04 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control 2022

Frank Bright Author

12/16/2021 Added

166 Plays

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04 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control updated for the 2022 training season.

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[00:00:00.704](gentle music)
[00:00:17.130]Hello, and welcome to Pesticide Applicator
[00:00:19.390]Recertification Training
[00:00:20.960]for category 04 on your license, Ornamental and Turf.
[00:00:25.080]Today, we will hear from experts on plant biology,
[00:00:28.980]their growth, control method,
[00:00:31.400]and new and different technologies
[00:00:32.840]to help maintain your ornamental and turf landscape.
[00:00:36.080]This training will provide a valuable review
[00:00:38.570]of new practices and some that you may already be using.
[00:00:43.300]Please enjoy.
[00:00:55.930]My name is Kyle Broderick and I am the plant diagnostician
[00:00:59.550]and coordinator of the Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic
[00:01:02.680]at the University of Nebraska Lincoln.
[00:01:05.090]And today we're going to be talking about pesticide use
[00:01:07.810]and integrated pest management within a lot
[00:01:10.790]of our urban landscape environments.
[00:01:14.030]Now, there are a few things that bring joy,
[00:01:17.473]as much as a well-kept and disease-free landscape.
[00:01:23.130]Unfortunately,
[00:01:24.850]insect pests, diseases are an unfortunate part of life,
[00:01:29.700]and we have to deal with them, all the time when managing
[00:01:33.920]any of these landscapes, whether it is a park,
[00:01:36.740]a golf course or your own backyard.
[00:01:40.420]Now proper management of these of these pests
[00:01:43.570]is also heavily important
[00:01:45.930]just because we have a pest present,
[00:01:48.330]does not always mean that control is warranted
[00:01:52.119]for this pest or disease.
[00:01:55.840]And in making that determination of whether or not
[00:01:59.320]we need to implement a management practice
[00:02:02.560]can also be one of the most difficult aspects
[00:02:06.860]of developing a integrated pest management program.
[00:02:11.130]So what is IPM, well integrated pest management
[00:02:15.250]is an approach that as the name implies,
[00:02:17.610]seeks to manage the pests and diseases in a landscape,
[00:02:21.000]as opposed to completely eliminating them,
[00:02:24.520]just because of pest or disease is present in the landscape,
[00:02:29.700]doesn't always mean that we necessarily will need
[00:02:31.830]to manage for them, however,
[00:02:33.940]just that we're trying to keep their levels
[00:02:37.180]low enough that we won't see damage occurring,
[00:02:40.040]or at least that we won't see an unacceptable
[00:02:44.150]amount of damage occurring.
[00:02:45.910]And we can implement an IPM approach
[00:02:49.950]by focusing on a few steps.
[00:02:52.910]And so the first step is correct identification
[00:02:55.790]of the problem, we need to know,
[00:02:58.370]is this an insect pest that we're dealing with?
[00:03:01.840]Is it a disease, is it fungal?
[00:03:04.100]Is it bacterial?
[00:03:05.630]Is it a nematode or is it something abiotic
[00:03:08.740]or environmental that we are dealing with?
[00:03:11.190]Understanding what that problem is
[00:03:14.520]and correctly identifying that problem is always
[00:03:17.410]the first step to any sort of management program.
[00:03:20.670]And once we have properly identified
[00:03:23.256]whatever pester problem is in the landscape,
[00:03:27.210]now we can start to develop our management program.
[00:03:30.350]And once we've identified the problem,
[00:03:33.020]now we need to be out monitoring for these pests.
[00:03:35.760]Many of our insect pests and diseases,
[00:03:38.900]lifecycle is highly dependent on the environment,
[00:03:42.480]how much moisture we have,
[00:03:43.840]certain temperature conditions as well,
[00:03:46.490]and their life cycle will depend
[00:03:48.300]much more on the environment than any sort of calendar date.
[00:03:51.520]So making sure that we are out in the landscape, monitoring
[00:03:55.550]or sampling for these diseases are pests
[00:03:58.480]as opposed to making an application
[00:04:00.480]purely based on a calendar date,
[00:04:02.960]is heavily or highly important.
[00:04:06.540]We also wanna try to establish some sort of management
[00:04:09.870]or some sort of management or damage threshold.
[00:04:13.940]So basically a level at which,
[00:04:16.990]if we see more damage than this occurring,
[00:04:19.820]that's when we'll start to implement
[00:04:21.380]one of our management practices.
[00:04:23.740]And once we've implemented a management practice,
[00:04:26.160]we always need to evaluate that management.
[00:04:29.860]If it's not working, maybe it's time to go back
[00:04:32.480]to the drawing board and develop a new program.
[00:04:38.280]Now, there are many tools that are available
[00:04:41.070]in integrated pest management
[00:04:42.520]when it comes to managing these pests,
[00:04:45.390]pesticides are a very important aspect
[00:04:48.930]of integrated pest management.
[00:04:51.190]However, often, really pesticides should only be used
[00:04:55.550]as a last control option, when we have already utilized
[00:05:01.670]a lot of our non-chemical controls,
[00:05:03.730]some of these non-chemical control options
[00:05:06.340]would be looking at cultural controls.
[00:05:08.780]And so making sure that we are managing
[00:05:10.650]our moisture properly, that we're managing fertility,
[00:05:14.510]having a balanced fertility,
[00:05:16.830]greatly reduces a lot of excess stress on plants
[00:05:21.520]and allows them to fight off any diseases
[00:05:24.320]or insect damage a little bit better.
[00:05:28.860]In addition to our cultural controls,
[00:05:31.170]we also have genetic resistance that's available as well.
[00:05:34.860]If this is a chronic problem that you've been dealing with
[00:05:37.500]in an area, year after year after year,
[00:05:40.910]instead of continuing to manage that problem, instead,
[00:05:44.840]maybe let's start thinking about a replacement plant,
[00:05:47.310]if possible, maybe we can have a completely different
[00:05:51.990]species of plant that's better suited
[00:05:53.770]for the individual stresses, or we can find a plant
[00:05:57.980]of the same species that's resistant
[00:06:00.100]to whatever the main problems are in an area.
[00:06:04.280]As I mentioned, chemistry's are certainly
[00:06:07.520]a valuable part of any IPM program.
[00:06:11.340]However, really they should be used as a last resort.
[00:06:17.990]And the reason for this is many of the problems
[00:06:21.210]that come into the diagnostic clinic,
[00:06:23.370]whether it's an insect issue or a disease,
[00:06:27.420]the main problem is something environmental
[00:06:29.910]or abiotic or caused by a non-living factor,
[00:06:34.010]roughly 80% of the samples
[00:06:35.910]that come through the diagnostic clinic,
[00:06:37.860]the main problem is not caused by a disease,
[00:06:40.890]is not caused by an insect,
[00:06:42.650]instead it's caused by the general environment
[00:06:45.580]that the plant is growing in.
[00:06:47.145]It's making it more susceptible to these insects
[00:06:50.770]or disease problems.
[00:06:52.690]By managing these other environmental problems
[00:06:56.320]that the plant is suffering from,
[00:06:58.860]that makes it much more resistant
[00:07:00.770]to many of our diseases and insects.
[00:07:03.280]And we may not even need to apply some of these chemistries
[00:07:06.100]if we have taken care of the cultural controls necessary.
[00:07:11.970]As we were thinking about using pesticides
[00:07:14.340]to control any of our problems in our landscapes,
[00:07:19.260]responsible pesticide use
[00:07:21.100]is always something to keep in mind.
[00:07:23.760]And that responsible use always starts
[00:07:26.770]with following the label.
[00:07:28.260]Remember, the label is law.
[00:07:30.370]And so we need to make sure
[00:07:31.390]that we're following the label in regards to dosage.
[00:07:34.150]So making sure that we're applying the correct rate
[00:07:37.250]in a given area for a given pest and plant,
[00:07:40.740]but in addition to following those dosage recommendations,
[00:07:43.910]we also need to be looking at some other things
[00:07:46.180]on the pesticide label.
[00:07:48.170]What is the environment doing?
[00:07:50.454]Are the environmental conditions today
[00:07:54.830]suitable to apply this pesticide?
[00:07:57.840]It's not too hot, it's not too windy, it's not too wet.
[00:08:01.540]If we ignore some of these environmental aspects
[00:08:05.060]that are on the label, phytotoxicity may occur,
[00:08:08.090]or we may just have an ineffective pesticide application.
[00:08:12.920]Now, in addition to following that pesticide label,
[00:08:16.170]we also want to be using different tank mixes.
[00:08:19.730]And so mixing different active ingredients
[00:08:22.710]or different pesticide groups as possible,
[00:08:26.440]or if that's not an option, that we are rotating
[00:08:29.950]the pesticide groups when making multiple applications
[00:08:33.070]in a given year.
[00:08:34.560]By using tank mixes with different pesticide groups
[00:08:38.380]or rotating that active ingredient,
[00:08:40.950]that greatly reduces the likelihood that any of our pests
[00:08:44.370]will develop resistance to our pesticides,
[00:08:48.237]rendering them useless.
[00:08:50.700]And finally, we're only going to be applying
[00:08:55.740]any of these pesticides when warranted based on risk,
[00:08:59.870]which is also known as one of our action thresholds.
[00:09:04.370]Now unfortunately, it can be difficult
[00:09:06.710]to determine your action threshold
[00:09:08.470]without knowing exactly what the problem is.
[00:09:12.020]So on-site diagnostics becomes very, very important
[00:09:15.931]when looking at your overall landscape.
[00:09:20.380]Symptoms of different diseases or insects
[00:09:23.530]can look very similar to each other.
[00:09:26.090]Some of these symptoms may also mimic
[00:09:28.420]different environmental conditions.
[00:09:30.690]For example, if you have a row of lilacs
[00:09:35.370]and the leaves are beginning to turn black,
[00:09:38.320]this may be caused by bacterial blight of lilacs,
[00:09:42.330]or it could be caused by a fungal leaf spot
[00:09:45.270]or it could be caused by cold temperatures,
[00:09:48.660]all three different causes
[00:09:51.570]on lilacs that they result in very similar symptoms.
[00:09:56.743]Misidentifying the cause of those symptoms
[00:09:59.500]will render any management useless,
[00:10:02.590]trying to manage a bacterial disease
[00:10:05.010]with the fungicide just does not work.
[00:10:07.750]And if it's environmental,
[00:10:09.630]no amount of chemistries
[00:10:11.860]that you apply will ever get those leaves to return.
[00:10:17.610]So the questions to ask
[00:10:20.770]when we're at our site and doing our diagnostics,
[00:10:24.580]the first question is, what plant am I dealing with?
[00:10:28.520]This may seem very basic,
[00:10:30.580]but it's one of the most common problems
[00:10:32.760]that we see in the diagnostic clinic,
[00:10:35.030]knowing what the exact plant,
[00:10:36.670]knowing not only what the plant is,
[00:10:39.460]but also knowing what variety or cultivar it is,
[00:10:43.320]gives you an indication of its environmental requirements,
[00:10:49.220]how much moisture it needs,
[00:10:50.530]what sort of fertility is required
[00:10:52.300]for this plant to grow properly.
[00:10:54.460]But it also helps tell us what's normal for this plant.
[00:10:57.880]If we have an evergreen and we're seeing
[00:11:01.320]the internal needles start to turn yellow
[00:11:03.960]and drop, is that concerning?
[00:11:07.600]Possibly, if we're seeing that internal needle drop
[00:11:11.300]occurring on a pine tree, that's perfectly normal.
[00:11:14.350]As most pines only hold onto their needles
[00:11:16.610]for a couple of years.
[00:11:18.140]And they'll shed those internal internal needles
[00:11:21.160]when they're no longer needed.
[00:11:23.050]However, if you're seeing this needle drop
[00:11:25.730]occurring on a spruce tree, now that's more concerning,
[00:11:29.470]as spruces tend to hold onto their needles much longer.
[00:11:33.330]In addition to having an idea of what's normal for a plant,
[00:11:37.290]knowing exactly what the plant is
[00:11:39.580]also gives us a list of key pests or diseases
[00:11:43.810]that may be present.
[00:11:45.410]Knowing what the common diseases are, chances are,
[00:11:48.660]what we are dealing with will be one of our common diseases
[00:11:52.890]as opposed to something brand new and unique.
[00:11:55.420]And the next question that I always ask
[00:11:57.172]is what does it look like?
[00:12:00.210]And so what sort of symptoms are we seeing?
[00:12:02.057]Are we seeing general dieback occurring?
[00:12:04.760]Are we seeing general leaf spots?
[00:12:07.100]Is there just a dead patch that's occurring?
[00:12:10.450]Identifying those symptoms is very important,
[00:12:13.720]but identifying those symptoms
[00:12:15.810]from different scales is critical also.
[00:12:19.570]And so the first scale, what are those symptoms look like
[00:12:22.330]from an entire landscape perspective?
[00:12:25.100]Are there any environmental conditions
[00:12:27.970]that may be influencing plant health in the landscape,
[00:12:30.510]such as low areas or water runoff
[00:12:34.390]that could be predisposing the plant to infection.
[00:12:38.330]Once we've looked at the entire landscape scale,
[00:12:41.230]then we wanna dig down and look at the entire plant.
[00:12:46.070]And where on the plant are we see an injury occur?
[00:12:48.820]Is it primarily at an injury to the roots or crown?
[00:12:53.715]Is it an issue that we're seeing in the foliage?
[00:12:56.720]Is it up at the top of the plant
[00:12:58.660]or is it primarily affecting the flowers
[00:13:01.940]or reproductive structures of the plant?
[00:13:04.720]Different insects and different diseases
[00:13:08.050]tend to attack different parts of the plant
[00:13:10.040]and knowing which part is being attacked
[00:13:13.780]can help you narrow down which pest
[00:13:15.760]or disease you are dealing with.
[00:13:17.910]And then finally,
[00:13:18.800]once we've looked at the overall landscape,
[00:13:21.060]looked at the entire plant,
[00:13:22.840]then we want look at those individual plant parts.
[00:13:25.600]And where on the individual plant parts
[00:13:27.630]are we seen injury occurring.
[00:13:29.730]If we're seeing very uniform injury
[00:13:31.790]occurring on the plant parts,
[00:13:33.620]maybe it's an antibiotic problem.
[00:13:37.090]As many of our diseases tend to show up
[00:13:39.450]a little bit more random, and they're not near as uniform.
[00:13:43.540]Once we've looked at the plant and recognized symptoms
[00:13:46.140]at these three different scales,
[00:13:48.400]then we can start to look for actual evidence
[00:13:50.920]of any pest or insect on that plant.
[00:13:54.820]Maybe we're able to see some of the cottony,
[00:13:57.060]cobwebby type growth that's often associated
[00:13:59.530]with fungal diseases,
[00:14:01.220]or maybe we can see some fungal fruiting structures,
[00:14:04.260]maybe they're black specs that are often found
[00:14:07.410]with many of our fungal diseases
[00:14:09.690]or possibly are seen insect eggs or the frass
[00:14:13.440]or insect poop that's there,
[00:14:15.150]or maybe they're cast skins or the insect itself.
[00:14:19.881]Looking for that specific evidence is very, very important.
[00:14:25.250]And so once we properly identify the plant,
[00:14:28.530]looked at symptoms, symptoms on the plant,
[00:14:32.100]symptoms across the entire entire environment
[00:14:34.830]and symptoms on individual plant parts,
[00:14:37.890]also evaluated the entire environment
[00:14:40.510]to see if there's any adverse conditions
[00:14:44.380]that may predispose the plants to infection.
[00:14:48.270]And then we've looked for physical evidence
[00:14:50.080]of the pest on the plant,
[00:14:52.620]then we can put it all together and hopefully,
[00:14:55.498]that will lead us to a good answer
[00:15:01.140]for what the primary problem that we're seeing is.
[00:15:07.780]If you've asked all these questions
[00:15:09.250]and you're still not able
[00:15:10.260]to come up with a conclusion as to what the pest is,
[00:15:13.890]then we always have our local extension office
[00:15:17.830]that can provide support
[00:15:19.490]or the plant in pest diagnostic clinic.
[00:15:22.690]We do have a nice QR code that can be followed
[00:15:29.664]to go to the plant and pest diagnostic clinics website,
[00:15:33.204]as well as contact information can be seen
[00:15:36.120]on the slide provided.
[00:15:39.750]So once we have properly identified the problem,
[00:15:43.170]now it's time to develop our action threshold.
[00:15:46.460]As I mentioned earlier,
[00:15:47.770]we don't have a lot of great action thresholds
[00:15:50.350]for many of our landscape or ornamental plants.
[00:15:54.520]We have action thresholds for a lot of agronomic plants,
[00:15:57.730]but not so much with things in the landscape.
[00:16:01.120]And the reason for this is that there just has not
[00:16:03.140]been the research done to say that if we have,
[00:16:10.290]this amount of disease occurring on a plant
[00:16:12.563]then we will see this amount of injury occur.
[00:16:17.100]And so often these action thresholds
[00:16:19.010]will need to be developed for each individual situation
[00:16:23.170]based on conversations with the clientele,
[00:16:25.870]to determine how much injury is deemed acceptable
[00:16:30.660]in their specific situations.
[00:16:34.070]And often these action thresholds will not only be
[00:16:36.899]how much damage we are seeing,
[00:16:41.040]but also the overall cost of action.
[00:16:45.780]And so how much will the management cost?
[00:16:49.290]Both in product and time.
[00:16:53.670]Also, what's the overall impact
[00:16:55.570]of this action on the environment?
[00:16:59.600]And finally, specific thresholds may be developed
[00:17:05.330]by long-term growers, purely by looking
[00:17:08.130]at trends over time.
[00:17:10.140]They see if we have this number of grubs in the lawn
[00:17:15.320]at this time of year,
[00:17:17.070]it's likely that we will need to apply
[00:17:19.180]some sort of insecticidal control.
[00:17:22.450]And why do we even need to use action thresholds?
[00:17:25.870]As mentioned previously,
[00:17:27.530]many of our insects and diseases,
[00:17:32.430]their life cycle is primarily based
[00:17:34.850]on environmental conditions
[00:17:36.440]as opposed to a specific calendar date.
[00:17:39.610]So waiting to make sure that we have
[00:17:42.230]those environmental conditions to allow for an increase
[00:17:46.302]in that insect population or the disease to occur
[00:17:50.320]before damage before damage appears is critical,
[00:17:54.650]as opposed to applying a pesticide
[00:17:57.650]purely based on the calendar date.
[00:18:01.740]The other thing that use of action thresholds does
[00:18:05.110]is it helps maintain pesticide efficacy.
[00:18:08.930]If we're not applying a pesticide
[00:18:11.620]purely based on the calendar date
[00:18:13.790]or doing it every year, only applying these pesticides
[00:18:17.130]based on need, that normally will reduce
[00:18:21.420]the amount of pesticide applied,
[00:18:23.560]which reduces the likelihood
[00:18:26.495]of these pests becoming resistant
[00:18:29.860]to the different chemistries.
[00:18:32.370]And since we don't have a lot of research driven,
[00:18:35.700]established action thresholds
[00:18:37.550]for many of our landscape and ornamental plants,
[00:18:41.700]we need to develop those thresholds ourselves.
[00:18:44.520]And these can be done a few different ways.
[00:18:47.610]Ideally, we would have some sort
[00:18:49.360]of quantitative or numerical threshold
[00:18:51.810]that we could be using.
[00:18:54.490]This is very common with a lot of our insect pests.
[00:18:57.630]If we have collected X amount of mods in the traps
[00:19:06.860]per week, that will tell us action,
[00:19:10.040]we need to apply some sort of management program.
[00:19:13.730]This is not near as easy to do
[00:19:15.180]for a lot of our diseases.
[00:19:17.710]We can't go out and count the individual spores
[00:19:20.660]that we're seeing or see how quickly
[00:19:24.320]are bacterial cells multiplying.
[00:19:28.010]So, we're often able to establish
[00:19:30.790]a lot of our action thresholds for diseases
[00:19:34.070]by looking at historical trends.
[00:19:36.410]Looking at in previous years,
[00:19:39.750]when did these diseases start to occur?
[00:19:43.050]And once these started to occur, when did they decline?
[00:19:48.060]So once we have developed, once we have properly identified
[00:19:51.420]the problem occurring and developed
[00:19:53.380]our action threshold, now is when you need to have
[00:19:56.540]this conversation with your clientele
[00:19:59.460]regarding whether or not treatment should apply.
[00:20:05.230]And we have a great list of specific questions
[00:20:07.460]that can be asked to help determine
[00:20:09.930]whether or not management is applicable
[00:20:13.340]this year or every year.
[00:20:15.590]Now unfortunately, we do have new pests
[00:20:18.850]and new diseases moving into landscapes all of the time.
[00:20:23.560]And just the pests that we have today
[00:20:25.940]are not necessarily the diseases and insects
[00:20:28.800]that we'll have to deal with in the future.
[00:20:31.150]Some of the insects and diseases
[00:20:33.511]that we are monitoring in the future,
[00:20:37.830]are spotted lantern fly, Asian Longhorned beetle,
[00:20:44.570]bacterial leaf scorch, the bacteria leaf scorch occurs
[00:20:49.130]on many of our ornamentals
[00:20:51.860]and also thousand canker disease on black walnuts.
[00:20:56.280]Now when managing the landscape,
[00:20:59.340]overall plant health and appearance
[00:21:02.470]is your job, complete elimination of all pests
[00:21:07.570]and insects from the environment
[00:21:10.450]is not necessarily your job.
[00:21:12.700]And it's important to remember
[00:21:14.190]that a successful integrated pest management program
[00:21:17.700]is not a one size fits all approach,
[00:21:20.550]but instead, can be customized
[00:21:23.470]working with each individual situation.
[00:21:26.454](gentle music)
[00:21:38.561]Hi, I'm Jonathan Larson.
[00:21:39.420]I'm an entomologist for the University of Nebraska.
[00:21:42.000]I'm here in the Maxwell Arboretum on east campus.
[00:21:44.972]And I'm here today to talk to you a little bit
[00:21:46.900]about some of the pests that can infest our trees,
[00:21:49.370]our lawns and our landscape plants.
[00:21:51.720]We have lots of different bugs out there
[00:21:53.130]that can cause problems.
[00:21:54.410]We have lots of bugs out there that don't cause issues
[00:21:56.350]that we'd like to preserve,
[00:21:57.740]but those pests are the ones
[00:21:58.790]that you're probably gonna get the most calls about.
[00:22:01.160]So in Nebraska, we mainly worry about things
[00:22:03.530]like aphids feeding in the leaf zone.
[00:22:05.950]Aphids are small, Hemipteran insects.
[00:22:08.460]They have true mouthparts that look like a needle
[00:22:11.510]that they use to siphon out fluids from the plant for food.
[00:22:14.810]They feed on just about any kind of plant
[00:22:16.720]that grows in our landscape.
[00:22:18.410]They're usually green, but they can be red.
[00:22:20.750]They can be yellow that can even be kind of black in color.
[00:22:23.880]As they feed, they can cause the leaf to curl.
[00:22:26.170]They'll hide out under the leaves that they make curl over.
[00:22:28.950]So they have a nice tidy spot to hide out in,
[00:22:31.490]and they can also cause the plant
[00:22:32.720]to look really wilty overall.
[00:22:35.290]The other symptom that we associate with aphids
[00:22:37.820]is that when they feed,
[00:22:39.000]they're sucking up all that sugar juice.
[00:22:40.940]So they're also pooping out a lot of sugar juice.
[00:22:43.430]We call this honeydew, honeydew often accumulates
[00:22:46.370]on the leaf as this sticky, wet puddle.
[00:22:49.050]It can fall down onto people.
[00:22:50.610]It can also get on cars and decks.
[00:22:52.800]It can be really annoying.
[00:22:54.080]And your clients may call you
[00:22:55.230]about that issue in particular,
[00:22:57.120]it also produces the premium growth opportunity
[00:23:00.070]for things like black sooty mold.
[00:23:01.960]So if you have an aphid issue,
[00:23:03.170]you may see a lot of sooty mold growing on the bark,
[00:23:06.200]on the branches or on the leaves.
[00:23:08.610]Aphids can be controlled in a variety of ways.
[00:23:11.380]If it's just on a little shrub
[00:23:12.680]or a little perennial or annual plant,
[00:23:14.830]you can really just blow them off with a hose of water.
[00:23:17.260]Once they fall off the plant,
[00:23:18.910]they have a tough time getting back up onto it.
[00:23:21.280]So just a strong jet of water,
[00:23:22.860]we'll knock them off and dislodge them.
[00:23:25.150]You can also use things like insecticidal soaps.
[00:23:27.980]You wanna treat the top and bottom of the leaf
[00:23:30.750]in order to get maximum coverage.
[00:23:32.577]If an insecticidal soap is put onto these aphids,
[00:23:36.020]it soaks them and it clogs them all up
[00:23:38.550]and it will kill them.
[00:23:39.950]Some more traditional insecticides
[00:23:41.590]that would be non-organic would be pyrethroid type products,
[00:23:44.720]sprayed on the leaf until it kind of drips off,
[00:23:47.700]that way, you can control those pests for your client.
[00:23:50.540]So other Hemipteran that cause issues
[00:23:52.330]would be scale insects.
[00:23:54.000]They feed very similarly to the aphid.
[00:23:56.560]They have the same kind of feeding diet.
[00:23:59.130]They feed on that sugary sap as well.
[00:24:01.500]And they are different in that they're not very mobile.
[00:24:04.210]Aphids can move around and walk and they can be seen
[00:24:07.510]pretty easily, they look like plant lice.
[00:24:09.860]The scale on the other hand are usually camouflaged.
[00:24:12.680]They glue themselves to the plant and they pretty much stay
[00:24:15.440]in one spot, they're nature's greatest couch potato.
[00:24:18.050]They just sit on this one spot
[00:24:19.710]and never move and drink the sugar water.
[00:24:22.510]They also cause sooty mold
[00:24:24.070]and the honeydew to accumulate and the wilting,
[00:24:27.930]they're a little tougher to control though.
[00:24:29.470]They're often covered in a waxy cuticle
[00:24:32.150]that can protect them from insecticidal sprays.
[00:24:35.180]So we wanna time our sprays according to their life cycle.
[00:24:38.690]In the early part of the year,
[00:24:39.950]when things are starting to leaf out,
[00:24:41.810]you'll notice that there could be crawlers on the plant.
[00:24:44.700]The crawler is the only moving stage
[00:24:46.730]of the scale's life cycle.
[00:24:49.290]It's the immature form,
[00:24:50.340]and they're looking for a new spot to hang out on.
[00:24:52.740]And so they're crawling around.
[00:24:53.970]They're usually little and yellow.
[00:24:55.600]You can put a piece of black electrical tape
[00:24:57.910]wrapped around the branch, sticky side up,
[00:25:00.500]and you can monitor for scales using that tactic.
[00:25:02.840]The crawlers will get stuck in it.
[00:25:04.130]And that will tell you it's time to make an application
[00:25:06.670]of a pyrethroid or again, and insecticidal soap
[00:25:09.560]if you wanted to use it,
[00:25:11.030]scales can also be destroyed with dormant oil applications
[00:25:14.860]in the winter when the tree is not growing,
[00:25:18.150]there are other pests that don't just feed
[00:25:19.710]on that sugary sap.
[00:25:20.720]There's some that feed on the leafy material itself,
[00:25:23.470]here in Nebraska, we have a few examples of that.
[00:25:26.050]A big one that we're seeing more and more of is the bagworm.
[00:25:29.070]We're hearing more reports of this insect feeding
[00:25:31.710]a lot of our different evergreen plants.
[00:25:33.910]Bagworms are caterpillars.
[00:25:35.270]They love feeding on Juniper, arborvitae, pine, spruce,
[00:25:40.190]they'll even get in larch.
[00:25:42.020]You can also find them in some of our deciduous plants
[00:25:44.650]like oak and locus trees.
[00:25:46.780]And when they're in those trees,
[00:25:47.790]they're gonna cut the leaves up and consume them.
[00:25:50.200]They're also gonna take bits of the leaf or berries
[00:25:52.890]and other materials in the tree,
[00:25:54.910]and they're going to use it to construct
[00:25:56.260]a silk bag around their body.
[00:25:58.650]They use a silk that they produce and this debris,
[00:26:01.560]they glue it all together and they get
[00:26:02.880]this nice sleeping bag that they get to hang out in.
[00:26:05.580]It protects them from the elements.
[00:26:07.360]Keeps them safe from predators.
[00:26:08.910]It also camouflages them into the tree that they live.
[00:26:12.210]Once they do that, they're gonna feed
[00:26:13.670]for about eight to 10 weeks in the summer.
[00:26:15.940]They first emerge in may, maybe early June,
[00:26:18.870]depending on where you're at in the state.
[00:26:20.950]And then over eight to 10 weeks,
[00:26:22.260]they can create this bronzing symptom
[00:26:24.740]on our evergreen plants.
[00:26:26.330]They feed and create this brown spot that used to be green.
[00:26:29.620]It's very unsightly, and if it's left unchecked,
[00:26:31.950]it will kill the plant over successive generations.
[00:26:35.140]They usually start at the top and then move their way down
[00:26:37.720]through the tree over the next few years.
[00:26:40.400]Bagworms can just stay in the tree
[00:26:42.780]and re-infest the one that they were born in,
[00:26:44.860]or they can do what we call ballooning.
[00:26:48.165]This is how new infestations get started.
[00:26:49.440]They start hatching out and they crawl to the end
[00:26:52.320]of the leaf, that little caterpillar is so small
[00:26:54.840]it can just release a strand of silk,
[00:26:57.010]which is picked up by the wind.
[00:26:58.640]And it carries the caterpillar for miles to a new location
[00:27:01.750]that it can infest, once they get there,
[00:27:04.350]they land on the tree, they start feeding,
[00:27:06.410]building their bag and developing, once they become mature,
[00:27:11.108]the male pupate, and then he comes out as a little moth
[00:27:12.800]that can fly around.
[00:27:14.070]It's small, brown and very fuzzy, with big feathery antenna.
[00:27:18.440]The female, when she pupates,
[00:27:19.870]she turns into what we call sort of a super caterpillar.
[00:27:22.770]She never becomes a true moth and she never leaves the bag.
[00:27:26.260]She stays inside of there for her entire life.
[00:27:28.870]Males are able to detect which bags contain females
[00:27:32.260]with their large feathery antenna.
[00:27:33.930]They detect pheromones and they fly up to the bag,
[00:27:37.010]mate with her through the bag and then he dies.
[00:27:39.120]He uses all his energy up to do that.
[00:27:41.730]The female will be inside of the bag protected.
[00:27:44.320]She lays her eggs in there with her,
[00:27:45.940]and then she parishes, those eggs will stay in the bag
[00:27:49.120]over the winter and emerge the next spring
[00:27:51.340]to start the cycle all over again.
[00:27:54.217]Bagworms can be controlled either through organic options
[00:27:57.210]like going out in March or April
[00:27:59.220]and snipping bags from trees,
[00:28:01.290]cutting them out with a shear or a pair of scissors
[00:28:03.510]or a knife, the bag is quite tough.
[00:28:05.950]It can be hard to remove just by using your hand.
[00:28:08.670]But if you cut those out, you'll remove the bags
[00:28:10.650]before those eggs hatch out and you can stop them
[00:28:13.270]from re-investing the tree the next year.
[00:28:15.730]If you don't do that,
[00:28:16.563]you can get out in the early part of the year,
[00:28:18.810]usually in early June and apply BT to the plants.
[00:28:22.770]BT is made of bacillus thuringiensis, it is organic,
[00:28:26.810]but it's extremely effective against caterpillars.
[00:28:29.650]When they ingest this,
[00:28:30.680]it crystallizes inside of them and it can shred them
[00:28:33.210]from the inside out, it's extremely gruesome,
[00:28:35.810]but it's a great way to control caterpillars.
[00:28:38.240]Once they ingest it, there'll be controlled by that.
[00:28:40.530]And you've controlled that problem for your client.
[00:28:42.910]If you miss that early window in June though,
[00:28:45.120]if you go out in July or August and have bigger bags
[00:28:47.690]and bigger bagworms,
[00:28:49.090]you're gonna wanna treat with or carbaryl,
[00:28:52.000]to control those larger caterpillars.
[00:28:54.980]There are other plant feeding insects,
[00:28:56.570]such as Japanese beetles that are becoming a bigger issue.
[00:28:59.680]Japanese beetles are one of our rare two for pests.
[00:29:02.400]There are pests both as an adult and as a larva.
[00:29:05.620]As an adult, they feed on over 300 different species
[00:29:08.440]of plants and 80 different families.
[00:29:11.220]There are Scarab beetles.
[00:29:12.260]So they're kind of oval in shape.
[00:29:14.140]They're a bright metallic green as well as a copper color
[00:29:17.440]on the top of their elytra.
[00:29:19.050]And they have white fuzzy dots
[00:29:20.580]along the edge of their abdomen.
[00:29:22.700]This is one of the main traits that we use to separate them
[00:29:25.020]from things like false Japanese beetles
[00:29:27.140]and other species that they resemble.
[00:29:29.590]When they feed on the plant,
[00:29:30.850]they usually attack the leaf zone.
[00:29:32.800]When they feed on the leaf,
[00:29:33.810]they have very sharp mandibles
[00:29:35.240]that cut through the green
[00:29:37.218]tissue and all they leave behind is the vein of the plant.
[00:29:39.930]It's what we call skeletonization.
[00:29:42.030]It's also kind of Lacy and appearance.
[00:29:44.510]As this happens, the tree starts to lose its leaves
[00:29:46.970]and it can look like autumn is setting in,
[00:29:48.650]in the middle of summer.
[00:29:50.110]They'll also attack fruits, they love grape.
[00:29:52.510]They love peaches and they'll hollow out those fruits
[00:29:55.070]and they love flowers as well.
[00:29:56.930]They'll eat the blooms of roses and shred them into a fine,
[00:30:00.240]almost powder after they get through with them.
[00:30:03.490]They're extremely damaging, it's extremely unsightly.
[00:30:05.750]And it aggravates a lot of folks.
[00:30:07.700]There are some things that we can do
[00:30:08.990]to prevent this damage, on trees that they attack.
[00:30:11.710]We can use a systemic soil applied insecticide,
[00:30:15.250]like Imidacloprid around the root flare of the tree,
[00:30:19.140]it's absorbed and the tree is protected for one year.
[00:30:22.140]You can do this on every tree that they attack,
[00:30:24.520]except for lindens.
[00:30:26.540]Lindens have a special labeling issue
[00:30:29.070]where for a lot of Imidacloprid products,
[00:30:31.610]you're no longer allowed to use that type of chemistry
[00:30:34.750]on a Linden tree.
[00:30:35.910]Always check the label.
[00:30:36.890]Some products are allowed, other products are not allowed.
[00:30:39.970]So always make sure you check
[00:30:41.500]before you treat a Linden tree.
[00:30:43.540]you can also treat the leaves' foliarly
[00:30:45.650]with products like Pyrethrin, Chlorantraniliprole
[00:30:49.911]or Carbaryl.
[00:30:50.900]The leaves are soaked and then they're protected
[00:30:52.750]depending on the product.
[00:30:53.720]For one week for Carbaryl, up to four weeks
[00:30:56.630]with Pyrethrin and Chlorantraniliprole.
[00:30:59.330]If you're trying to protect shrubs
[00:31:00.780]and other plants in the landscape,
[00:31:02.560]it might be better to focus on Pyrethrin on those leaves,
[00:31:05.820]never get it on the flowering portion of the plant,
[00:31:08.350]or you're creating a hazard for pollinating insects.
[00:31:11.400]There are some organic options.
[00:31:12.840]If your business is oriented that way,
[00:31:14.780]you might try Neem or Pyola applied to the leaves,
[00:31:18.360]they do provide protection for three to seven days.
[00:31:21.330]You're gonna have to make multiple applications though.
[00:31:24.180]For the grub stage, we have a different set of issues.
[00:31:26.550]They feed in the root zone of turf grass.
[00:31:28.910]And when they do that, they can create
[00:31:30.360]large dead patches of brown grass
[00:31:32.950]that lift up from the ground, like a carpet from the floor.
[00:31:36.680]There's no roots tethering it to the soil anymore.
[00:31:39.120]So it just lifts right out of there.
[00:31:41.210]They also attract things like skunks and raccoons
[00:31:43.990]to the yard because they wanna feed
[00:31:45.580]on these yummy land shrimp that are below the turf.
[00:31:48.890]When they're under there,
[00:31:49.800]they go through several stages of growth.
[00:31:51.530]They're an egg in August,
[00:31:53.250]up until about the end of that month.
[00:31:55.480]And then they feed in August in September and October,
[00:31:59.200]and they go through three stages of development.
[00:32:01.447]After that, they go down lower in the soil and overwinter,
[00:32:05.250]and pupate the next spring before they emerge
[00:32:07.830]in May and June, when they're down there in the soil,
[00:32:11.550]it can be hard to get the insecticide
[00:32:13.240]where we want it to be.
[00:32:14.460]But if you do a preventative application
[00:32:16.750]in April or May at the latest, the 4th of July,
[00:32:20.620]usually wanna get it out in May or June.
[00:32:22.850]If you get the products out like Scott's GrubEx,
[00:32:25.090]which has Chlorantraniliprole or Imidacloprid
[00:32:28.320]which is found in products like merit,
[00:32:30.290]the plant will be protected systemically
[00:32:32.150]for that growing season,
[00:32:33.350]but you've gotta do that every early summer.
[00:32:35.870]Otherwise it won't work.
[00:32:37.480]There's also curative products that you can use
[00:32:39.720]in the September timeframe.
[00:32:42.090]You'd go out with a Carbaryl type product or,
[00:32:44.591]and those products when they soak in,
[00:32:46.930]they'll control about 75% of those grubs
[00:32:49.670]that are below the soil.
[00:32:51.610]there's also a new invasive species out there
[00:32:53.560]that we're really worried about
[00:32:54.700]that's called the Emerald Ash borer.
[00:32:56.560]This is an invasive pest from Asia.
[00:32:58.750]We believe it was accidentally introduced
[00:33:00.710]into the United States from wooden packaging material.
[00:33:04.290]And it was first found in the Detroit Michigan area in 2002.
[00:33:08.400]Since that initial find it's been found
[00:33:10.530]in over 30 different states, several Canadian provinces.
[00:33:13.890]And if you want the most up-to-date information
[00:33:15.640]on where it lives go to EmeraldAshborer.info.
[00:33:18.960]It has a really up-to-date map
[00:33:20.250]that shows you where all the locations are.
[00:33:22.620]We first confirmed this pest in Nebraska in 2016,
[00:33:26.420]it was first found in the Omaha Metro area,
[00:33:28.890]but then it was also found in Greenwood,
[00:33:30.270]Nebraska in the same year,
[00:33:32.170]if you want the most up-to-date info on where it's at
[00:33:34.280]in Nebraska, check the Nebraska forest services website,
[00:33:38.120]they have a really cool map that shows
[00:33:39.500]all the different spots, this pest detects
[00:33:42.100]all of the different types of ash
[00:33:43.810]that we grow in the United States,
[00:33:45.560]blue ash, white ash, black ash,
[00:33:48.150]all of the different cultivars, including purple
[00:33:50.570]and autumn spectacular ash are equally effected.
[00:33:54.030]If you don't do anything to stop this pest,
[00:33:56.290]it will kill these trees
[00:33:57.520]over the course of seven to 10 years.
[00:33:59.950]We also have to worry about closely related species
[00:34:02.370]like the white fringe tree,
[00:34:03.830]which can be infested as well.
[00:34:06.320]In terms of what to do about this pest.
[00:34:08.460]If you haven't had a confirmed sighting in your area yet,
[00:34:12.260]it's best to just be vigilant for it.
[00:34:14.350]You wanna look out for symptoms like dieback
[00:34:16.610]in the upper one-third of the canopy.
[00:34:18.980]The tree is gonna have an infestation starting up there,
[00:34:22.400]where the beetle feeds in those branches.
[00:34:24.350]And as they do that, it can cause leaf loss.
[00:34:26.920]So if you see that happening, it's a good early indicator
[00:34:29.650]there could be a problem.
[00:34:31.160]We also see epicormic shoots
[00:34:33.060]sprouting out from the base of the tree.
[00:34:35.020]New leaves that don't belong there, trying to save itself,
[00:34:37.850]the tree will produce as many leaves as it can.
[00:34:40.550]You also see an increase in woodpecker feeding,
[00:34:42.820]they eat the larva.
[00:34:43.920]And so they'll attack the tree more vigorously,
[00:34:45.780]trying to get to those larvae underneath.
[00:34:48.080]What the larva are doing are they're feeding
[00:34:50.970]in the Cambium layer of the tree.
[00:34:53.690]This is the layer of the tree
[00:34:54.690]that moves nutrients from the soil to the rest.
[00:34:57.150]They create this serpentine like damage that you see here.
[00:35:00.430]And eventually they'll deprive the tree
[00:35:01.970]of its ability to feed itself.
[00:35:04.120]This is caused by the larva.
[00:35:05.800]When they're ready to emerge as an adult,
[00:35:08.240]they will crawl out from the tree
[00:35:10.440]and leave behind a D shaped exit hole.
[00:35:12.770]Their body is kind of boat shaped,
[00:35:14.600]flat on one side and round on the other.
[00:35:16.430]So they leave this behind.
[00:35:17.990]These would be the indicators that if you're cutting limbs
[00:35:20.300]out of a tree and you see these,
[00:35:21.780]your client probably has EAB and you need to report it
[00:35:25.210]to your local extension office
[00:35:26.790]or to the Nebraska Forest Service.
[00:35:29.300]If you wanna try and prevent this pest
[00:35:30.850]from getting into your client's trees,
[00:35:32.760]you're gonna be focused on using either
[00:35:34.320]a soil applied systemic product like Imidacloprid
[00:35:37.790]a or you're gonna be doing a trunk injection,
[00:35:40.590]which is usually done with a Imidacloprid
[00:35:42.420]or things like Emamectin benzoate.
[00:35:44.660]Depending on what you use,
[00:35:45.980]the product will last for one year
[00:35:47.730]with those neonicotinoids or two years
[00:35:50.230]with the Emamectin benzoate.
[00:35:52.210]Keep in mind what you're using and tell your client
[00:35:54.540]how often they're gonna have to treat the tree.
[00:35:56.830]You also wanna pay close attention
[00:35:58.120]to how healthy the tree is.
[00:35:59.360]If it's not a healthy candidate for treatment,
[00:36:01.800]you should recommend that they remove the tree
[00:36:03.920]and replace it with a non ash species.
[00:36:06.640]Only treat the best trees.
[00:36:08.660]If they use those products though,
[00:36:10.170]they are very effective against this pest.
[00:36:12.330]They have about 98 to 99% control over it.
[00:36:15.710]And you're gonna keep those trees protected
[00:36:17.300]for an indefinite period of time
[00:36:19.230]until the client decides it's time to remove them,
[00:36:22.200]but keep your eyes open,
[00:36:23.120]looking for all those different bugs out there
[00:36:24.610]and help us to know where they're at
[00:36:26.090]and try and use some of these products that we've listed
[00:36:27.900]if you wanna control pest for your clients.
[00:36:29.841](gentle music)
[00:36:40.893]Hi, I'm Roch Gaussoin,
[00:36:42.393]I'm the extension turf grass specialist
[00:36:43.226]at the University of Nebraska Lincoln.
[00:36:44.838]Today, we're gonna talk about weed ecology.
[00:36:47.410]Now, many of you responsibilities include controlling weeds,
[00:36:50.265]but what's really paramount to really understanding
[00:36:52.990]how to control weeds is a little bit about their biology.
[00:36:55.800]So rather than talk about herbicide recommendations
[00:36:57.970]and rates and spray patterns and that sort of thing,
[00:37:00.770]today, we're gonna talk,
[00:37:01.603]I'll spend a little more time talking in depth
[00:37:03.850]about weed biology,
[00:37:05.410]and why it's so important
[00:37:06.720]for successful management strategies.
[00:37:09.620]Weeds can be classified as either annuals,
[00:37:12.840]summer annuals or winter annuals
[00:37:14.450]within the annual category, or perennials,
[00:37:17.020]how you control them will be mandated
[00:37:19.720]by what type of life cycle they have.
[00:37:21.680]Winter annuals, as their name implies,
[00:37:23.570]germinate in the fall of the year,
[00:37:26.620]over winter, and then the following early spring,
[00:37:30.270]they produce seed heads and drop the seed to the ground.
[00:37:33.170]And then that starts to cycle for the winter annuals.
[00:37:35.520]Summer annuals on the other hand,
[00:37:37.060]like crab grass and goose grass
[00:37:39.010]and some of the other very common weeds in lawns
[00:37:42.890]end up germinating in the spring of the year,
[00:37:45.520]they will produce a fairly prolific amount
[00:37:47.570]of vegetative matter early in the season.
[00:37:50.140]And then later in the season,
[00:37:51.500]they will start producing seed heads.
[00:37:53.460]So both of these weeds,
[00:37:55.637]although they are very similar in their growth habit,
[00:37:56.900]annual in nature will require a different strategy.
[00:38:00.230]The most effective way to control annual weeds
[00:38:02.320]is normally with a pre-emergent herbicide.
[00:38:04.610]And the timing is very critical on their life cycle.
[00:38:07.410]So even though we started this conversation
[00:38:09.230]about not using herbicides,
[00:38:10.920]we are gonna say that for annual weeds,
[00:38:13.870]the use of pre-emergent herbicides is probably recommended.
[00:38:16.940]With something like crab grass,
[00:38:18.300]you're gonna be applying that in the spring,
[00:38:20.250]for something like Downy brome,
[00:38:21.850]you're gonna be applying that in the fall
[00:38:23.400]based on when they germinate.
[00:38:24.880]So that's the first step in understanding
[00:38:26.890]how to effective control them based on weed biology.
[00:38:30.170]Perennial weeds on the other hand, generally produce,
[00:38:33.490]they can germinate out almost any during the summer.
[00:38:36.020]They're generally gonna produce seed heads
[00:38:38.059]sometime during the summer or late summer,
[00:38:39.595]they're gonna produce that seed drop to the ground,
[00:38:41.330]but what's more important about perennial weeds
[00:38:43.060]is they have below ground structures,
[00:38:45.230]often rhizome, stolons, tubers,
[00:38:48.270]a lot of different ways that they can reproduce.
[00:38:50.400]And because of that, they're much more difficult to control.
[00:38:53.220]An example of a perennial weed would be dandelion
[00:38:56.450]and dandelion is very prolific in the spring.
[00:38:58.480]You see the seed heads being produced
[00:39:00.130]with that bright yellow flower.
[00:39:01.948]There is a fair amount of information out currently now,
[00:39:04.440]that that's a pretty good for pollinators.
[00:39:06.280]So in some of the outer play areas,
[00:39:07.750]you might wanna leave that there
[00:39:08.930]if you're trying to attract pollinators
[00:39:10.890]at your particular locations.
[00:39:13.360]So perennials, annuals, annuals are two applied,
[00:39:16.500]both summer annuals and winter annuals.
[00:39:19.290]Lifecycle is the first thing.
[00:39:20.800]The other thing you need to know a little bit about them
[00:39:22.510]when you come to weed biology,
[00:39:24.070]is it a monocot or a grassy weed or a dicot,
[00:39:27.910]which would be a broadleaf weed?
[00:39:29.600]Dandelion clearly is a broadleaf weed
[00:39:31.670]by the very nature of its its leaf.
[00:39:34.190]But can you tell with others,
[00:39:35.700]whether they're broad leaf or grassy weeds,
[00:39:39.300]and the way to tell that is the way the veins are arranged
[00:39:42.010]in the leaf, broad leaf weeds have a net venation look,
[00:39:45.570]spider web like, and when you hold it up to the light,
[00:39:47.910]or even on something like dandelion,
[00:39:49.550]where the veins are very prominent,
[00:39:51.170]it's relatively easy to identify them
[00:39:53.420]with the netted leaf venation, monocot weeds
[00:39:56.880]or grassy weeds, and also including sedges and lilies
[00:39:59.950]and some of the ornamentals have parallel leaf Fundations,
[00:40:02.980]and we'll show you some closeup pictures here
[00:40:04.580]in a minute of what those look like.
[00:40:06.740]And you'll pretty much understand
[00:40:08.760]why we think that's important and the strategies
[00:40:11.130]you'll use for managing perennial and annual grassy weeds
[00:40:15.870]is gonna be different than perennial and grassy weeds
[00:40:19.420]in the broadly for the arena.
[00:40:20.950]There are some strategies
[00:40:23.341]that will control both equally well,
[00:40:24.210]and there's even herbicide strategies
[00:40:25.720]that will control both equally well,
[00:40:27.350]but you still have to be able to delineate
[00:40:28.870]between lifecycle first and whether they're a monocot
[00:40:32.720]and dicot before you can come up with a true strategy
[00:40:35.260]about why, or what to use to control that weed.
[00:40:40.010]Now, we started this conversation about ecology.
[00:40:42.990]Now, why is ecology important?
[00:40:44.740]You need to understand a lot about how that weed grows
[00:40:48.000]to better understand how you're gonna control it
[00:40:50.150]as we've previously mentioned.
[00:40:52.220]So that said, what was ecologically important
[00:40:55.310]about say a dandelion versus a crab grass plant?
[00:40:59.400]Well, crab grass plants are prolific producers of seed.
[00:41:01.920]So strategically you want to control those weeds
[00:41:04.390]before the seed head is produced,
[00:41:06.090]whether that's with mowing,
[00:41:07.460]whether that's with some other less invasive technique,
[00:41:10.120]rather than herbicides, but just keep those seed heads down.
[00:41:12.940]And in subsequent years,
[00:41:14.290]you're probably gonna have far less crab grass.
[00:41:16.630]Could you eradicate crab grass totally with mowing?
[00:41:19.340]Probably not, but at least you could eliminate it,
[00:41:22.414]or excuse me, at least you could reduce it.
[00:41:25.070]And in that case, make it easier to control
[00:41:27.150]in subsequent years with perhaps a more traditional
[00:41:29.760]pre-emergent strategy.
[00:41:32.530]Management also critical, in a turf system,
[00:41:35.430]we talk about mowing height, we talk about fertility.
[00:41:38.020]We talk about irrigation.
[00:41:39.340]These are all very critical in the understanding
[00:41:41.880]of how you would wanna best go about limiting
[00:41:44.770]the invasion of a particular weed.
[00:41:48.170]So some weeds prosper under very wet soils,
[00:41:51.320]Yellow Nutsedge for example,
[00:41:53.130]a weed that we're gonna talk about a little bit later.
[00:41:55.160]And other weeds really prosper
[00:41:58.020]when the ground is compacted, such as prostrate knotweed,
[00:42:03.060]such as goose grass, such as annual bluegrass.
[00:42:05.230]These weeds proliferate when the ground is compacted.
[00:42:08.700]So sometimes something as simple as aerification
[00:42:11.240]with a core air raider or some sort of cultivation device
[00:42:14.510]may do enough to pull it up.
[00:42:16.190]Outside the turf arena,
[00:42:17.390]when we get into the ornamental arena,
[00:42:19.690]you might wanna consider mulching,
[00:42:21.440]the use of some of these other techniques that are far
[00:42:24.220]can really facilitate control
[00:42:26.570]without the use of herbicides.
[00:42:28.270]You might still need to use herbicides,
[00:42:29.910]but at the end of the day,
[00:42:30.830]you can limit a fair amount of weeds in ornamental beds,
[00:42:33.230]simply with a really good landscape mulch,
[00:42:35.810]generally organic,
[00:42:37.040]generally something in the range
[00:42:38.250]of shredded bark, pine needles.
[00:42:40.600]There's a number of them on the market,
[00:42:42.080]avoid landscape fabrics,
[00:42:44.120]and also avoid the use of synthetic type mulches,
[00:42:47.750]like the crumb rubber mulches.
[00:42:49.080]They tend to heat up and they're hard to dispose of.
[00:42:52.300]So we would avoid those in that particular instance.
[00:42:55.130]So we've talked really in broad based terms
[00:42:57.600]about weed ecology, and really,
[00:42:59.800]it's not a total lesson right here in these few minutes,
[00:43:02.970]but now we're gonna isolate a weed in particular,
[00:43:06.180]that would be Yellow Nutsedge.
[00:43:07.013]And we're gonna talk a little bit more at length
[00:43:08.610]about why the ecology of that weed
[00:43:10.670]is really critical to understanding
[00:43:12.410]what would the best strategy of you would be
[00:43:14.090]to control that weed.
[00:43:15.280]So let's move on to the Yellow Nutsedge plants.
[00:43:18.410]We're standing on the Yellow Nutsedge ecology study
[00:43:21.690]and turf study that is located
[00:43:23.390]on the east campus turf plots.
[00:43:26.130]And the reason we're standing here
[00:43:27.210]is we've been talking about weed ecology,
[00:43:28.950]but sometimes a picture and a description
[00:43:31.140]is worth 1000 words.
[00:43:32.530]So we're gonna talk a little bit about the study
[00:43:34.200]in general terms.
[00:43:35.070]And then we're gonna take a closer look at what's going on
[00:43:37.220]ecologically in these particular plots.
[00:43:39.750]So what we've done here is we've planted three by three
[00:43:42.460]plots of Kentucky bluegrass from sod.
[00:43:45.320]And we also have three by three plots
[00:43:47.120]that have no grass in them, so it's bare ground.
[00:43:49.840]Then we've taken a single Yellow Nutsedge plant,
[00:43:52.640]one yellow nutsedge plant
[00:43:53.970]germinated from a single yellow nutsedge tuber.
[00:43:56.280]And we've planted it in the center
[00:43:57.870]of each of these small three by three plots.
[00:44:01.200]Then we've applied various irrigation rates
[00:44:03.710]as well as variable nitrogen rates
[00:44:05.490]to these plots to see whether we can detract
[00:44:08.160]or enhance the invasion of Yellow Nutsedge
[00:44:10.460]with the use of either nitrogen fertilizer
[00:44:12.650]at the correct rate or the use of irrigation
[00:44:16.390]and little or no water,
[00:44:18.160]depending upon what the treatment is.
[00:44:19.760]So you see a lot of different plots here.
[00:44:21.540]It looks a little bit like a patchwork quilt
[00:44:23.930]and from the air, it definitely looks like that.
[00:44:26.520]So we've got a lot going on here,
[00:44:27.900]but let's try to break this down
[00:44:29.530]into exactly what happened.
[00:44:30.910]A year ago, we started the study.
[00:44:33.330]And so we started the treatments.
[00:44:34.760]We started the bare ground,
[00:44:36.380]Yellow Nutsedge plants in the center.
[00:44:38.580]And over time they've developed
[00:44:40.350]these relatively strong stands of Yellow Nutsedge
[00:44:43.020]and some stands that don't look quite as strong.
[00:44:45.520]So let's take a closer look at those particular plots.
[00:44:48.960]The plot I'm looking at right now
[00:44:52.040]was planted to bluegrass and then a Yellow Nutsedge plant
[00:44:54.750]was planted right in the center.
[00:44:56.270]This was a moderate rate of nitrogen fertilizer,
[00:44:58.810]not too high, not too low,
[00:45:00.270]well within the range of what we recommend
[00:45:02.620]in all our recommendations
[00:45:03.860]available on the turf website.
[00:45:06.010]And you're hard pressed to find the Yellow Nutsedge plant.
[00:45:09.070]Healthy turf, mowed at three inches.
[00:45:11.460]Good fertility, good irrigation based on evapotranspiration.
[00:45:15.530]All of the things we would recommend,
[00:45:17.220]immediately adjacent to that plot
[00:45:20.500]was a single Yellow Nutsedge plant planted in bare ground.
[00:45:24.630]This three by three plot now is 100%
[00:45:28.090]Yellow Nutsedge because it didn't have
[00:45:30.230]that aggressively growing healthy Kentucky bluegrass
[00:45:34.030]to compete for space and light and water and nutrients.
[00:45:38.700]And so, because of that,
[00:45:39.720]it just took over the spot, no Yellow Nutsedge,
[00:45:43.050]100% Yellow Nutsedge.
[00:45:45.220]Now Yellow Nutsedge reproduces by tubers.
[00:45:47.740]It's a little below ground storage organ,
[00:45:49.430]much like a potato, as they're a matter of fact,
[00:45:51.750]in some developing countries,
[00:45:53.130]they use the tubers to make flatbreads and tortillas
[00:45:55.970]and other things.
[00:45:56.803]So it does have some nutritional value,
[00:45:59.370]but in a lawn situation,
[00:46:00.530]it really is an undesirable species.
[00:46:03.400]In this three by three plot, a year later,
[00:46:06.000]We've dug plots like this up.
[00:46:08.700]We've counted the number of tubers
[00:46:10.570]that are in this three by three area, and it's over 5,000.
[00:46:15.120]So that's why you can see this continuous proliferation
[00:46:17.950]of Yellow Nutsedge, healthy turf, no Nutsedge,
[00:46:22.240]no nutlets left behind, three by three plot
[00:46:25.190]with no competitive turf in the plot.
[00:46:28.190]And you're seeing that it's just prolific
[00:46:32.020]with yellow nutsedge and over 5,000 yellow nutsedge tubers.
[00:46:36.090]So even if we were gonna come in here and spray this,
[00:46:38.270]treat it, cultivate it, do something,
[00:46:40.640]and then plant turf on top of it,
[00:46:42.190]you would have to contend with 5,000 yellow nutsedge plants
[00:46:46.500]potentially underneath the little, small three by three plot
[00:46:50.520]based that on what would be available per acre
[00:46:52.970]or per 1000 square feet,
[00:46:54.070]depending upon whatever unit wanna know.
[00:46:55.880]And you're talking about yields about half
[00:46:58.180]of what commercially produced potatoes
[00:47:00.270]would do with tuber production,
[00:47:02.730]no tuber production, 5,000 tuber production.
[00:47:05.620]And all you did was managed with the turf effectively,
[00:47:08.630]this entire area received no herbicides
[00:47:11.130]over the course of the last two years.
[00:47:13.100]So it's a pretty amazing story when you think about it.
[00:47:15.580]But I also mentioned that we have different fertility rates
[00:47:18.760]and different irrigation rates.
[00:47:20.339]So let's take a look at one of the plots
[00:47:23.210]where we put a lot of excessive water on,
[00:47:25.450]similar to what a homeowner would do
[00:47:27.340]irrigating every day, two inches plus rainfall,
[00:47:30.800]just a crazy amount of water, which we would not recommend,
[00:47:33.540]but which is very typical of what some homeowners do.
[00:47:36.220]And for those of you in the lawn care business,
[00:47:38.120]you have to contend with this sort of thing
[00:47:40.020]when you're doing your application schedule.
[00:47:42.020]So let's take a look at that plot.
[00:47:43.456]This is a high nitrogen plot.
[00:47:46.750]So it got four pounds of nitrogen
[00:47:48.470]per 1000 square feet per year.
[00:47:51.300]It's also the higher arrogation, excessive irrigation plot.
[00:47:54.730]Now, of course, when it's adjacent to the bare ground plots,
[00:47:58.325]I've got a single nutsedge tuber.
[00:47:59.450]You're not really seeing that much nutsedge in it,
[00:48:02.270]but we are seeing probably seven to 10 plants after a year.
[00:48:06.880]So if there wasn't some sort of strategy
[00:48:08.560]to control the nutsedge and at this point,
[00:48:10.130]it would just continue to proliferate.
[00:48:12.520]It was able to keep its stand in this plot
[00:48:16.530]versus the one we showed you earlier,
[00:48:18.440]where it received the adequate moisture,
[00:48:21.000]the right mowing height and everything.
[00:48:23.089]This is still the right mowing height,
[00:48:23.922]but it's not the right amount of fertilizer
[00:48:24.900]that we would recommend, nor is it
[00:48:26.680]the amount of irrigation we would recommend.
[00:48:28.350]And now we have roughly seven to 10 nutsedge plants
[00:48:31.480]in there, but when we come in and count
[00:48:33.150]the number of tubers underneath this plot,
[00:48:35.490]it doesn't look like there's much there,
[00:48:37.020]but after a year there were about 1500
[00:48:39.640]yellow nutsedge tubers in this plot.
[00:48:41.530]So it's trying to recover from the dense turf stand
[00:48:45.920]and it's gonna make it
[00:48:46.820]because it's over watered and over fertilized.
[00:48:49.730]And once again, it's nowhere near as catastrophic
[00:48:52.180]as the plots in and around it,
[00:48:53.490]which were a single plant in a three by three,
[00:48:55.660]but it's still starting to take hold.
[00:48:57.550]This is what we believe ecologically happens in home lawns,
[00:49:00.540]they see one or two yellow nutsedge plants.
[00:49:02.530]They don't do anything about it.
[00:49:04.530]And then they just kind of let it go.
[00:49:06.080]And then four or five years down the line,
[00:49:08.100]they have plots that look very similar to this.
[00:49:10.910]If they mow too short, if they put too much fertilizer on,
[00:49:14.130]if they over irrigate,
[00:49:15.480]if they don't plan to improve varieties,
[00:49:17.100]which this happens to be a very prominent,
[00:49:19.950]improved variety of one of the darker green blue grasses,
[00:49:22.660]it's gonna eventually take over.
[00:49:24.610]It's a very opportunistic weed.
[00:49:26.390]All weeds are super opportunistic,
[00:49:28.170]but yellow nutsedge represents
[00:49:29.380]one of the most ecologically invasive weeds
[00:49:32.470]that we have in a turf system, and for years,
[00:49:34.730]people have said heavy irrigation,
[00:49:37.030]low areas where it stays flooded, you know,
[00:49:39.260]areas where you mow you short,
[00:49:41.020]and our work is not only confirming that,
[00:49:43.040]but giving us quantitative estimates of what's going on
[00:49:45.920]underneath the surface where the yellow nutsedge
[00:49:48.110]is eventually gonna re-establish itself.
[00:49:50.650]So ecologically, all weeds take advantage
[00:49:54.210]of something that you're doing wrong,
[00:49:55.880]mowing too short, heavy traffic,
[00:49:58.880]all the things that some you have control over,
[00:50:01.290]some you don't, but maintaining a healthy, dense,
[00:50:04.440]actively growing turf goes a long way in suppressing weeds
[00:50:08.720]and making the need for herbicides, probably not eliminated,
[00:50:12.370]but far less than anticipated.
[00:50:27.130]So before we actually apply the product,
[00:50:29.090]we need to calibrate the equipment that we're gonna use
[00:50:31.260]to apply it with.
[00:50:32.750]Our labels, with the product we're using
[00:50:34.890]will tell us how many ounces per 1000 square feet
[00:50:38.180]or gallons per acre or pounds per thousand square feet
[00:50:40.840]that we're gonna apply.
[00:50:42.620]So then we need to know how our equipment
[00:50:45.250]applies that product.
[00:50:47.760]We'll start off first of all,
[00:50:48.900]by measuring a set area, so a known area to us,
[00:50:54.340]a 1000 square feet, 100 square feet,
[00:50:56.420]whatever you need to use to determine
[00:50:58.730]how you're gonna apply over the rest
[00:51:00.260]of the property you're applying.
[00:51:02.830]So once we know that,
[00:51:04.450]then we can go in with what the manufacturer recommends.
[00:51:07.660]So many ounces per 100 square feet,
[00:51:10.180]we take out, so for instance, our small hand sprayer
[00:51:14.360]will measure over a period of time,
[00:51:16.070]how long it takes us to apply
[00:51:18.130]a certain amount of liquid over that.
[00:51:20.720]So starting off with clear water.
[00:51:22.270]So that way, if there are any problems,
[00:51:23.970]if you have equipment problems,
[00:51:25.540]you're not worried about over applying the product
[00:51:28.640]to that particular area.
[00:51:30.953]So when using a backpack sprayer or the smaller sprayer,
[00:51:36.030]you have your preset area, pre-measured area,
[00:51:39.310]time yourself as it takes you
[00:51:40.740]to cover that with the water, as your test,
[00:51:44.230]once you've done that you can come back
[00:51:46.080]and then for that amount of time,
[00:51:47.700]spray into a measuring cup.
[00:51:49.919]And so that way I'll tell you the volume of water
[00:51:52.720]or volume of product that you will apply
[00:51:54.480]over that amount of square feet.
[00:51:57.250]And then again, working with your label,
[00:51:59.260]that'll help you adjust how many ounces per gallon
[00:52:02.550]that you'll enter into your sprayer
[00:52:04.770]when you go out to actually apply the product.
[00:52:07.410]So that's the first thing is making sure
[00:52:08.950]that your equipment is working correctly.
[00:52:11.900]And then go ahead and apply that product
[00:52:13.470]over that measured pre known area.
[00:52:16.600]With our granular products, with our spreaders,
[00:52:19.120]whether it's a broadcast or the drop, again,
[00:52:22.610]the manufacturers and the information for the spreader
[00:52:27.070]should give you a point to start
[00:52:29.880]as far as applying to product.
[00:52:31.510]And again, starting off with a known area
[00:52:33.780]about 100 square feet, put in the amount of pounds,
[00:52:36.750]let's say for using fertilizer,
[00:52:38.310]the amount of pounds that you should be using
[00:52:40.070]over 100 square feet.
[00:52:41.800]So starting off with a preset on your gauge
[00:52:45.020]for your spreader, as you go through that,
[00:52:49.250]if you're a little short or a little light with that,
[00:52:52.650]then you can adjust as you go through that
[00:52:54.378]and get to a setting that works best
[00:52:57.960]for that particular product.
[00:52:59.880]When using the granular spreaders,
[00:53:02.210]it's important to know the width that you'll be applying.
[00:53:05.260]So the swath width, with the broadcast spreader
[00:53:08.420]that may adjust with the speed as you travel.
[00:53:12.530]So that's important to maintain
[00:53:14.300]the same speed as you're applying the product.
[00:53:16.610]And that will give you an estimate on how wide a product
[00:53:19.450]or how wide your swath will be
[00:53:20.733]when you're applying the product, with the drop spreader,
[00:53:23.290]it's obviously a known thing, it's only gonna drop so far.
[00:53:26.973]So whether it's two foot, three foot or four foot, again,
[00:53:28.630]that will help gauge how much product
[00:53:30.680]you're applying and the same with the liquid sprayers.
[00:53:35.270]So whether it has a boom again,
[00:53:37.170]knowing the width of the total spray,
[00:53:39.930]this particular one is about 102 inches.
[00:53:43.178]And also, whether it's a backpack or a bottle sprayer,
[00:53:46.600]depending on the nozzle you use will also depend
[00:53:48.690]on the width of the spray,
[00:53:50.940]the pattern that you're putting out.
[00:53:52.290]So it's important to have an idea how wide your pattern is
[00:53:55.380]as you're going through your test zone.
[00:53:58.660]So you know that you cover it accurately
[00:54:00.780]as you're going through it.
[00:54:02.480]So as you've gone through and you're ready
[00:54:04.170]to make your application, a couple of things
[00:54:05.760]to think about as you're applying,
[00:54:07.710]whether it's a fertilizer or a pesticide
[00:54:09.850]to your lawn or your landscape,
[00:54:12.100]it's important that you're applying at the correct rate
[00:54:14.290]and the label and the SDS will give you that information.
[00:54:17.940]So you know, that you're planted at the correct rate.
[00:54:20.630]Again, if you're applying too much, you're wasting money.
[00:54:24.310]And if you're applying too little,
[00:54:26.000]you may be encouraging resistance to particular pesticides,
[00:54:29.700]or if it's a fertilizer,
[00:54:31.530]you're not gonna get the performance out of that product
[00:54:33.650]that you'd hoped to get.
[00:54:35.360]So accuracy is very important
[00:54:37.770]and that is through your calibration,
[00:54:39.700]making sure your equipment is tested and ready to go.
[00:54:42.750]And that will ensure that you're gonna have
[00:54:45.320]a successful application.
[00:54:47.234](gentle music)
[00:54:59.240]So we're gonna look at using a pump style sprayer.
[00:55:02.310]And this method we're gonna use
[00:55:04.290]is gonna be a little different
[00:55:05.330]than using a graduated cylinder and measuring them out
[00:55:08.937]that we do for calibrating the sprayer.
[00:55:11.710]So this method is really, if you're applying,
[00:55:15.250]if your spot spraying or herbicide,
[00:55:18.640]and then those kinds of products,
[00:55:20.430]and typically what we're using
[00:55:22.370]when we're using those products,
[00:55:23.600]they're telling us on the label that it's a one
[00:55:26.810]or two ounces per thousand square feet,
[00:55:28.940]depending on the product.
[00:55:31.120]So we have an area measured out of 1000 square feet.
[00:55:34.120]We'll go through the process, timing ourselves,
[00:55:37.770]to give us an idea of how long it takes us
[00:55:40.120]to spray 100 square feet.
[00:55:41.440]So then when we're out spraying an area,
[00:55:44.010]if we're spot spraying, we know what our pace should be
[00:55:46.700]as we're going through that that process.
[00:55:49.830]So we're gonna be using a pump style sprayer that again,
[00:55:53.800]we're going to want this at about 30 to 40
[00:55:56.000]pounds of pressure, and depending on the sprayer you have,
[00:56:00.090]some may have a gauge on it.
[00:56:01.600]This particular one has a insert in here
[00:56:04.900]that lets me adjust the pressure in here.
[00:56:07.110]So there's different settings
[00:56:08.460]in the inside of the tank that allows me to spray
[00:56:12.200]at that amount of pressure.
[00:56:14.190]That allows me to use 30 pounds of pressure inside the tank.
[00:56:19.210]When using a fan type sprayer,
[00:56:20.620]we wanna keep the nozzle at the same height.
[00:56:22.760]So somewhere around 20 inches, for me,
[00:56:25.410]it's about knee height.
[00:56:27.230]You'll wanna measure for each of you individually,
[00:56:30.920]but something to keep in mind to keep it at the same height
[00:56:33.050]so that we're not very in the height.
[00:56:34.410]That way it maintains the same distribution
[00:56:36.920]on this spray when we're doing our test pattern,
[00:56:41.733]make sure that you're using the proper PPE
[00:56:43.520]based on the product you're using.
[00:56:45.250]So it's important to read the label a review
[00:56:47.690]to make sure that you have the proper stuff on
[00:56:50.740]as you're doing it.
[00:56:52.533]So typically we want some sort of boot, rubber gloves.
[00:56:57.770]You may look at waterproof chaps, protective head gear,
[00:57:02.020]safety glasses certainly.
[00:57:04.110]So look at your label and make sure
[00:57:06.318]that you have the proper personal protective equipment on
[00:57:08.930]while you're applying the product.
[00:57:11.420]When doing your testing for this,
[00:57:15.620]for calibrating, this particular sprayer,
[00:57:17.810]it's important to think about where you're gonna be
[00:57:20.330]normally applying to product and then testing it
[00:57:22.460]on a similar location, so for instance,
[00:57:24.890]if I'm typically gonna be using this in a lawn area,
[00:57:28.400]I'm gonna wanna use this.
[00:57:29.950]I'm going to want to do my calibrating in a lawn area,
[00:57:33.240]not in a parking lot or something like that,
[00:57:35.570]because my rate, my speed and gate
[00:57:38.250]will be different based on that sort of circumstances.
[00:57:41.010]So again, give that some thought,
[00:57:43.390]if you're in a hilly area or a rough area
[00:57:47.530]or a tall grass area, you're gonna want
[00:57:49.790]to calibrate yourself to those circumstances
[00:57:53.060]so that you're consistent as you apply this product.
[00:57:56.090]So using the stopwatch setting on my phone,
[00:57:58.260]that'll help tie me as I walk through this
[00:58:01.994]1000 square foot area.
[00:58:03.370]And then that'll give me an idea
[00:58:04.850]when I'm out spot spraying or doing an area
[00:58:07.760]that I know how much product I should be applying
[00:58:10.290]as I'm doing that work.
[00:58:13.010]So again, you wanna make sure that you maintain
[00:58:15.630]a gate that you would normally use
[00:58:17.170]while you're out applying product,
[00:58:19.770]even with a backpack sprayer,
[00:58:21.150]drift can be a serious problem.
[00:58:22.730]So you're gonna wanna make sure that you monitor that
[00:58:25.950]as you're applying your product.
[00:58:28.230]So while we're doing this, the other thing to consider
[00:58:30.860]is to do this multiple times, do it three,
[00:58:33.390]maybe even four times
[00:58:35.130]as you go through your calibration methods.
[00:58:36.880]So you can get an average time, because again,
[00:58:40.380]that'll give you a better idea of what your gate is
[00:58:42.730]and on a consistent basis.
[00:58:43.980]So taking a little extra time to do it a few times,
[00:58:47.600]and then average the amount of time that it took you
[00:58:49.340]to spray out a gallon over a thousand square feet
[00:58:52.040]would give you a little bit better number
[00:58:54.020]when you go out to do some spot spraying.
[00:58:56.860]So to wrap this up, it took me,
[00:58:59.480]I used about a third of a gallon, took me about two minutes.
[00:59:02.930]So if you work that through the math, easy math here,
[00:59:06.140]we're looking at about six minutes per gallon at my gate,
[00:59:08.500]walking over an area like this.
[00:59:11.310]So I would expect myself when I'm out applying product
[00:59:14.870]that it's about six minutes per gallon
[00:59:16.780]to do 1000 square feet of product.
[00:59:21.050]So that's one thing to kind of, again,
[00:59:23.440]each person's gonna be a little different,
[00:59:24.920]your gate's gonna be a little different,
[00:59:26.080]but it's important that you calibrate
[00:59:27.990]your sprayer to you as you go through this process.
[00:59:32.910]And you're gonna wanna look at each product again,
[00:59:35.580]make sure that the ounces per gallon,
[00:59:38.640]per thousand square feet are consistent.
[00:59:40.980]So you know which product you're using,
[00:59:43.360]how many gallons you need to apply per thousand square feet.
[00:59:47.770]Again, things to keep in mind that are really important.
[00:59:50.920]Drift is again, a serious issue.
[00:59:52.947]And it's something, especially in our profession,
[00:59:54.880]we wanna be very aware of just because we're using
[00:59:58.640]a pump style sprayer doesn't mean
[01:00:00.110]that we can't have drift.
[01:00:02.125]And so it's important to know what the wind speed is.
[01:00:05.240]And again, match that up with the label.
[01:00:06.870]There are some restrictions on some labels,
[01:00:08.710]as far as what the wind speed is
[01:00:09.950]when you're applying the product.
[01:00:12.190]Think about the interval time between applications,
[01:00:15.860]many products have a maximum amount
[01:00:18.210]of ounces per thousand square feet
[01:00:19.920]applied to a particular area over a season.
[01:00:22.740]So again, keep that in mind
[01:00:23.970]as you're applying your products
[01:00:25.490]and calibrating your sprayer and keeping track
[01:00:27.990]of where you've been applying product and how often.
[01:00:32.850]Make sure you have your PPE on
[01:00:34.430]that's appropriate for the product.
[01:00:36.918]Otherwise, be safe.
[01:00:38.608](gentle music)
[01:00:50.450]Good afternoon, my name is Kevin Holdorf.
[01:00:52.330]I'm pesticide inspector for the Department of Agriculture.
[01:00:56.840]Today, I've been asked to talk to you
[01:00:59.660]about some of the inspector's perspectives
[01:01:03.110]on pesticide safety and some of the things
[01:01:06.870]that we see in the field.
[01:01:11.270]Here's an interesting case.
[01:01:14.120]We basically got a complaint call that somebody
[01:01:18.930]had striped a lawn and I went out to investigate this
[01:01:22.770]and can anybody out there tell me what's wrong with this?
[01:01:30.640]This happens to be a situation where the owner
[01:01:34.890]of the company told his applicator who was not licensed
[01:01:42.630]that he should go out and fill up the tank
[01:01:46.600]with water and then add some weed killer to the tank.
[01:01:53.320]And so he went out, grabbed the weed killer off the shelf,
[01:01:57.110]put it in the tank to mix it.
[01:01:59.830]And lo and behold, it was weed killer and grass killer.
[01:02:05.120]You'll notice the nice striping in it.
[01:02:07.200]This has everything to do with the fact that the guy,
[01:02:10.060]he never cleaned out his equipment from the previous season
[01:02:13.750]and the nozzles were plugged, and consequently,
[01:02:17.100]he got this nice striping on his lawn.
[01:02:21.910]Now here, this guy we've blocked his face
[01:02:24.910]for identity reasons.
[01:02:28.960]And he is wearing the proper protective equipment.
[01:02:34.120]He's got a pre-measure on his product there,
[01:02:40.970]but there is a violation here.
[01:02:42.630]And I'm wondering if you can see it.
[01:02:45.480]If you look at the bottom of the screen,
[01:02:47.060]he's got a hose that's stuck in the tank.
[01:02:50.550]There's about four feet of this hose
[01:02:52.720]at the bottom of the tank.
[01:02:55.350]What's gonna happen when he shuts off the water?
[01:03:00.700]I'm hoping that the homeowner has a backflow preventative,
[01:03:04.860]but the label here says that you must have a stop gap.
[01:03:08.760]And a stop gap is such that where when you turn
[01:03:12.140]the water off, it's not gonna affect the tank.
[01:03:16.650]Or basically when you turn the water off,
[01:03:19.610]there's a gap between where the chemical
[01:03:22.510]or the solution is going into the tank and your hose.
[01:03:25.580]So this is a violation of the label.
[01:03:30.040]This guy has got plenty of PPE on, in fact,
[01:03:33.040]he's kind of got more than is required,
[01:03:36.270]but there's a violation here.
[01:03:39.750]If you look at the product that he's pouring into the tank,
[01:03:42.499]it has no measuring device on it.
[01:03:45.450]And glug glug is not a measuring option.
[01:03:53.570]A fact, he has no idea how much chemical
[01:03:56.010]he's putting into this tank.
[01:03:59.470]This one's real obvious.
[01:04:01.440]I see this all the time.
[01:04:02.780]I drive around and look for applicators
[01:04:06.270]to do what's called a use observation on them.
[01:04:10.110]This guy, of course, is not wearing a long sleeve shirt.
[01:04:13.410]He's not wearing gloves, he's not wearing long pants.
[01:04:18.050]And this one's really easy, I mean this is a no brainer.
[01:04:23.970]I spot these guys all the time
[01:04:26.370]and it's an automatic violation.
[01:04:29.410]So again, we've protected this guy's identity.
[01:04:36.070]Again, the PPE here is lacking.
[01:04:40.116]He's missing a long sleeve shirt.
[01:04:42.970]Otherwise, not so bad.
[01:04:45.850]This guy was not licensed by the way.
[01:04:50.470]Here's one that the guy who's got
[01:04:52.537]his protective equipment on,
[01:04:55.070]his personal protective equipment on,
[01:04:56.870]and it looks pretty good.
[01:04:59.880]He's got his long sleeve shirt on.
[01:05:01.900]He's got even has a respirator, which he really didn't need.
[01:05:07.270]He's covered pretty good.
[01:05:09.210]But what if I told you that shrub
[01:05:13.100]that he standing behind,
[01:05:14.580]that he's spraying around is a fruit shrub,
[01:05:19.990]have to take a look at the label and see
[01:05:22.200]if that product's appropriate for spraying around fruit
[01:05:27.080]that's gonna be harvested and eaten.
[01:05:31.460]I wanna do a little demonstration for you
[01:05:34.410]on some of the things that I see in the field,
[01:05:37.040]and I just want you to kind of take notes
[01:05:42.260]and see if you can point out,
[01:05:44.970]or you can identify all the violations
[01:05:47.800]that have occurred in this demonstration.
[01:05:52.530]First of all, I'm gonna get prepared here
[01:05:57.320]and we'll just roll up the sleeves.
[01:06:04.660]And I've got a few things
[01:06:07.080]that I've seen out in and people's chemical sheds,
[01:06:11.570]and here's a product that I've found on the shelf.
[01:06:16.170]It's pretty dusty, it's been there for quite a while.
[01:06:19.340]And here's another one.
[01:06:22.660]It's a Mason jar filled with liquid
[01:06:24.850]and on a pesticide shelf.
[01:06:28.990]And I have to wonder what's in this thing.
[01:06:32.720]And it looks kind of like a two four D product,
[01:06:36.450]but I have no idea.
[01:06:39.100]I know what you're thinking, you could smell it.
[01:06:41.930]And then that way you'd know what's in it.
[01:06:44.570]So if we open this up and we whoa,
[01:06:50.380]that stuff's strong, it doesn't really smell
[01:06:53.730]like 24D, oh, I spilled a little bit of it here.
[01:06:59.850]Let me wipe that up a little bit before we go on.
[01:07:07.900]Yeah, it's a mess.
[01:07:09.970]It just keeps going on all over the place here.
[01:07:14.650]Well, you know, it's something that we see a lot of,
[01:07:19.600]we see a lot of chemicals that are in containers
[01:07:22.180]that have no markings on them.
[01:07:24.940]And then we'll see something like this,
[01:07:27.170]where we have a measuring cup and some measuring spoons
[01:07:30.380]on the shelf, and you know, is that appropriate?
[01:07:36.170]I don't know, you tell me, care for a mint?
[01:07:42.480]These are great, love these things.
[01:07:46.220]So you see when you go out and you're looking for things,
[01:07:49.880]you always wanna pay attention to the small details.
[01:07:56.120]You know, chemicals are really dangerous
[01:07:59.730]and you should really be aware
[01:08:01.770]of what's going on around you.
[01:08:03.490]I see this a lot in people's trucks.
[01:08:05.730]Oh, excuse me, my telephone is ringing.
[01:08:10.100]Hello.
[01:08:12.260]I really can't, what do you mean?
[01:08:15.770]Oh, okay, well I gotta go.
[01:08:18.720]I'm in the middle of something here Richard,
[01:08:20.671]okay I will, I will, I will.
[01:08:22.875]Sorry about that.
[01:08:24.680]I have to go pick up my kids after school today
[01:08:27.490]and they get out of school in about 20 minutes.
[01:08:30.090]So probably need to wrap this up real quick.
[01:08:34.770]Well, that's just some of the things
[01:08:36.530]that I see out in the field.
[01:08:37.810]Did you catch all the violations here?
[01:08:40.870]I'm wondering if he did, because there are some things here
[01:08:44.850]that are not that obvious.
[01:08:50.230]Oh, here's that label, I found it.
[01:08:59.010]Must have eye protection when handling this product.
[01:09:04.650]Oh, well I have my glasses.
[01:09:08.860]That's gotta protect my eyes, doesn't it?
[01:09:15.800]Oh, spill kit.
[01:09:17.770]In case something spills, do you have a spill kit
[01:09:21.400]in your truck or the vehicle that you use
[01:09:24.590]when you apply pesticides?
[01:09:27.760]Good thing I had my handkerchief here.
[01:09:29.860]'Cause that got it up pretty good I think.
[01:09:34.680]So those are just some of the things
[01:09:36.130]that I see out in the field.
[01:09:38.630]I'm wondering though,
[01:09:41.530]this cup is awfully corroded on the inside.
[01:09:44.860]I wonder why that did that.
[01:09:51.470]Oh, this is corrosive to metal.
[01:09:57.110]Oh, and it says here do not breathe the fumes.
[01:10:07.060]Well, well, at least I got my long sleeve shirt on.
[01:10:12.630]Let's continue with regulations.
[01:10:15.160]What's in it for you as an applicator?
[01:10:17.510]Well, the applicator is responsible
[01:10:20.880]for any and all pesticide applications.
[01:10:23.570]Therefore it is always important to be professional.
[01:10:27.300]You never know who's watching.
[01:10:29.500]There are people watching you everywhere,
[01:10:32.160]from their home, from their car,
[01:10:34.320]from any possible angle that you can imagine.
[01:10:38.090]Why do I know this?
[01:10:39.550]Because they complain and I respond to their complaints,
[01:10:45.700]read the label.
[01:10:47.030]It's your responsibility to read and understand the label.
[01:10:50.880]You should always read the label, always.
[01:10:53.900]And even if you have used the product in the past,
[01:10:57.630]read it again, products change all the time.
[01:11:01.700]Labels change all the time.
[01:11:03.970]It's very important to read and understand the label.
[01:11:07.760]I would do it often.
[01:11:11.940]The label is the law.
[01:11:14.030]There is a statement on every label approved by the EPA.
[01:11:17.560]And it says, it is a violation of federal law
[01:11:20.640]to use this product in a manner
[01:11:22.560]inconsistent with its labeling.
[01:11:25.400]It is the applicator's responsibility to read and comply
[01:11:29.510]with all directions provided on the label.
[01:11:32.440]It is not your employer's responsibility.
[01:11:35.490]Your employer may tell you what you need to do,
[01:11:38.550]but you need to read the label,
[01:11:43.720]personal protective equipment or PPE.
[01:11:48.000]You've got to wear the personal protective equipment.
[01:11:51.160]It is an automatic violation
[01:11:53.060]if you do not wear the protective equipment
[01:11:56.520]and you are putting your family at risk
[01:11:59.030]when you do not wear it.
[01:12:01.480]For instance, in the scenario that we did earlier,
[01:12:05.300]where the applicator has to go pick up his children.
[01:12:10.540]If you remember, wiped his hands on his shirt,
[01:12:14.580]he's got chemical on his hands from cleaning up the spill.
[01:12:19.710]And now he's gonna go home maybe to change vehicles
[01:12:26.040]I hope, to clean up I hope,
[01:12:29.580]but he had 20 minutes to get there
[01:12:31.950]or half hour or whatever it was.
[01:12:34.530]And what do you think the first thing
[01:12:36.130]that child's gonna do when he sees his parent after school?
[01:12:40.740]He's gonna give him a hug.
[01:12:42.660]He's gonna give him whatever.
[01:12:45.150]I mean, he's gonna give him a hug.
[01:12:47.050]He's gonna maybe give him a kiss.
[01:12:49.230]And he's got chemical all over his body.
[01:12:54.250]Wear your protective equipment, it's important.
[01:13:01.280]Follow the directions and restrictions
[01:13:03.120]for use listed on the label.
[01:13:06.160]Here are the ones that we regulate, which is target site,
[01:13:10.070]target pest, rate of application, wind speed,
[01:13:12.650]distance from water, temperature, standpipes, et cetera.
[01:13:16.830]There's a whole list.
[01:13:17.810]The label has every one of them on there.
[01:13:21.050]But some of the things the labeled doesn't put on there
[01:13:24.210]is there's no regulation for cell phones.
[01:13:27.700]There's no language on a label
[01:13:29.520]that says anything about a cell phone.
[01:13:32.570]But if you remember, I used my cell phone
[01:13:35.410]after I cleaned up my spill.
[01:13:38.550]This is gonna be a problem every time you use it,
[01:13:42.040]because you are reintroducing chemical,
[01:13:46.730]either on your hand or to your ear,
[01:13:49.740]depending on how you handled this item.
[01:13:53.730]So that's not on the label.
[01:13:55.360]So sometimes you have to use common sense, record keeping,
[01:14:01.730]record keeping for ornamental and turf is not required
[01:14:04.740]unless you use a restricted use product,
[01:14:07.620]but I'm asking you to consider using record.
[01:14:11.910]Simply from the standpoint of,
[01:14:15.070]if somebody has an issue with your application,
[01:14:18.390]what are you going to be able to remember
[01:14:21.290]about that application when somebody takes you to court?
[01:14:26.350]Therefore, I encourage you to all,
[01:14:28.630]to get a pesticide record, keeping requirement brochure,
[01:14:33.490]and look at all of the things that we recommend
[01:14:37.540]that you have on your records.
[01:14:41.500]There's one that isn't listed,
[01:14:43.750]but I think it's very important.
[01:14:46.240]And if you look on this list, it says date and start time.
[01:14:50.210]I also think you should put your end time on there as well,
[01:14:54.460]simply because when you finish an application,
[01:14:59.310]what happens after the application can be important.
[01:15:03.350]For instance, the wind speed might've been ideal
[01:15:07.758]for your application when you started it
[01:15:10.980]and when you ended it.
[01:15:13.040]But shortly after there, the wind picked up.
[01:15:17.010]How do I know as a regulator,
[01:15:20.140]when your application ended and whether or not
[01:15:23.326]you are compliant with the label,
[01:15:28.666]it's always good to have more information on your records
[01:15:31.530]than less, even though it's not required, it's important.
[01:15:40.070]Records must be maintained for a minimum of three years
[01:15:43.240]and must be recorded within 48 hours
[01:15:45.950]of your pesticide application.
[01:15:48.890]Again, here are some good resources
[01:15:50.740]for record-keeping, DriftWatch.
[01:15:57.360]This is a service I think that is totally under utilized,
[01:16:03.040]as an applicator, you have the ability to access
[01:16:08.580]a DriftWatch site that will tell you
[01:16:11.920]where there are sensitive areas
[01:16:14.730]that you might be concerned about
[01:16:16.600]or need to be concerned about.
[01:16:18.870]Some of those places are, are vineyards, vegetables,
[01:16:22.650]bees and protected species.
[01:16:26.140]It's important to know who is around you
[01:16:29.760]when you're doing an application.
[01:16:31.670]It's important for you to know your customers, neighbors,
[01:16:36.620]talk to your customers about their neighbors.
[01:16:39.010]Find out who the troublemakers are in the neighborhood,
[01:16:42.330]might save you a complaint.
[01:16:47.030]Well, that concludes my talk for today.
[01:16:49.170]If there's any questions, please contact
[01:16:51.390]the Nebraska Department of Agriculture
[01:16:53.350]with any of your questions or concerns
[01:16:55.460]or call your regulatory agent
[01:16:57.420]or your regulatory inspector directly
[01:17:00.330]if you have his telephone number.
[01:17:03.020]You can see the telephone number here and our website.
[01:17:06.650]And we ask that you would give us a call.
[01:17:08.620]It's better if you call us than when we call on you.
[01:17:13.860]Well, that's all I have for today.
[01:17:17.300]My gosh, it's awfully hot in here.
[01:17:20.590]I wish we could have turned on the air conditioning
[01:17:23.560]a little bit more, man.
[01:17:27.448]You know, I'm not feeling so good.
[01:17:30.690]I think I better lay down.
[01:17:33.695](gentle music)
[01:17:45.320]This concludes the recertification training
[01:17:47.570]for category 04, ornamental and turf pest control.
[01:17:51.230]We hope this video has provided some new insight
[01:17:53.660]for your work, as well as offering review
[01:17:55.780]of important pest management practices.
[01:17:58.500]Visit us any time at pested.UNL.EDU,
[01:18:02.040]for more information on a variety of topics,
[01:18:04.770]thank you for your time and be safe out there.

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04 Ornamental and Turf Pest Control 2022

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