of product
[01:20:14.540]across that area is absolutely critical.
[01:20:17.720]Now, as we start to talk about some of the details
[01:20:21.210]around pesticide applications and in calibration,
[01:20:25.820]it's important to have some sort of equipment
[01:20:28.620]to capture that spray coming out of that nozzle.
[01:20:31.450]So here we have a graduated cylinder, a beaker, a bucket,
[01:20:36.200]anything like that will work great,
[01:20:38.670]but we gotta have something to quantify
[01:20:41.160]how much is coming out.
[01:20:44.240]The other really essential tool for proper calibration
[01:20:48.250]and for our pesticide applications in general
[01:20:51.980]is a good scale.
[01:20:53.410]So anytime we're using dry products,
[01:20:56.896]it's important to make sure that we weigh out that product
[01:21:00.530]and make sure that we get the proper amount
[01:21:02.500]into the sprayer.
[01:21:03.980]Calibration one is making sure we got the right flow rates
[01:21:06.690]coming out of the sprayer,
[01:21:07.550]but it's also making sure we get the right things
[01:21:09.310]going into the sprayer.
[01:21:10.730]So a calibrated scale becomes really important
[01:21:15.480]to make sure that we've got the right amount of product
[01:21:18.220]going into that sprayer.
[01:21:19.990]The last thing we wanna talk about
[01:21:22.220]in regards to this calibration step,
[01:21:25.370]is making sure that the volume
[01:21:27.840]that we're putting into the sprayer is the correct volume,
[01:21:31.210]or making sure that the markings
[01:21:33.000]for whatever scale we're using are correctly marked.
[01:21:36.180]Always take time when you get a new sprayer to go through,
[01:21:39.820]add a known volume in,
[01:21:40.870]and make sure that the markings on that sprayer are correct.
[01:21:45.160]Now, for the next part of this chapter,
[01:21:47.840]we're gonna talk about some environmental conditions,
[01:21:50.220]and we're gonna move outside to do that.
[01:21:53.650]All right, here we are outside.
[01:21:55.780]Today, you can see we've got a little bit of a breeze
[01:21:58.390]in the background, but it's not strong.
[01:22:01.650]Fortunately, the trees aren't bending over.
[01:22:03.570]And so this is a good time to start talking about
[01:22:06.030]what kind of environmental conditions might be conducive
[01:22:08.680]for a pesticide application.
[01:22:10.420]So the first thing we wanna talk about is
[01:22:14.634]the four factors that we can do to reduce drift.
[01:22:16.897]And we're gonna kind of weave in
[01:22:18.180]a little bit of a discussion about what to look for
[01:22:21.020]and what to do in different situations as we do that.
[01:22:24.000]So when we talk about pesticide applications,
[01:22:26.310]the first thing in terms of drift
[01:22:28.580]and off-target movement management,
[01:22:31.001]we kinda need to refer back to the previous chapter
[01:22:33.130]where we talk about droplet size.
[01:22:35.280]Again, larger droplet sizes lead to less drift,
[01:22:38.090]and that can be done through
[01:22:39.460]a variety of different processes that we talked about
[01:22:43.130]in the previous chapter.
[01:22:44.750]The second one on our list,
[01:22:46.100]and this one becomes the most critical
[01:22:48.780]for an applicator to monitor in the field,
[01:22:51.370]is wind speed and wind direction.
[01:22:53.370]So know where the wind's moving to
[01:22:56.260]and how strong it's moving.
[01:22:58.260]So today we look around, we see a little bit of a breeze,
[01:23:01.440]this is fantastic.
[01:23:02.540]We want a little bit of a breeze,
[01:23:05.340]but we don't want it too windy.
[01:23:07.100]So you'll see on most pesticide labels,
[01:23:09.760]they cut off at 10 mile an hour, 15 mile an hour winds.
[01:23:13.860]That's because as the wind speed goes up,
[01:23:16.110]the drift potential is going to get higher and higher,
[01:23:19.134]and we're gonna see more and more off-target movement.
[01:23:20.610]So we don't want strong windy days,
[01:23:22.540]but we do want a little bit of wind, too.
[01:23:26.910]On some pesticide labels, you'll see the winds need to be
[01:23:30.690]between 3 and 10 mile an hour,
[01:23:32.200]or at 3 and 15 mile an hour, things like that.
[01:23:34.500]And so the reason they cut us off
[01:23:37.050]at wind speeds of less than three mile an hour
[01:23:39.970]is when we get stable conditions or no wind,
[01:23:45.174]it really is an environment that's conducive
[01:23:47.150]for temperature inversions.
[01:23:48.980]So if we think about a temperature inversion
[01:23:51.250]for just a moment,
[01:23:52.280]we're talking about a warm air layer trapped
[01:23:55.800]in a cool air layer.
[01:23:57.220]Under normal conditions, that warm air is gonna continue
[01:23:59.380]to rise up through the environment.
[01:24:01.760]With an inversion, that cool air gets trapped
[01:24:05.470]at or near the surface.
[01:24:07.230]And when we do that, it creates a boundary.
[01:24:09.640]Well, all those small spray particles that are coming
[01:24:12.630]from that application we're making
[01:24:14.800]will get entrained or caught in that boundary layer
[01:24:18.750]between the warm air and cool air,
[01:24:20.650]and then they disperse out.
[01:24:21.970]And that is probably the most dangerous type of situation
[01:24:26.030]that we can make a pesticide application in
[01:24:28.160]because where the pesticide goes
[01:24:30.650]when we spray into an aversion is anybody's guess.
[01:24:33.470]And it really has to do with where the winds start to blow
[01:24:37.020]when that inversion breaks up.
[01:24:38.330]So if we have a little bit of wind,
[01:24:41.130]we know that drift is gonna move downwind.
[01:24:45.160]When there's no wind,
[01:24:46.430]we have absolutely no idea or no control
[01:24:48.920]over where that pesticide is going to move to.
[01:24:51.050]So whatever you do,
[01:24:53.820]be cautious that you're not making applications
[01:24:56.050]inversion conditions.
[01:24:57.370]When that wind is less than three mile per hour,
[01:24:59.290]that's one of those situations where it's best to avoid
[01:25:02.810]making applications in those types of situations.
[01:25:06.510]Number three on our list,
[01:25:08.590]we've talked about droplet size,
[01:25:09.830]now, wind speed and wind direction.
[01:25:12.180]The third one on our list that we wanna talk about
[01:25:14.380]is boom height.
[01:25:15.640]And when we think about boom height,
[01:25:17.380]the closer we get to the target,
[01:25:19.900]the less drift we're gonna have.
[01:25:22.400]Now, we can certainly get too low.
[01:25:24.100]If we get that boom dropping into the ground,
[01:25:26.440]we can cause damage to the boom or things like that.
[01:25:29.450]When you get too close to the ground,
[01:25:30.470]we don't get that right overlapping pattern
[01:25:32.460]on broadcast applications.
[01:25:34.350]So there's a minimum boom height
[01:25:36.040]that we wanna make sure we maintain,
[01:25:39.431]but we don't wanna get that boom 6, 8, 10 foot in the air
[01:25:43.760]for ground applications either
[01:25:45.010]because we just increased the potential risk
[01:25:48.230]of off-target movement.
[01:25:49.770]Now, one of the best ways to make sure
[01:25:51.810]that we don't get that boom higher than needed
[01:25:54.910]is to slow down.
[01:25:56.080]So we talk about application speed,
[01:25:58.547]and the faster we go, as a general rule,
[01:26:01.070]the higher we see that boom go.
[01:26:02.510]So anytime we have the opportunity
[01:26:04.540]to slow that application down a little bit,
[01:26:07.370]the better off we'll be.
[01:26:09.710]What the right application speed is going to be
[01:26:12.450]is gonna be dependent on the volume you're making
[01:26:15.490]in your application, the type of equipment you're using,
[01:26:18.370]how big the boom is.
[01:26:19.690]But always, whenever possible, consider slowing.
[01:26:22.530]I know that's a painful message to hear for applicators
[01:26:26.020]that have a lot of acres to cover
[01:26:28.160]in a pretty short period of time.
[01:26:29.400]But again, use good judgment.
[01:26:32.450]One of the things you can do
[01:26:33.860]if we're kinda logically thinking through that application,
[01:26:37.410]if I'm on the downwind edge
[01:26:38.840]where the drift risk is the highest,
[01:26:40.500]maybe I can make one or two passes on that downwind edge
[01:26:43.160]at a little bit slower speed,
[01:26:44.530]and then speed up as I go farther through the field
[01:26:48.100]where there's less risk of off-target movement.
[01:26:51.060]Now, the last one on my list, and we've got four here,
[01:26:54.760]is really around buffer zones.
[01:26:56.210]And buffers give us an area where that pesticide can land
[01:27:00.620]where it's not gonna cause undue or unnecessary risks
[01:27:04.140]to the environment.
[01:27:05.460]Most of the time, the necessary buffers are going to be
[01:27:08.220]spelled out on the label.
[01:27:09.800]But for every pesticide applicator,
[01:27:12.190]for every single pesticide application they make,
[01:27:14.970]you should take time to scout out,
[01:27:17.370]particularly the downwind edge,
[01:27:18.690]but all of the edges of the field or area
[01:27:22.160]that you're gonna be treating
[01:27:23.430]to understand what's around you
[01:27:24.487]and what those risks might be.
[01:27:26.550]There's a number of different resources out there
[01:27:29.531]and helping identify risk areas
[01:27:32.990]and where different things might become problematic.
[01:27:37.540]Use those resources,
[01:27:40.027]and be safe when you make those pesticide applications.
[01:27:44.230]Guys, I hope you have a lots of success
[01:27:46.610]in the applications you've made.
[01:27:48.155](upbeat music)
[01:27:56.650]Pesticide laws and regulations and environmental safety
[01:27:59.770]is covered in chapter seven.
[01:28:01.610]Remember, the learning objectives are found
[01:28:03.550]in the corresponding manual chapter
[01:28:05.170]for you to follow along with.
[01:28:07.059](upbeat music)
[01:28:21.990]Hi, I'm Libby Smith
[01:28:23.080]with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture's
[01:28:25.350]Pesticide Program.
[01:28:26.640]And today I'm here to talk to you
[01:28:27.940]about some of the rules and regulations
[01:28:30.120]you might come across while performing
[01:28:31.760]ag plant applications.
[01:28:34.360]First off, the importance of record keeping.
[01:28:36.730]All applications of restricted-use pesticides
[01:28:39.240]must be kept on record for a minimum of three years.
[01:28:42.540]These records serve as documentation
[01:28:44.670]in case you ever are the victim,
[01:28:47.800]in case you ever have a complaint filed against you
[01:28:51.450]or a lawsuit.
[01:28:53.330]Records help determine which pesticide treatments work
[01:28:58.310]and which do not.
[01:28:59.660]They help plan for future purchases
[01:29:02.420]and can be provided to hospital staff
[01:29:04.500]in the event of an emergency.
[01:29:07.690]Personal protective equipment is designed
[01:29:10.370]to protect the applicator when applying pesticides.
[01:29:13.540]Pesticides most commonly enter the body through ingestion,
[01:29:17.460]inhalation, and through the skin and eyes,
[01:29:19.930]which is known as dermally.
[01:29:25.910]The Worker Protection Standards, also known as WPS,
[01:29:29.120]are put in place to help protect agricultural employees
[01:29:32.830]while on the job.
[01:29:35.830]Any products that are labeled for agricultural sites
[01:29:39.360]will contain a Agricultural Use Requirements
[01:29:42.950]that will include all the WPS language.
[01:29:49.110]WPS defines agricultural workers as those performing tasks
[01:29:53.090]that may put them in contact with pesticides.
[01:29:57.840]This includes tasks such as harvesting, growing, potting,
[01:30:02.240]watering, or any other task directly related
[01:30:06.080]to the production of agricultural plants
[01:30:08.240]on an agricultural establishment.
[01:30:11.020]WPS defines agricultural handlers as those
[01:30:14.510]that come in direct contact with pesticides,
[01:30:17.270]either by applying, mixing, loading,
[01:30:21.770]cleaning or repairing pesticide application equipment,
[01:30:24.720]or assisting with the application of pesticides.
[01:30:31.010]All workers and handlers must receive annual WPS training.
[01:30:36.660]This training must be given to them
[01:30:38.990]before they are allowed to work,
[01:30:40.350]and there is no grace period.
[01:30:42.040]Only a qualified trainer or certified applicators
[01:30:45.170]may provide the training.
[01:30:46.920]And the training must be given using EPA-approved material.
[01:30:51.540]All training records must be kept for a minimum of two years
[01:30:55.460]and available to EPA or NDA upon request.
[01:31:00.790]WPS also has restricted entry intervals.
[01:31:05.110]You will find this
[01:31:05.943]in the Agricultural Use Requirement box as well.
[01:31:10.000]And it is a specific amount of time that must pass
[01:31:13.150]between the application of a pesticide
[01:31:15.240]and when workers are allowed to reenter the field.
[01:31:21.080]EPA does allow for exceptions under certain conditions
[01:31:24.890]when the workers are equipped with the correct PPE.
[01:31:28.000]These workers are known as early entry workers.
[01:31:31.990]A new addition to the WPS rule
[01:31:34.320]is the Application Exclusion Zone, or AEZ.
[01:31:38.240]The AEZ is a moving zone
[01:31:41.040]that follows the application equipment through the field.
[01:31:45.430]The AEZ zone only applies during the active application.
[01:31:50.930]Here's an example of an aerial application
[01:31:53.560]with the AEZ in red.
[01:31:57.160]It is the applicator's responsibility to ensure
[01:32:00.120]that no workers in the field come in contact with the AEZ.
[01:32:05.700]The applicator must suspend the application
[01:32:08.640]to ask the workers to move
[01:32:11.520]or to confirm that the pesticide will not come in contact
[01:32:15.230]with the workers.
[01:32:18.670]The AEZ is measured from the outside nozzle
[01:32:21.210]of the spray equipment
[01:32:22.480]and moves along with the equipment
[01:32:24.120]as the application is being made.
[01:32:26.460]The AEZ is based on the application type.
[01:32:29.970]Aircrafts, air blasters, fumigants, mists or sprays
[01:32:33.980]are gonna have a different sized zone
[01:32:36.430]than that of a backpack sprayer or tractor.
[01:32:41.060]The AEZ does not apply for indoor or enclosed spaces.
[01:32:45.190]These spaces will have their own
[01:32:47.200]restricted entry intervals.
[01:32:51.760]Nebraska also regulates 12 different noxious weeds.
[01:32:55.680]The term noxious is described as harmful or destructive,
[01:32:59.280]and it is a legal term to designate these pests.
[01:33:03.890]Specific pests are determined,
[01:33:08.349]specific pests that are determined to pose a threat
[01:33:11.410]on the economic social or aesthetic wellbeing
[01:33:14.060]of the residents of the states are declared noxious.
[01:33:16.950]Noxious weeds compete with pastures and crops,
[01:33:20.530]reducing yields, and some are poisonous and injurious
[01:33:23.970]to humans, livestock, and wildlife.
[01:33:28.870]Nebraska's 12 noxious weeds are Canada thistle,
[01:33:33.700]leafy spurge, musk thistle, plumeless thistle,
[01:33:39.510]spotted knapweed, diffused knapweed,
[01:33:44.310]purple loosestrife, saltcedar,
[01:33:49.670]phragmites, Japanese knotweed,
[01:33:54.770]giant knotweed, and Chinese bushclover.
[01:34:00.300]We can't talk about the use of ag pesticides
[01:34:03.010]without talking about water pollution.
[01:34:05.610]There are two types of water pollution,
[01:34:08.110]point source and non-point source water pollution.
[01:34:11.400]Point source pollution has a definite source
[01:34:14.640]of the pollution, such as a spill
[01:34:16.930]or cracked tank in the application equipment.
[01:34:20.353]A non-point source pollution example is harder to identify,
[01:34:25.310]such as water runoff into a nearby stream.
[01:34:30.000]Water runoff is described as the movement of water
[01:34:32.610]and its associated materials on the soil surface.
[01:34:36.130]There are management tools and techniques
[01:34:38.020]to help protect water.
[01:34:39.250]These include terracing and conservation tillage practices,
[01:34:44.720]planting buffer strips,
[01:34:46.370]and timely applications of pesticides
[01:34:49.080]according to the weather.
[01:34:52.160]Field characteristics such as soil texture, percent slope,
[01:34:56.240]percentage of organic matter, and the persistence of cracks,
[01:35:00.030]also play a part in creating
[01:35:02.240]each site's unique soil potential for runoff.
[01:35:09.270]Pesticides' ability to move through the soil
[01:35:11.650]is known as its solubility, persistence, and absorption.
[01:35:15.770]Knowing these three properties
[01:35:17.310]will help you make an educated decision
[01:35:19.650]on which pesticide to apply and when.
[01:35:24.180]Thank you, and remember to apply pesticides safely.
[01:35:27.596](upbeat music)
[01:35:36.530]We've heard a lot of valuable information today.
[01:35:38.860]We hope that this information helps you
[01:35:40.640]make good, safe decisions
[01:35:42.780]when dealing with agricultural pests.
[01:35:44.893](upbeat music)

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01 Agricultural Pest control Plant Initial 2021

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