Ag Plant Recertification 2022

Frank Bright Author

12/16/2021 Added

2 Plays

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Agricultural Pest Control - Plant Recertification, up dated for the 2022 training season.

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[00:00:00.868](upbeat music)
[00:00:15.912]Hello, I'm Frank Bright
[00:00:16.990]and welcome to the Recertification
[00:00:18.657]of the 01 Agricultural Pest Control, Plant category.
[00:00:22.210]Otherwise known as Ag Plant.
[00:00:24.390]This training will help refresh your understanding
[00:00:26.420]of important pesticide safety education topics
[00:00:28.830]relating to this category.
[00:00:30.870]Different Extension specialists will cover topics
[00:00:33.030]ranging from integrated pest management to calibration,
[00:00:36.520]while some industry information will be also shown
[00:00:38.850]to help us all stay safe as possible
[00:00:40.840]when working with these products.
[00:00:50.818]Hi, I'm Chris Proctor, Weed Management Extension Educator.
[00:00:53.780]And I'll talk a little bit about how plants
[00:00:56.630]interact in our fields,
[00:00:57.690]thinking particularly about weeds
[00:00:59.380]and kind of an integrated pest management approach
[00:01:02.330]to be able to manage those weeds.
[00:01:03.600]And so when we think about what is a weed,
[00:01:06.350]just to start with the definition,
[00:01:08.290]really it's about context.
[00:01:10.030]So it's any plant that's growing in a place
[00:01:12.020]that you don't want it.
[00:01:13.040]So it's anything that's gonna impact
[00:01:15.530]the growth of your desirable plants.
[00:01:16.950]And so if we think of our agronomic systems in Nebraska,
[00:01:21.880]if you think of a corn or soybean field,
[00:01:24.720]anything that's not a corn or a soybean plant
[00:01:26.860]growing in that field,
[00:01:27.920]another plant that's gonna compete
[00:01:29.690]with your agronomic crops would be considered a weed.
[00:01:32.960]And so paying attention to when those weeds are emerging,
[00:01:36.810]the timing that they emerge is all really important
[00:01:41.050]'cause really what we're after is,
[00:01:42.977]"How do we control these weeds in a timely manner
[00:01:46.050]that's not gonna impact our crop growth and development?"
[00:01:50.200]So when we think about how weeds influence our crops
[00:01:53.160]or what's the impact of weeds on our crops,
[00:01:58.000]primarily the biggest impact weeds have
[00:01:59.900]on both corn and soybean in particular
[00:02:02.010]is early in the season.
[00:02:04.100]And so it's that first part of the growing season
[00:02:06.920]if weeds are present,
[00:02:08.140]they tend to have the biggest impact on our crops.
[00:02:10.340]And so managing weeds early is really important
[00:02:12.830]and catching them either before they emerge
[00:02:15.940]or as they emerge is really important.
[00:02:17.870]And the ways that weeds ultimately compete
[00:02:20.500]with our crops is they compete for resources.
[00:02:24.040]And so we think about the different resources
[00:02:26.120]that our plants need to grow.
[00:02:27.820]Sunlight, water, nutrients, space.
[00:02:31.280]So any of those components that are compromised by a weed,
[00:02:35.660]which is either capturing sunlight
[00:02:37.430]that might be available to the crop
[00:02:38.760]or taking up nutrients or water that the crop
[00:02:40.650]might otherwise utilize,
[00:02:41.920]all those are gonna have a negative impact
[00:02:43.610]on our crop growth and development.
[00:02:45.637]And so that's why it's really important
[00:02:47.120]to manage those weeds early and to keep them suppressed
[00:02:53.450]so that our crop can be most competitive
[00:02:55.460]and capture all of the energy
[00:03:00.590]and the nutrients that it needs to grow successfully.
[00:03:03.470]And thinking about weeds,
[00:03:04.470]there's really two broad categories of weeds
[00:03:06.830]that I think is important to highlight.
[00:03:08.400]And so we have two kinds of weeds broadly speaking
[00:03:12.250]that we find in our fields.
[00:03:14.010]So we have our grasses.
[00:03:15.220]What's unique about grasses is their growing point
[00:03:17.810]occurs right here at the soil.
[00:03:19.690]And so if we were to cut off any of this plant
[00:03:21.910]above that growing point,
[00:03:23.350]you can see that it regrows from that growing point,
[00:03:27.450]that single growing point here,
[00:03:29.230]and you have regrowth that occurs.
[00:03:31.310]And so this can be important in any number of ways.
[00:03:34.540]In terms of herbicide burndown or mowing,
[00:03:37.230]this weed will persist in the field to grow.
[00:03:39.880]Whereas a broadleaf weed, instead of its growing point
[00:03:42.610]being down at the soil level,
[00:03:44.780]its growing point is actually all the way here
[00:03:46.540]at the top of the plant.
[00:03:47.650]And so it's important to recognize that difference
[00:03:51.440]'cause it can affect management.
[00:03:52.287]And so if we were to cut the growing point
[00:03:55.110]at the top of the plant off early on in its growth phase,
[00:04:00.002]a lot of times that'll kill the plant entirely.
[00:04:03.410]Now some broadleafs do have the ability
[00:04:05.350]to regrow from nodes down below.
[00:04:07.020]And so you can see this one was actually burned back
[00:04:09.270]by an herbicide, but there were still some nodes
[00:04:11.890]below that growing point that initiated
[00:04:14.613]some regrowth here.
[00:04:17.212]Some of our more challenging to manage weeds
[00:04:19.560]that's part of what we see is some regrowth,
[00:04:22.230]but primarily knowing the difference
[00:04:23.860]between a broadleaf and a grass can be really important
[00:04:26.330]in terms of developing management, et cetera.
[00:04:28.950]So when you think about that critical period
[00:04:31.090]for managing weeds, one of the primary reasons
[00:04:35.180]that we think about that is,
[00:04:37.387]"What's the impact on the economics of our system?
[00:04:39.890]How does that affect the bottom line?"
[00:04:42.260]Really, what's I think critical to think about is,
[00:04:45.647]"If those weeds go unmanaged,
[00:04:47.510]what influence will that have on our yields
[00:04:50.370]and ultimately our profitability?"
[00:04:52.040]And now there's been a decent amount of research done
[00:04:54.970]and it ranges quite a bit,
[00:04:56.390]but there's been studies that show
[00:04:57.970]anywhere between 30 all the way up to 90% yield loss
[00:05:01.060]for uncontrolled weeds in the field.
[00:05:03.914]If you imagine 90% yield loss,
[00:05:05.350]that's a pretty significant impact from those weeds.
[00:05:07.880]And so making sure that they're managed effectively
[00:05:09.630]can be really important.
[00:05:12.160]A number of things come into play
[00:05:13.940]when you start talking about economics.
[00:05:17.270]With resistant weeds that we have
[00:05:18.930]in a lot of our systems today,
[00:05:21.000]managing those weeds effectively
[00:05:22.300]becomes really critical.
[00:05:24.600]And that's why having a broad management plan is important.
[00:05:28.320]So if we have resistance, we gotta make sure
[00:05:31.550]that one, we're using effective modes
[00:05:33.950]of action with our herbicides.
[00:05:35.150]So if we're only applying herbicides
[00:05:38.350]that the weed is resistant to,
[00:05:39.500]effectively we haven't applied any herbicides at all.
[00:05:41.700]And so paying attention to that is really important.
[00:05:44.170]And then thinking more broadly,
[00:05:45.567]"What other tools can we bring into our toolbox
[00:05:47.780]to manage those resistant weeds?"
[00:05:49.740]So not just relying on herbicides alone,
[00:05:51.410]but are there other practices that we can can
[00:05:53.540]think about in our systems
[00:05:55.100]because all that ultimately is gonna affect
[00:05:57.770]how well we manage the weeds and ultimately our yields.
[00:06:00.890]And so that becomes really critical.
[00:06:03.250]Early in the season, as I mentioned,
[00:06:04.570]is really that prime window to control those weeds.
[00:06:07.070]And so having a residual product in the soil
[00:06:10.100]becomes really important herbicide
[00:06:11.590]and residual herbicide in the soil
[00:06:13.910]'cause that prevents those weeds from emerging,
[00:06:16.290]but then knowing what you have in the field
[00:06:19.320]as you go into the season,
[00:06:20.470]do you need a second application?
[00:06:22.810]Thinking about row spacing in soybean
[00:06:25.720]might be another tool you can use,
[00:06:27.070]so that canopy is gonna close sooner.
[00:06:28.640]So now you're using shade as a tool
[00:06:30.790]to help suppress some of those weeds
[00:06:32.720]as you go into the season.
[00:06:33.553]So there's a lot of things to think about.
[00:06:35.978]Another critical piece of weed control,
[00:06:38.880]especially with resistance is managing seed production.
[00:06:42.450]So while it may not affect yields within the season
[00:06:45.840]that you're managing it,
[00:06:46.673]if you have any escapes...
[00:06:48.810]And so here's a seed head that was pulled
[00:06:51.360]from the field behind me of a Palmer amaranth plant.
[00:06:54.390]So if you manage your field well,
[00:06:57.480]but you have some weeds that escape
[00:06:58.810]and actually put on a seed head like this,
[00:07:01.560]making sure that you manage these
[00:07:03.500]and prevent seed production becomes really important.
[00:07:05.690]So if I leave this uncontrolled
[00:07:07.940]and I don't do anything about the seed head,
[00:07:10.639]this single plant could produce
[00:07:12.340]hundreds of thousands of seeds.
[00:07:13.640]And so you imagine, you have one plant uncontrolled
[00:07:16.630]that produced 100,000, 200,000 seeds
[00:07:19.420]from that single plant.
[00:07:20.790]And if you go through with a combine
[00:07:22.311]and this goes through the combine,
[00:07:24.050]well, those seeds are gonna get spread
[00:07:25.660]throughout that field.
[00:07:26.493]So now you have hundreds of thousands of plants
[00:07:28.380]over the next three to five years
[00:07:30.210]in the case of a Palmer amaranth plant
[00:07:31.600]that are gonna continue to emerge
[00:07:33.030]and create more of a problem for you.
[00:07:34.370]And so anything you can do to manage those weeds,
[00:07:37.980]prevent them from going to seed,
[00:07:40.031]especially for those resistant weeds
[00:07:42.080]becomes really critical.
[00:07:43.060]And so it's really a whole season management plan.
[00:07:46.470]So as I said, that early season as that crop is emerging
[00:07:51.440]and coming out of the soil,
[00:07:52.490]that's a really critical time to save yield
[00:07:55.250]at the end of the year.
[00:07:56.560]But you also have to think about the subsequent years.
[00:07:58.440]So not just this year but,
[00:07:59.537]"What do I need to do to manage these weeds well
[00:08:01.570]so that I'm not adding to the seed bank,
[00:08:04.360]I'm not inheriting more problems as time goes on,
[00:08:06.690]but in fact, I'm limiting some of those problems
[00:08:08.870]by using different tools and an integrated approach?"
[00:08:12.670]I wanted to talk through a specific example
[00:08:15.610]using Palmer amaranth.
[00:08:17.569]What are some things to consider for managing
[00:08:20.063]a really hard to control weed like Palmer?
[00:08:22.880]I would say if you're thinking about scouting and planning
[00:08:26.230]and building a program for management,
[00:08:28.530]you really want to start almost the previous year.
[00:08:31.267]You need to know the fields that you have,
[00:08:33.120]something like Palmer is starting to come in
[00:08:35.410]because you want to catch it early.
[00:08:37.960]As I mentioned, it produces a lot of seed.
[00:08:39.537]And so if you let it go to seed
[00:08:41.440]and that seed gets spread around the field
[00:08:43.510]your management only becomes that much more difficult.
[00:08:45.760]So where you know you have it,
[00:08:47.280]I think you want to be really aggressive
[00:08:49.410]in trying to manage your Palmer
[00:08:51.570]as you move into the next season.
[00:08:53.390]And so identifying those fields,
[00:08:56.536]ID'ing the weed that year before
[00:08:59.070]and knowing the parts of the field
[00:09:00.840]where it's really a problem
[00:09:01.760]or the fields that have a lot of Palmer pressure,
[00:09:04.230]I think is really critical
[00:09:05.580]'cause then as you go into the next season,
[00:09:06.797]you need to begin developing management strategies.
[00:09:10.910]I think you can take a really aggressive approach.
[00:09:12.910]So one of the challenges with something like Palmer
[00:09:15.540]is it begins emerging at the end of May
[00:09:17.970]typically in Nebraska,
[00:09:20.480]but it continues to emerge all the way into August,
[00:09:22.960]maybe even early September, depending on the year.
[00:09:24.760]So it has a really long emergence window.
[00:09:26.530]And so you can imagine anything you do in May
[00:09:28.760]to manage Palmer while it might be effective in May,
[00:09:31.650]certainly isn't gonna still be effective come August.
[00:09:34.400]And so it's gonna take a layered approach
[00:09:36.230]to manage a weed like Palmer.
[00:09:37.770]The other challenge with the Palmer plant
[00:09:39.150]is it can grow up to two and a half inches a day
[00:09:42.020]if it's really happy and it has all the resources it needs.
[00:09:45.400]So we often talk about effective weed control
[00:09:47.390]being weeds that are four inches or smaller.
[00:09:50.330]Typically our herbicide programs
[00:09:52.210]and our products are more effective with small weeds
[00:09:55.297]and we get better control.
[00:09:58.010]That doesn't give you very many days
[00:09:59.290]between identifying a Palmer plant,
[00:10:01.480]getting out there, spraying it
[00:10:02.630]and getting good control before it outgrows
[00:10:04.510]that optimal window for control.
[00:10:06.197]And so with something like Palmer, if you know you have it,
[00:10:09.180]my recommendation is to use
[00:10:11.100]a residual product herbicide plan.
[00:10:14.100]So that's something that's gonna prevent those weeds
[00:10:16.070]from emerging before you even see them.
[00:10:18.418]And so you want to start early with a good residual program.
[00:10:21.530]That's gonna keep the Palmer from,
[00:10:23.110]at least that first flush of Palmer from emerging.
[00:10:25.380]And then at that point, you're gonna have to start
[00:10:26.980]relying on some other tools in your toolbox
[00:10:29.480]to continue to have good control throughout that season.
[00:10:31.650]And so planting early certainly could
[00:10:34.370]be something effective,
[00:10:36.120]'cause you wanna try to get canopy of your corn crop,
[00:10:38.810]your soybean crop, as early as possible.
[00:10:41.250]Row spacing and soybean could be something
[00:10:43.160]that could be really effective.
[00:10:44.140]And so having narrow row spacing.
[00:10:46.780]If you have 15-inch rows versus 30-inch rows,
[00:10:49.250]well, those 15-inch rows are gonna close the canopy
[00:10:51.550]between the row a lot sooner in the season
[00:10:53.550]than those 30-inch rows.
[00:10:54.430]And so that could be something that's really effective
[00:10:56.180]at helping suppress Palmer.
[00:10:59.000]Another thing we've seen effective in some different work
[00:11:02.370]that we've done is using cover crops.
[00:11:04.100]So fall planted cover crops.
[00:11:06.830]If you produce enough biomass
[00:11:08.420]for that cover crop in the spring,
[00:11:10.700]that mat of residue after you terminate it
[00:11:13.250]going into the season
[00:11:14.530]does a pretty nice job of suppressing Palmer.
[00:11:16.370]And so while I haven't seen cover crops
[00:11:18.850]that completely eradicate Palmer,
[00:11:21.060]I have seen them suppress Palmer pretty significantly.
[00:11:23.560]So by having that soil cover
[00:11:25.760]as that Palmer plant's starting to emerge,
[00:11:28.400]you can keep a lot of those Palmers at bay.
[00:11:30.600]And so I think it's this layered approach,
[00:11:32.940]it's using multiple tools in your toolbox.
[00:11:35.320]A good herbicide program is certainly critical.
[00:11:37.940]A residual product to keep those early emergent weeds out,
[00:11:40.930]I think is important.
[00:11:41.763]But then as you go into the season,
[00:11:42.950]I think you have to have other tools that you're relying on.
[00:11:46.240]Often we have a really heavy Palmer infestation.
[00:11:48.870]Even a layered residual approach,
[00:11:50.337]and so where you come back, maybe at the, I dunno,
[00:11:54.340]V6 stage in corn, or V3, V4 stage in soybean,
[00:11:58.270]and come with another residual product
[00:11:59.910]to prevent any of those late emerging Palmer plants
[00:12:02.350]could be really important.
[00:12:03.240]So sometimes these layered residuals can be really important
[00:12:06.850]in a Palmer, for managing Palmer.
[00:12:09.110]So that's one of our more difficult
[00:12:10.570]to control weeds in Nebraska.
[00:12:12.260]We have resistance in Palmer, it's fast growing.
[00:12:14.620]It has a long emergency window.
[00:12:15.990]So it's just takes a lot of tools to effectively manage it.
[00:12:20.130]Something that's really important to consider
[00:12:22.720]in a management plan is making sure you're applying
[00:12:27.240]or you're making good applications
[00:12:28.620]with any herbicide program you're using.
[00:12:30.520]And so just paying attention to the environment.
[00:12:33.800]What's the wind speed when you're applying it?
[00:12:35.550]You're taking that extra step to go
[00:12:37.070]and monitor the wind speed at boom height.
[00:12:39.570]So make sure you're measuring it at boom height
[00:12:41.620]before you go and make that application.
[00:12:43.280]So you don't have these off-target movements
[00:12:45.470]with some of our products now that tend
[00:12:47.790]to have some volatility.
[00:12:50.660]Paying attention to the temperature
[00:12:52.870]and what crops are around your field
[00:12:54.350]and what direction is the wind moving
[00:12:56.420]as you're making an application?
[00:12:57.910]So just knowing what's around you
[00:12:59.250]and taking those a little bit of extra time
[00:13:01.270]can be really important.
[00:13:04.310]With our residual chemistries,
[00:13:07.030]I think either having irrigation
[00:13:08.710]or timely rainfall to make sure that that herbicide
[00:13:11.190]gets incorporated and activated can be really important
[00:13:13.033]so that we get good control out of that product,
[00:13:16.560]it can be something that's really important as well.
[00:13:18.187]And so it's really paying attention to the label.
[00:13:20.800]The labels have gotten really good about outlining
[00:13:24.610]what's needed for effective control.
[00:13:26.640]And so making sure that that label is followed
[00:13:28.960]in terms of use rates.
[00:13:30.470]So we wanna make sure that we're using
[00:13:32.080]label recommended rates,
[00:13:33.810]particularly to try to prevent resistance.
[00:13:35.840]And so anytime we reduce that rate,
[00:13:38.410]we have the potential to select certain plants
[00:13:41.680]that we might not kill the entire population.
[00:13:44.070]And those plants that survive often could result
[00:13:47.960]in having some level of resistance over time.
[00:13:50.110]And so paying attention to that,
[00:13:51.650]using multiple modes of action.
[00:13:54.600]And so that's herbicides with different mechanisms
[00:13:57.650]for controlling weeds, using those together
[00:14:00.170]can be really important in managing resistance.
[00:14:02.190]And so paying attention to that
[00:14:04.260]I think is something that's really critical.
[00:14:06.370]Nozzle selection is another one.
[00:14:08.090]So there's a lot of topics we could cover.
[00:14:09.560]We could spend a lot of time on a lot of these,
[00:14:11.010]but just to highlight the importance
[00:14:12.400]of really paying attention and taking care
[00:14:14.660]as you make your herbicide applications
[00:14:16.770]so that they're effective and they're also on target
[00:14:19.700]and they're doing what we want them to do,
[00:14:21.250]but not having broader environmental impacts
[00:14:25.512]that we didn't intend.
[00:14:26.550]So I think that's just something that's really critical
[00:14:28.410]as we think about our herbicide management plan.
[00:14:31.570]And just to wrap up,
[00:14:33.760]when we think about weeds in our system,
[00:14:35.470]it's really important to identify the weeds that we have,
[00:14:40.310]to try to manage them early in the season
[00:14:42.070]when they're small.
[00:14:43.560]So considering catching the weeds early,
[00:14:47.090]but also having really an integrated approach to management.
[00:14:50.000]So it's thinking about multiple tools in our toolbox,
[00:14:52.680]it's spreading the workload.
[00:14:53.860]So we don't want to put all of our workload
[00:14:55.560]just on our herbicides or just on a cover crop
[00:14:57.902]or something like that.
[00:14:58.960]I think using multiple tools and spreading that workload out
[00:15:02.440]can be really important in terms of managing weeds.
[00:15:05.150]And ultimately it's about agronomic productivity
[00:15:09.460]is what we're after.
[00:15:10.293]And so it's managing those weeds effectively early,
[00:15:12.500]preventing them from going to seed late,
[00:15:14.600]really to protect those yields and profitability
[00:15:17.560]in our system.
[00:15:18.393]And so I think it's a lot to keep track of.
[00:15:21.760]There's a lot of moving parts in our systems anymore today,
[00:15:24.180]but I think it becomes really critical
[00:15:27.490]to pay attention to all these things.
[00:15:29.026](upbeat music)
[00:15:37.730]Now I know not all of you will have use of a respirator
[00:15:40.930]when working with some of these products
[00:15:42.390]commonly used in this category,
[00:15:44.430]but here's a quick video on respirator care and maintenance
[00:15:47.300]to help those that do.
[00:15:49.390](soft music)
[00:18:09.941](upbeat music)
[00:18:17.980]In this PowerPoint, we really wanna cover
[00:18:21.690]how to have a successful weed control program,
[00:18:25.300]as well as some information on pesticide application
[00:18:29.440]to help you control your weeds.
[00:18:32.780]One of the things we see is how much can weeds
[00:18:36.120]affect yield loss.
[00:18:37.980]And you can see in this is basically about 50%
[00:18:41.580]for both corn and soybeans.
[00:18:44.070]Now, this is average losses.
[00:18:46.030]One thing, if you listen though to the plant pathologists
[00:18:49.740]and the entomologists as well as weed scientists,
[00:18:53.160]you might come up with losses like 129%
[00:18:56.250]or something like that.
[00:18:57.520]So you wanna be just a little careful
[00:18:59.330]in adding those losses up.
[00:19:03.010]One of the things you see here is you can have
[00:19:05.310]losses as much as 100% here.
[00:19:09.420]This weed infestation in the untreated plot
[00:19:13.070]just knocked the yield to zero.
[00:19:15.850]Same in about this situation,
[00:19:18.770]the pesticide program or the herbicide program used here,
[00:19:23.740]wasn't efficient controlling the weeds.
[00:19:27.180]They had a lot of resistant weeds in there.
[00:19:29.500]So the yield was another probably zero in this case.
[00:19:34.590]To really control weeds
[00:19:35.520]you need an integrated weed management plan.
[00:19:40.372]And where can you get information on that?
[00:19:43.220]A real good source of information is the latest edition
[00:19:47.410]of our Guide to Weed, Disease and Insect Management
[00:19:52.270]in Nebraska.
[00:19:53.730]You'll want to get a new one of those each year
[00:19:55.680]because there's a lot of updates in that.
[00:19:58.340]And the good source to get those guides
[00:20:01.540]is the local Extension office.
[00:20:04.980]And of course, to find information
[00:20:07.430]on integrated weed management,
[00:20:09.280]go to the table of contents in the Guide,
[00:20:12.000]and you can see it there.
[00:20:13.410]On this particular one it's on page 11.
[00:20:16.440]Really details a lot of information
[00:20:18.750]on integrated weed management,
[00:20:21.120]prevent weeds before they start,
[00:20:24.170]help the crop to compete against weeds.
[00:20:27.490]Crop competition is a very effective weed control
[00:20:31.890]or management program.
[00:20:34.100]And of course, one of our biggest problems now
[00:20:36.800]in Nebraska is our herbicide-resistant weeds.
[00:20:41.570]And this is going back a number of years,
[00:20:44.590]Gail Wicks and I got a call,
[00:20:46.240]this is in Southwest Nebraska,
[00:20:48.910]a good number of years ago.
[00:20:51.010]And this dealer said that he had kochia across his field
[00:20:54.530]and it didn't make any sense on how they sprayed the field.
[00:20:58.080]Gail and I thought we better get down there
[00:21:00.110]and see what the situation was.
[00:21:03.000]And I remember us looking at each other and saying,
[00:21:06.247]"Hey, we have triazine-resistant kochia
[00:21:10.030]or atrazine-resistant kochia in that field."
[00:21:12.307]And I think that was probably the first case
[00:21:15.320]of triazine-resistant weeds in Nebraska at that time.
[00:21:21.250]And for information on herbicide-resistant weeds,
[00:21:25.390]again, a good source of information is the Guide.
[00:21:30.640]And one of the real big keys that helps you
[00:21:34.320]in your weed management program is to look
[00:21:38.420]at the efficacy tables in the Guide.
[00:21:42.980]And as you go here,
[00:21:44.380]and we've got them for different treatment times.
[00:21:46.730]This happens to be for fall burndown herbicide treatments.
[00:21:51.670]And as you look in the first column here,
[00:21:53.620]you've gotta see the site of action or mode of action.
[00:21:57.440]This is how we want to rotate herbicides
[00:21:59.880]to keep away from resistance.
[00:22:01.950]And then of course the various herbicides.
[00:22:04.380]And then you go to the right side there,
[00:22:06.860]we have the various weeds you'll be trying to control
[00:22:10.150]and the ratings.
[00:22:11.750]And usually wanna have an eight, nine or 10 rating on there
[00:22:16.170]if you have a problem with that particular weed.
[00:22:20.560]And of course you always wanna be aware
[00:22:22.870]of many replant options and rotation restrictions
[00:22:27.510]in the herbicides you select.
[00:22:30.000]We're doing a lot more on cover crops now,
[00:22:33.760]and a lot have those restrictions on that.
[00:22:37.420]And as you can see on this particular chart,
[00:22:39.860]which is in the Guide here,
[00:22:41.630]and we have this about for all the herbicides,
[00:22:44.510]the herbicide listed, the common name,
[00:22:47.780]and then of course the rotation restrictions and so forth.
[00:22:52.860]The earlier ones just have days up there.
[00:22:55.500]Most of them are months.
[00:22:57.400]Some will say anytime,
[00:22:59.440]and then some will even say the next cropping season
[00:23:02.367]and so forth.
[00:23:03.590]So you want to check that out
[00:23:05.480]and make sure that it doesn't prohibit you
[00:23:08.190]from planting some of the cover crops
[00:23:09.600]that you would like to plant in your program.
[00:23:14.180]And of course you always wanna be aware
[00:23:16.670]of the both potential human exposure
[00:23:20.120]and the environmental risk of using the various herbicides.
[00:23:25.380]And there's charts in the Guide, again,
[00:23:28.650]lists the product name, the active ingredient,
[00:23:32.600]and then the potential for human exposure,
[00:23:36.640]signal words, toxicity class,
[00:23:39.490]and of course the relative for use rate
[00:23:41.940]along with the relative leaching potential
[00:23:45.600]and the runoff potential.
[00:23:47.560]That runoff potential, we have for both water and soil.
[00:23:53.510]And of course improve weed management.
[00:23:56.420]Herbicides, be concerned about resistance.
[00:24:00.380]And there, of course, as we mentioned earlier,
[00:24:03.660]select herbicides with different modes of action.
[00:24:09.120]And as you look at here on the Acuron label,
[00:24:11.950]most of the new labels have this on now.
[00:24:15.010]What group on the site of action
[00:24:17.830]or mode of action it fits into.
[00:24:20.100]And this is really helpful in rotating your herbicide use
[00:24:25.920]to handle the resistance problems.
[00:24:29.940]And again, charts in the Guide there.
[00:24:33.000]And another one that's also usable.
[00:24:36.880]Putting together a weed management plan,
[00:24:41.200]one of the first things you want to do
[00:24:42.970]is know the history of the field,
[00:24:45.320]current, past weed problems,
[00:24:47.790]any resistant issues the herbicides used in the past,
[00:24:52.740]performance, problems, any carryover.
[00:24:56.040]And of course you always want to know the soil type,
[00:24:58.680]organic matter and pH that really inflicts
[00:25:03.010]the use rate on a lot of the herbicides
[00:25:05.710]and also the carryover potential.
[00:25:09.820]And, of course, you always wanna know
[00:25:11.970]if there's sensitive areas nearby.
[00:25:15.480]And there's some additional things here
[00:25:17.620]on your putting together your weed management plan.
[00:25:21.090]Some weeds can travel a long distance like kochia.
[00:25:24.880]And if a weed population area is developing resistance,
[00:25:28.390]of course, there's a good chance you're gonna have it.
[00:25:31.540]This is back to kochia again.
[00:25:33.810]This is what we saw in Southwest Nebraska
[00:25:36.300]a good number of years ago.
[00:25:37.860]And it's easy to show here in our fallow
[00:25:40.070]where we're controlling weeds after wheat harvest.
[00:25:42.610]And you can see again where the kochia blew across the field
[00:25:46.700]that was resistant to the triazine herbicides.
[00:25:51.820]More information on that weed management program.
[00:25:55.010]How much does it take to activate the herbicides?
[00:25:58.210]In general we usually say about a third of an inch,
[00:26:01.550]but it does vary according to the texture of the soil.
[00:26:06.380]And if the soil is coarse-textured, of course,
[00:26:09.110]we don't wanna use herbicides
[00:26:11.520]with a high leaching potential.
[00:26:14.890]And of course it's always important
[00:26:16.720]what crops to be grown now, and of course, in the future.
[00:26:20.990]And how can you manage those escapes?
[00:26:24.750]Look at the post applications.
[00:26:26.540]If you have a major weed problem,
[00:26:28.540]you wanna go with those crops that have
[00:26:30.560]more post application possibilities.
[00:26:33.420]Some cases we might even have to resort to cultivation.
[00:26:37.730]In cases where we got a weed scattered across the field,
[00:26:41.140]like we showed you with kochia,
[00:26:43.210]you might want to even go and in
[00:26:44.890]and mow down some of those areas.
[00:26:46.940]They probably won't be too big areas
[00:26:49.110]and you'll have a lot less of a problem
[00:26:51.140]if you destroy those and don't let them go to seed.
[00:26:55.570]The combine is really an excellent tool to spread weed seed.
[00:27:00.160]And that's why you wanna destroy those
[00:27:02.110]some way before you take your combine to the field
[00:27:05.300]and spread the weed seed.
[00:27:07.730]And of course we have a lot of different times
[00:27:10.100]we can put on herbicides.
[00:27:12.060]One thing we really have mentioned
[00:27:14.440]that these fall treatments have really been a real plus
[00:27:18.790]to our weed management program,
[00:27:20.840]especially for the winter annuals.
[00:27:23.070]What happens with the fall treatments is
[00:27:25.510]you weaken the plant, and of course,
[00:27:28.550]then you've got the winter to finish it off,
[00:27:31.480]where applications applied in the spring,
[00:27:34.010]you've got excellent growing conditions for recovery.
[00:27:37.990]Here was a treatment in that same field
[00:27:40.770]we showed as a second slide
[00:27:42.870]with a good program put together,
[00:27:45.350]and it was really effective in controlling the weeds
[00:27:49.100]in that field.
[00:27:51.040]And as we look at all these treatment options and so forth,
[00:27:54.290]you'll see that to increase efficacy
[00:27:58.810]and manage spray drift when applying pesticides
[00:28:03.750]you always want to check the label and information
[00:28:07.520]in the Guide.
[00:28:08.650]One thing we gotta really stress, though, is treatments.
[00:28:12.350]They gotta be timely.
[00:28:15.980]Here you see on this slide, use full rates.
[00:28:20.700]Don't try to get by with half rates,
[00:28:23.050]third rates, two-thirds or so forth.
[00:28:26.010]It's really important to get the full coverage
[00:28:29.620]that you need, the spray volume.
[00:28:33.111]Crop intersection can be a real problem.
[00:28:36.262]And dense weeds can greatly affect
[00:28:40.130]the weed control program.
[00:28:42.920]Weed size is really important.
[00:28:44.630]This just shows you here
[00:28:46.460]the front row basically has the same treatments on.
[00:28:49.780]And kochia and three inches were pretty effective
[00:28:52.530]those treatments applied,
[00:28:54.940]whereas a four inch, just an inch bigger,
[00:28:58.480]the treatments were not near as effective.
[00:29:02.430]Going back, this is a call I actually had from a farmer
[00:29:05.920]and he had bought a new sprayer
[00:29:08.520]and the weather didn't cooperate with him.
[00:29:11.080]So he couldn't get everything applied timely.
[00:29:13.510]So he called an aerial applicator to help him
[00:29:16.100]catch back up in his weed control program.
[00:29:20.210]And he related to me that he was surprised
[00:29:24.040]that the aerial applicator actually had
[00:29:27.320]better results in weed control
[00:29:29.620]than he did with his brand new sprayer.
[00:29:32.240]And he wanted me to figure out why.
[00:29:34.710]Well, as we got to looking at it
[00:29:36.800]and the herbicide he was using
[00:29:39.320]really called for the Coarse droplet size
[00:29:43.370]for coverage, good coverage.
[00:29:45.790]On his sprayer he had the biggest spray,
[00:29:48.730]or the bigger spray particle nozzles,
[00:29:51.470]which gave him an Ultra Coarse droplet size.
[00:29:54.860]And those are greater than 665 microns.
[00:29:58.420]Many of the herbicides do call
[00:30:00.120]for about a Coarse droplet size,
[00:30:02.420]but we are using that Ultra Coarse now
[00:30:05.130]where we're really concerned about spray particle drift.
[00:30:09.940]And I'm not sure the farmer was concerned about drift,
[00:30:14.150]but he didn't have enough gallons to give him good coverage
[00:30:18.880]with that larger spray particle size.
[00:30:22.180]And so, as a result, his control was not as good
[00:30:26.910]as the aerial applicator.
[00:30:30.230]And what do we want?
[00:30:31.510]Of course, we want 100% weed control and 0% spray drift.
[00:30:37.590]In this particular slide,
[00:30:39.010]you can see that we basically really have
[00:30:41.730]that excellent weed control there on the fallow.
[00:30:45.040]And then of course, no drift over on the wheat.
[00:30:51.050]For pesticide application information, again,
[00:30:55.170]go to the Guide.
[00:30:56.920]And we've got a section in there on equipment and practices
[00:31:01.480]that can really be helpful
[00:31:03.730]in your application procedures and equipment.
[00:31:07.550]One of the questions we get a lot of is
[00:31:09.617]"What spray nozzle spacing should you have on your sprayer?"
[00:31:16.430]And we really prefer 15-inch nozzle spacing.
[00:31:21.570]And the reason we're going
[00:31:23.000]through that 15-inch nozzle spacing
[00:31:26.130]is that when we're spraying low gallonage
[00:31:29.327]we gotta shut off every other nozzle
[00:31:31.780]and then use that as a 30-inch nozzle spacing
[00:31:35.010]on our sprayer so we can get those lower application rates
[00:31:39.550]without going through such a fine spray particle size.
[00:31:45.030]When we get to the high gallonage rate,
[00:31:46.970]let's say 15, 20, 25 gallons and so forth,
[00:31:50.810]we'll use the 15-inch nozzle spacing.
[00:31:53.940]And again, big advantage there is we can maybe even use
[00:31:57.900]the same nozzles that we used on 30-inch spacing
[00:32:01.750]because we're doubling the gallonage.
[00:32:03.690]For a person going from like 10 gallons to 20 gallons,
[00:32:07.210]he could use the same nozzle spacing
[00:32:10.800]or he could go from like eight to 16
[00:32:13.600]or like even eight to 18 or something like that
[00:32:16.860]would all be possibilities
[00:32:18.940]without changing spray nozzle size.
[00:32:23.340]How do we like to set up the sprayer?
[00:32:25.880]This is different than most books have
[00:32:29.160]on setting up a sprayer and the coverage you need
[00:32:34.990]from your sprayer.
[00:32:36.410]They most of them are saying 30 to 50% overlap.
[00:32:40.610]My experience shows I like to have 100% overlap
[00:32:44.790]where the pattern from one nozzle ends up
[00:32:49.160]under the adjoining nozzle at target height.
[00:32:53.870]And so that gives you 100% overlap.
[00:32:56.220]So if you have 30-inch nozzle spacing,
[00:32:58.853]you'll need 60-inch of pattern width.
[00:33:01.640]As we look at this with 110 degree nozzles,
[00:33:04.860]and most of the new nozzles now
[00:33:06.647]are just coming out on 110 degrees,
[00:33:09.380]we're gonna have to have at least 60 inches.
[00:33:12.400]Well, if you look at this chart
[00:33:13.920]on at 24 inches of boom height,
[00:33:15.810]and that stands is a pretty standard height right now.
[00:33:19.470]With 110 degree nozzle, 24 inches above the target,
[00:33:23.730]we're gonna have a 69-inch spread.
[00:33:26.060]We gotta pull in just a little bit
[00:33:28.520]from that theoretical coverage.
[00:33:30.760]Now, one of the things we're also finding
[00:33:33.210]on some of the new nozzles,
[00:33:35.310]like the Turbo TeeJet Induction nozzle
[00:33:39.550]has about a 15-degree orientation to the back.
[00:33:44.920]And a 24-inch nozzle height, that adds an additional
[00:33:49.030]about 6.3 inches of coverage.
[00:33:51.760]So you can see again with that particular nozzle
[00:33:54.427]and 110 degrees, we'll probably have
[00:33:57.280]about 75 inches of coverage.
[00:33:59.560]Now it's better to have a little bit extra
[00:34:02.150]than not enough coverage in that
[00:34:04.470]to get that 100% overlap.
[00:34:06.880]And this is one of the nozzles we were just talking about.
[00:34:10.310]And if you look at the deflector shield
[00:34:12.500]and if you have these put in right,
[00:34:14.460]they spray towards the back,
[00:34:17.030]not forward and so forth.
[00:34:19.310]If you aim forward, you get a lot of fine particles
[00:34:23.380]breaking up as they're spraying forward.
[00:34:25.670]So you get better control if they spray back
[00:34:29.210]and get them into the airstream.
[00:34:32.470]Another thing here, as we look at spray particle size,
[00:34:35.910]which is very, very important.
[00:34:38.410]And you can see as we run through that,
[00:34:40.450]and a couple of new categories was added
[00:34:45.300]by the ASABE Standard several years ago
[00:34:50.130]from the Extremely Fine one
[00:34:52.620]and the Ultra Coarse that we did not have before.
[00:34:56.970]And you're gonna see, this is some of the new nozzles
[00:35:00.660]that's recommended for.
[00:35:01.950]We really are concerned with spray particle drift.
[00:35:06.560]And here are the Ultra Coarse
[00:35:09.320]out of the Turbo TeeJet Induction nozzle.
[00:35:12.270]You can see if you keep the nozzle pressure
[00:35:14.930]60 and below on all but the smallest nozzle,
[00:35:19.980]and again, on nozzle selection,
[00:35:22.700]I like to go with the smallest nozzle,
[00:35:25.360]I use the 25 or .25,
[00:35:29.380]the lavender one there and bigger on up.
[00:35:32.830]Those smaller ones are a lot easier to plug
[00:35:35.660]and that's the reason I like to say, go to the .25 or 25
[00:35:40.880]as you look at the chart there and bigger nozzles.
[00:35:45.580]As we look at the spray particles size
[00:35:48.180]and what kind of coverage we get,
[00:35:50.600]now the human hair is about 100 microns.
[00:35:52.900]Just to kinda give you an idea.
[00:35:55.110]Staples, standard staple, about 420 microns.
[00:35:59.730]Paperclip, 850.
[00:36:02.300]And of course the old number two pencil leads,
[00:36:05.310]2,000 microns.
[00:36:07.830]As we look at a 500-micron diameter spray droplet,
[00:36:13.540]we get about 90 droplets per square inch.
[00:36:17.510]Pretty good coverage at that.
[00:36:19.610]But when we start getting to those
[00:36:21.070]bigger particle sizes like 1,000,
[00:36:24.280]we don't have near the coverage.
[00:36:26.740]And then it is important probably to go up.
[00:36:30.030]Our 10 gallons or maybe even 15,
[00:36:32.063]it's not gonna be enough with those larger spray droplets
[00:36:37.490]to give us the coverage.
[00:36:39.280]And in our case, we recommend probably going
[00:36:42.110]to 20 gallons per acre when you get to those
[00:36:45.170]bigger spray particles sizes.
[00:36:48.800]This kind of summarizes that then as you look at it,
[00:36:51.980]the size of the droplets there was extremely fine and small.
[00:36:56.910]And you go across that.
[00:36:58.990]Retention on difficult to wet leaves.
[00:37:01.990]It's really excellent with those really small droplets.
[00:37:05.990]Drift potential, though, of course,
[00:37:07.690]with those small droplets is gonna be high.
[00:37:11.250]You go all the way to the bottom of the chart
[00:37:13.930]and where you have the Ultra Coarse,
[00:37:15.660]the largest particle size, of course,
[00:37:18.010]the droplet is gonna be large.
[00:37:21.010]If you look at that,
[00:37:22.090]the one retention on difficult to wet leaves,
[00:37:24.980]it's not gonna be very good
[00:37:26.400]because they're gonna run right off.
[00:37:28.610]And the course, when you look at drift potential, though,
[00:37:31.930]with a spray particle, being that big,
[00:37:35.060]it's gonna be low.
[00:37:37.390]And one of the things that we have in the Guide, also,
[00:37:40.630]this is the last several years,
[00:37:41.910]we've increased this information by a long ways.
[00:37:46.670]We got there the droplet size classification.
[00:37:49.820]It's recommended on the label
[00:37:52.620]and then the ground application rate.
[00:37:56.380]And as you look there for AAtrex 4L,
[00:38:01.310]they recommend the Coarse droplet size
[00:38:04.350]minimum of 10 gallons per acre.
[00:38:07.280]And you're gonna see different ones recommended.
[00:38:09.820]We got several pages in there on herbicides
[00:38:14.150]again on the drop size classification recommended,
[00:38:18.030]and then the ground application gallons per acre
[00:38:21.240]that they recommend for good coverage.
[00:38:23.880]We also have charts in there
[00:38:26.440]for insecticides and fungicides.
[00:38:32.210]And this is one of the charts we have in there.
[00:38:35.230]We have speeds from six to 14 mile an hour
[00:38:39.100]on 20-inch nozzle spacing,
[00:38:41.270]what nozzle you use and the pressure use
[00:38:44.000]and at 15-inch nozzle spacing.
[00:38:46.120]Now this chart happens to be for Coarse spray quality.
[00:38:49.660]We have various ones from medium up to Ultra Coarse on there
[00:38:54.810]and at 10, 15 and 20 gallons per acre.
[00:38:58.400]So it really helps you in selecting your right nozzle type
[00:39:02.530]and the pressure to give you that kind of coverage
[00:39:06.300]at the various travel speeds.
[00:39:08.920]And in general as we get over about 10 mile an hour,
[00:39:13.900]we feel it's important to go to the 15-inch nozzle spacing
[00:39:19.150]to really get coverage.
[00:39:21.420]That's another factor that enters in.
[00:39:24.420]You can use lower gallonage ratings coverages
[00:39:28.360]when you're in the eight mile an hour and slower speeds.
[00:39:33.570]One thing too, a nozzle selection that can really help you.
[00:39:37.040]A standard spray nozzle tip, the tip is just one part
[00:39:41.560]and then the nozzle cap is another part.
[00:39:45.630]I really prefer the XRC nozzles
[00:39:49.240]or the combination where the tip is built into the cap
[00:39:53.880]as one piece, it's not coming apart.
[00:39:56.550]They are not much more expensive.
[00:39:58.860]They are a lot easier to use.
[00:40:00.560]Of course, they're color-coded and make it a lot easier
[00:40:03.710]so you can keep track of the various nozzles
[00:40:07.120]and know if you got the wrong nozzles in there,
[00:40:09.770]just because it's bigger and easier to see
[00:40:12.530]and color-coded and doesn't come apart.
[00:40:18.020]Should you buy ceramic nozzles
[00:40:20.640]and how do they compare the life of them
[00:40:23.370]with stainless steel?
[00:40:25.540]And they're at least five times longer life.
[00:40:28.930]Now, as we look at the chart on the right-hand side there,
[00:40:32.480]life of ceramic nozzles is five to 16.7 times
[00:40:37.740]that of stainless steel.
[00:40:40.250]And as you look at our chart here on the bottom of that,
[00:40:42.950]on left, we have an AIC nozzle.
[00:40:46.810]That's an air induction combination nozzle tip
[00:40:50.650]built right into the cap
[00:40:52.660]and they're $16.30 for the stainless steel.
[00:40:57.370]This is the list price.
[00:40:59.070]The ceramics are even a little bit cheaper
[00:41:01.890]in this case, about $3 cheaper.
[00:41:05.550]And they can last at least five times as long and almost 17.
[00:41:10.850]So if you use 10 in there or something like that,
[00:41:14.100]a nozzle that's cheaper, that can last a lot longer
[00:41:18.220]is certainly a better investment.
[00:41:21.960]And avoiding spray drift at the application site
[00:41:25.870]is the responsibility of the applicator.
[00:41:28.460]We always want to remember that.
[00:41:30.390]One thing that's really important, of course,
[00:41:32.107]is the number factor in spray drift is wind speed.
[00:41:37.210]How you can measure it?
[00:41:39.510]Well, the WeatherFlow meters are really good.
[00:41:42.920]They work in conjunction with a smartphone.
[00:41:46.505]It can log the information right in your smartphone,
[00:41:49.250]makes it a lot easier than having to make notes.
[00:41:52.020]And you really wanna consider this in your spray
[00:41:55.177]and you wanna take these measurements
[00:41:57.510]at spray boom height.
[00:41:59.630]And it's very important.
[00:42:00.840]Some of the new labels on pesticides
[00:42:03.920]require you to take these measurements and record them.
[00:42:08.660]And again, the easiest way to do this
[00:42:10.870]is getting something like a WeatherFlow meter here.
[00:42:13.610]The one we recommend for, they call it the AG one
[00:42:16.930]at about $85, really works nice with your smartphone
[00:42:22.910]in recording the information.
[00:42:25.780]There's a lot of factors that affect off-target movement.
[00:42:30.650]And the second biggest factor in spray drift,
[00:42:33.350]of course, is boom height.
[00:42:35.060]We was talking about that earlier,
[00:42:37.130]and you can see as the chart over here,
[00:42:39.710]as you go out to the higher boom heights,
[00:42:41.940]get out to three feet out here,
[00:42:43.920]some of those lines are going up pretty good.
[00:42:46.940]For some of the new pesticides they're recommending
[00:42:49.580]keeping the boom height not over two feet.
[00:42:52.880]And you can see that really reduces
[00:42:55.140]the spray particle distance that the particles can move
[00:42:59.740]by keeping the spray boom at lower height.
[00:43:03.120]Weather factors, really a big concern.
[00:43:06.660]The temperature, humidity all affect spray drift,
[00:43:12.140]and they can also affect, of course, efficacy.
[00:43:16.390]Inversions, we gotta really watch those.
[00:43:18.913]There's a lot more inversions out there.
[00:43:21.580]And really at the slow wind speeds
[00:43:26.340]can indicate a temperature inversion.
[00:43:29.650]And of course what's an inversion?
[00:43:31.390]That of course is when the temperature at ground level
[00:43:36.430]is cooler than the air above.
[00:43:38.170]And of course, that's the opposite.
[00:43:39.500]You think about going up in the mountains,
[00:43:41.070]it's cooler up there, but in this case,
[00:43:43.270]we got the coolest air at ground level.
[00:43:47.070]And these small suspended droplets
[00:43:51.360]form a concentrated cloud that can move
[00:43:54.980]in unpredictable directions and so forth.
[00:43:58.420]And here you see how that can happen in there.
[00:44:01.450]The smoke just hanging in there.
[00:44:05.180]How often can these occur?
[00:44:07.400]University of Missouri is conducting
[00:44:09.350]qualitative research in there,
[00:44:11.440]and they were kind of surprised to find
[00:44:13.940]that inversions can occur at least half the evenings
[00:44:18.420]in March to July.
[00:44:20.230]And they're occurring a little bit earlier
[00:44:22.750]in the March to May period.
[00:44:25.700]And one thing you always wanna do there,
[00:44:28.200]of course, is calibration.
[00:44:30.350]Very, very important.
[00:44:32.110]You want to check the pressure, though,
[00:44:33.730]before you start calibration.
[00:44:35.980]And you really need a couple of pressure gauges to do this.
[00:44:39.060]You wanna actually put them on side by side
[00:44:41.860]and then rotate them and compare them to each other
[00:44:44.980]and how they read.
[00:44:46.250]And then usually you're gonna find one of the gauges
[00:44:48.920]reads a pound or two more or less than the other ones.
[00:44:52.030]You'll want to mark that on the gauges,
[00:44:54.720]one of the gauges, how it reads to the other one,
[00:44:57.630]and then leave one in place
[00:44:59.560]and go up and down the boom, check for even pressure.
[00:45:02.950]The other thing you wanna do is compare the broom pressure
[00:45:07.590]with the pressure in the cab.
[00:45:11.340]The boom pressure is the important one,
[00:45:13.490]and then right in the cab,
[00:45:15.190]how that one compares to the pressure out on the boom.
[00:45:21.330]And of course, cleaning the sprayer, very, very critical.
[00:45:25.500]This is a place that actually sprayed
[00:45:27.650]three loads of Roundup, on Roundup-ready soybeans.
[00:45:33.700]And then they were loading the fourth load
[00:45:38.040]and they looked to the west and they'd say,
[00:45:39.557]"It's gonna rain here pretty soon.
[00:45:41.730]We better not spray it."
[00:45:42.587]And this was on a Friday afternoon.
[00:45:45.100]Well, it rained pretty good on that Friday afternoon.
[00:45:47.350]They couldn't get in and start spraying
[00:45:49.680]until Monday afternoon.
[00:45:52.140]And this is where they started spraying.
[00:45:54.090]You can see the injury they had.
[00:45:56.690]The worst injury they had was from the spray boom,
[00:46:00.350]the concentrating spray boom.
[00:46:01.850]So you really need to do a good job of cleaning the sprayer.
[00:46:06.160]We've got a new NebGuide that's just available now,
[00:46:08.970]that's gonna be quite helpful to ya
[00:46:11.850]in cleaning your sprayer.
[00:46:14.570]And again, we've got more information on that in the Guide.
[00:46:19.160]And this is what can happen on some of these end caps.
[00:46:22.090]You wanna make sure you really,
[00:46:23.720]really clean the sprayer.
[00:46:26.380]And hoses, some of the older hoses
[00:46:31.110]really can become impregnated with a lot of chemical.
[00:46:35.700]Get some of the new quality hoses,
[00:46:37.890]and that will greatly reduce your injury
[00:46:41.370]from applying some of these herbicides
[00:46:45.260]that can build up in the hoses.
[00:46:46.820]But really do a good job on cleaning the sprayer,
[00:46:51.100]really very important
[00:46:52.700]because you can do a lot of crop damage
[00:46:55.240]if you don't have proper cleaning procedures.
[00:46:58.920]Thank you.
[00:46:59.977](upbeat music)
[00:47:07.790]Okay, hello everyone, I'm Justin McMechan.
[00:47:09.820]I'm a Crop Protection & Cropping Systems Specialist.
[00:47:11.970]And today I'm gonna be talking to you
[00:47:13.010]about insect management
[00:47:15.020]and we're gonna focus on the three different
[00:47:16.530]main cropping systems found in Nebraska here.
[00:47:18.620]So corn, soybeans and wheat,
[00:47:20.570]and we'll cover various pests
[00:47:22.250]looking at early, mid and late season.
[00:47:25.300]So really what we want to focus on today
[00:47:27.340]and we're gonna see throughout this presentation
[00:47:29.150]is the IPM Principles, which is pest identification,
[00:47:32.490]really important when making management decisions,
[00:47:35.360]monitoring and assessing numbers
[00:47:37.510]and damage of those insects
[00:47:40.149]and then those guidelines for making a management action.
[00:47:43.970]We're really looking to prevent pest problems.
[00:47:46.010]So we're not focusing on always making a spray application
[00:47:48.410]or doing some remedial action,
[00:47:49.700]but actually doing things ahead of time,
[00:47:51.120]crop rotation, and other things.
[00:47:52.270]So you'll see that in the pest examples
[00:47:54.040]we're gonna cover.
[00:47:55.100]And really our goal is to use a combination
[00:47:57.550]of management practices.
[00:47:58.610]So yes, we may need to use pesticides on occasion,
[00:48:01.220]but we're looking, "Once we find a pest,
[00:48:02.730]what else can we do for the following season?"
[00:48:05.150]And then if we do take action,
[00:48:06.420]we want to assess that effect of that practice
[00:48:08.570]to determine if it's something we want to do again
[00:48:10.220]in the future.
[00:48:12.700]So, as I mentioned before,
[00:48:14.160]we're gonna cover some common insects or arthropods
[00:48:16.520]found in corn, soybeans and wheat.
[00:48:18.850]We're gonna divide the growing season up.
[00:48:20.090]So we're gonna knock through each one of these crops,
[00:48:21.890]starting in the early part of the season
[00:48:23.640]with a lot of below ground pests
[00:48:24.950]and things that show up as the crops emerge,
[00:48:27.650]to middle of the season, then late season,
[00:48:29.350]where we get a lot of the reproductive portion of the plants
[00:48:32.040]accessible to certain insects.
[00:48:34.150]We're gonna focus on that arthropod identification
[00:48:36.160]and what kinda damage they're causing,
[00:48:38.030]and then looking at the biology of that pest.
[00:48:39.587]And that informs us of the management practices
[00:48:42.050]that we're gonna need to use to most effectively,
[00:48:45.490]cost-wise, manage that insect.
[00:48:47.670]And then we're gonna look at different management practices
[00:48:49.740]that are available for some of these pests.
[00:48:51.780]So beginning with white grub,
[00:48:52.910]white grub spans wheat, corn and soybeans,
[00:48:55.070]all three crops.
[00:48:56.660]It's a C-shaped larvae,
[00:48:58.780]as you can see the photo here,
[00:48:59.960]and there are a number of different species
[00:49:01.530]based on the raster.
[00:49:02.363]So the rasters, you can see here at the far side,
[00:49:04.510]we have Japanese beetle and masked chafer.
[00:49:06.600]Those are annual grubs.
[00:49:08.070]So they typically don't cause a lot of damage
[00:49:10.490]in our agricultural crops.
[00:49:11.940]Whereas the main June beetle,
[00:49:13.460]which has a two to three-year lifecycle,
[00:49:15.170]towards the end of its life cycle,
[00:49:16.400]it can cause a lot of problems.
[00:49:17.540]So if you're out there and scouting fields,
[00:49:19.580]you wanna be sure that you're identifying
[00:49:20.910]the right kind of grub,
[00:49:22.230]and that will inform you of the potential risk
[00:49:23.920]in that coming season.
[00:49:28.090]So another one is wireworms.
[00:49:29.350]Both the sampling for white grub and wireworm are similar
[00:49:32.910]with the exception of using these baits for wireworms.
[00:49:35.600]But essentially you're digging an area of soil
[00:49:37.810]and turning that over and determining the number of counts.
[00:49:40.150]And that will inform you by the crop,
[00:49:41.560]what the threshold might be.
[00:49:43.860]In the case of wireworms,
[00:49:44.800]they live for three to six years.
[00:49:46.280]So they have a very long life cycle.
[00:49:48.040]So if you do have a problem one year,
[00:49:49.770]it's potentially you could have problems
[00:49:51.200]the following year as well.
[00:49:53.280]In the case of wireworms,
[00:49:54.480]you'll find a lot of different sizes then as well.
[00:49:57.330]But what they're doing is they're feeding
[00:49:58.400]on the seeds or seedlings,
[00:49:59.570]especially if the soil temperatures are cool.
[00:50:01.070]So right after planting,
[00:50:01.940]when we get to 50 degrees Fahrenheit,
[00:50:03.680]they'll start feeding,
[00:50:05.510]but they do move with soil temperature.
[00:50:07.080]So as the soils begin to rise in the spring,
[00:50:08.860]they're gonna move down in the soil profile
[00:50:10.370]away from the root system is.
[00:50:12.090]So maybe you had a problem, say, this year,
[00:50:13.580]'cause it was cold,
[00:50:14.560]then next year it's warm and you don't see that problem,
[00:50:17.730]it's probably 'cause they're out of that area
[00:50:19.620]where they can cause damage.
[00:50:21.250]And so they're attracted to decomposing materials.
[00:50:23.660]So any time you have a lot of decomposing material
[00:50:26.480]present in the fall, the adults are attracted to that.
[00:50:28.520]They're these click beetles.
[00:50:29.950]They get their name
[00:50:30.783]because right in the space
[00:50:32.980]between their thorax and their abdomen,
[00:50:34.680]they can actually make a clicking noise
[00:50:35.900]when you grab a hold them.
[00:50:36.733]So if you pick them up and hold them,
[00:50:38.000]they'll make that clicking noise.
[00:50:39.870]And the immature form is the wireworm.
[00:50:44.009]The last one I'll kind of hit for below-ground insects
[00:50:45.900]is the seed corn maggot.
[00:50:47.350]This is only a problem in corn and soybean systems.
[00:50:49.810]And I have a setup here that follows corn,
[00:50:51.560]but you could reverse this
[00:50:52.510]and see this in soybeans as well.
[00:50:54.490]And they're really an increased risk around feedlots,
[00:50:57.160]where you have a lot of manure or decaying vegetation.
[00:50:59.670]The example here is a cover crop
[00:51:01.110]that would be decaying in the spring.
[00:51:03.070]And it's not just spraying it out.
[00:51:04.370]Usually it's some sort of tillage,
[00:51:05.690]something that incorporates that residue into the soil
[00:51:08.280]and gets decomposing.
[00:51:09.730]And the adults are actually attracted to this material.
[00:51:11.910]They lay eggs and they do this in a very predictable manner.
[00:51:15.270]Usually what we're looking for in the field
[00:51:16.670]is weakened plants that are behind in development
[00:51:19.320]within a given row or unemerged.
[00:51:21.430]Literally they're missing plants within the rows.
[00:51:23.240]So if you dig those up,
[00:51:24.073]you may find what you see in this photo here,
[00:51:26.120]which is a seed corn maggot,
[00:51:27.850]and they don't have a head capsule
[00:51:29.220]like you'd find on a lot of other beetles
[00:51:30.610]or things we were discussing earlier.
[00:51:32.610]They run on a degree day system.
[00:51:34.150]A lot of insects do this,
[00:51:35.300]and they're very easy then for us to predict
[00:51:37.730]when they might be a problem in the system.
[00:51:39.180]So for this particular insect,
[00:51:40.920]we have a max and min temperature.
[00:51:42.430]So if you take your daily temperatures
[00:51:43.920]and plug them into this equation,
[00:51:45.490]starting on January 1 at 360 degree days,
[00:51:48.360]they'll actually show up in the system.
[00:51:49.490]So you know if you're planting during that period
[00:51:51.870]you're at high risk,
[00:51:52.750]if you meet all the criteria listed on the slide.
[00:51:55.260]And so if you use seed treatments or other things,
[00:51:57.530]you're usually safe from this type of insect,
[00:51:59.800]but it'll give you an idea if you're at higher risk
[00:52:02.090]and need to scout for it.
[00:52:04.710]Another early season pest is black cutworm.
[00:52:06.870]This insect is not over winter in Nebraska.
[00:52:09.260]It attacks again corn and soybeans.
[00:52:11.650]It's primarily at the Eastern end of the state.
[00:52:13.730]That's where we see it each year.
[00:52:15.850]And they're attracted to dense vegetation in the spring.
[00:52:18.110]So we're kind of setting up what's the worst case scenario.
[00:52:20.470]Again, if you were coming into this next year,
[00:52:21.840]you may wanna control that vegetation earlier
[00:52:24.400]and potentially avoid that type of issue.
[00:52:26.480]The identification of the adults is pretty easy.
[00:52:29.160]We monitor for them with a pheromone trapping system,
[00:52:33.250]but what you're likely to see in the field
[00:52:35.020]is the black cutworms themselves,
[00:52:37.530]which you can see the heavy spots.
[00:52:39.090]And if the spots are uneven in size, that's black cutworm.
[00:52:41.981]If they're even in size, it's dingy cutworm,
[00:52:43.410]which is actually native to the state over winters
[00:52:46.580]and is not as much of a problem to agricultural crop.
[00:52:48.730]So again, identification as listed in the IPM practices
[00:52:52.260]is really important for determining
[00:52:53.650]the relative risk of different insects in the system.
[00:52:57.430]So here's an example of some of those average moth traps
[00:53:01.090]or counts per night.
[00:53:02.570]Really, we have a biofix on here that you can see
[00:53:04.970]that starts the counts for significant moth capture
[00:53:08.490]and that's defined as eight or more over two nights.
[00:53:10.860]And so if we capture eight or more of those,
[00:53:12.330]we usually put this out on Crop Watch.
[00:53:13.970]And then this clock you see here,
[00:53:15.360]all these degree day start counting up.
[00:53:18.491]And so by the time you get to the first to third instars,
[00:53:20.490]they start feeding on the leaves.
[00:53:21.800]That's how you can start scouting your fields
[00:53:23.090]and determining, "Do I need to make some additional
[00:53:25.010]management practice for that particular field?"
[00:53:28.030]So they do this little bit of leaf damage.
[00:53:29.730]You can see here, we've got those little holes
[00:53:31.780]in the leaves next to the knife.
[00:53:33.650]And then in some cases they're
[00:53:34.500]actually cutting the plants off
[00:53:35.520]and almost pulling them below ground.
[00:53:37.230]If you're getting three to 5% cuts,
[00:53:38.610]you're getting to a point where you may need
[00:53:40.740]some additional control.
[00:53:42.670]We look for wilted plants.
[00:53:44.330]You can dig.
[00:53:45.163]You won't find the larvae.
[00:53:46.400]This is another tricky thing with a lot of insects.
[00:53:48.450]You may see the damage, you may not see the insect.
[00:53:50.100]And that's part of their biology.
[00:53:51.830]They tend to hide.
[00:53:53.350]And so you may have to dig around the soil a bit
[00:53:55.440]or turn over soil clods to find these hanging around.
[00:54:01.730]The number of plants they cut varies
[00:54:03.110]depending on the temperature.
[00:54:04.530]And this is really important when we're trying
[00:54:05.630]to make a management decision.
[00:54:07.450]In some cases at 80 degrees Fahrenheit,
[00:54:10.230]they only cut 2.3 plants in their lifecycle.
[00:54:13.090]And that's 'cause corn is growing fast.
[00:54:14.600]And so the larger the corn gets, the more they have to eat.
[00:54:17.490]If we look at lower temperatures,
[00:54:18.580]like 60 degrees Fahrenheit, they can cut up to 12 plants.
[00:54:21.270]And so that's quite a concern
[00:54:22.420]because they can cut significantly more.
[00:54:24.260]So if you're finding these in the field
[00:54:25.530]and you're looking at the temperatures
[00:54:26.940]to the next 10 days and they're cool,
[00:54:28.730]I would take that into consideration
[00:54:30.150]when you consider the amount of damage
[00:54:31.980]that might be out there.
[00:54:34.480]We'll move on to stinkbugs.
[00:54:35.650]This is only a pest of corn.
[00:54:37.040]So as we talk about stinkbugs and soybeans,
[00:54:39.270]it's typically a late season pest.
[00:54:41.100]So they only classify this to crops
[00:54:42.920]We're kind of narrowing in on insects
[00:54:44.610]that are kind of almost specific to one crop
[00:54:46.440]at that time of the season.
[00:54:48.100]Stinkbugs like grassy areas, woodland areas, cover crops,
[00:54:52.290]places where they can overwinter.
[00:54:53.540]They overwinter as adult,
[00:54:54.520]unlike a lot of the other insects
[00:54:55.820]that we've been discussing,
[00:54:57.510]but they can actually kill small plants.
[00:54:59.187]And they do that because if we seed in wet conditions,
[00:55:01.870]you'll leave an open furrow
[00:55:03.270]and they can get down in that furrow
[00:55:04.520]and feed on the growing point.
[00:55:05.610]And they inject an enzyme to digest the tissue,
[00:55:08.750]and that can result in the plant actually dying outright.
[00:55:11.620]In other cases, they just cost significant tailoring
[00:55:14.070]of the plant, which as we know
[00:55:16.110]isn't that helpful.
[00:55:17.930]Tillering, plants don't produce.
[00:55:20.010]Those tillers often don't produce.
[00:55:21.590]And so these plants can become weeds in the field.
[00:55:24.510]But often what you're looking for
[00:55:25.730]and what I often see in the field
[00:55:27.340]is this repeated hole pattern.
[00:55:28.730]So you come out and you find this repeated holes
[00:55:30.930]all the way through the leaves,
[00:55:31.763]and that's a good indication
[00:55:32.640]you likely have stinkbugs in your field.
[00:55:35.340]There is thresholds that were
[00:55:36.530]just recently published for this.
[00:55:38.100]So 5% damage with the brown stinkbugs present in the field
[00:55:42.210]can trigger an application
[00:55:43.820]or greater than 10% infested with corn
[00:55:46.150]less than two feet tall.
[00:55:47.060]So two different thresholds, they can be used
[00:55:49.810]depending on the situation.
[00:55:52.500]We'll move on to common stalk borer.
[00:55:54.560]This is a native insect to the area.
[00:55:56.670]It does overwinter in ditches usually as small larvae.
[00:55:59.850]And they begin to develop in the spring.
[00:56:01.850]They're pretty easy to ID once they get older.
[00:56:03.210]They have this big purple band on them.
[00:56:04.980]And then this brownish white stripe,
[00:56:06.270]as you can see here towards the back.
[00:56:08.390]They're about an inch and a half when they're fully grown.
[00:56:11.290]And these unlike a lot of the other insects
[00:56:13.520]we've been discussing, lay their eggs in the fall.
[00:56:15.620]They overwinter as eggs.
[00:56:16.690]They hatch in the spring,
[00:56:17.620]they begin their development in the spring,
[00:56:19.010]and they also have a degree day,
[00:56:20.580]a system associated with them.
[00:56:21.527]And if you're familiar with corn,
[00:56:22.830]the base temperature for corn is 50.
[00:56:24.650]So these can actually develop
[00:56:25.750]at a lower temperature than corn.
[00:56:27.790]But essentially what we're interested is
[00:56:29.027]"When do we start scouting?"
[00:56:30.490]We can do that at 13 to 1400 degree days.
[00:56:33.120]We usually publish this every year in Crop Watch
[00:56:35.970]as a map of the state
[00:56:37.430]and where they're reaching their thresholds.
[00:56:39.260]And then the thresholds can be established
[00:56:40.640]depending on the development stage, as you see here
[00:56:44.120]and assuming that the price and production.
[00:56:46.860]So you'll see that a lot of equations for insects,
[00:56:49.520]because it's not just getting control.
[00:56:50.930]We want to make sure it's an economical decision
[00:56:52.670]that we're making.
[00:56:53.600]And so you can see as you get to later stages,
[00:56:55.120]it takes a lot more infestation
[00:56:57.110]to warrant any sort of pesticide treatment.
[00:57:00.350]Also a number of Bts available for this particular insect.
[00:57:03.910]And so often these are the primary means
[00:57:06.180]of controlling some of these,
[00:57:07.210]but they can move large enough
[00:57:08.460]that they can actually overcome some of these Bt traits.
[00:57:11.760]So we're gonna switch to an insect
[00:57:13.570]that's specific to soybeans
[00:57:15.360]that's an early season pest,
[00:57:16.430]which is bean leaf beetle.
[00:57:17.710]I've got a number of bean leaf beetles put up here.
[00:57:19.410]They all look different in terms of color,
[00:57:21.580]or they have no spots
[00:57:22.530]or the spots are actually,
[00:57:23.710]in the case of the one that's far over there,
[00:57:25.210]they have, the two spots are joined together.
[00:57:28.000]But the center photo,
[00:57:29.070]the drawing is what you really wanna look for,
[00:57:30.940]which is this triangle shape right behind the head.
[00:57:33.370]That's often an indication that it's bean leaf beetle
[00:57:36.010]and all of these images that you see have that.
[00:57:39.230]These overwinter as adults as well.
[00:57:41.410]They are in leaf litter or residue,
[00:57:43.530]kind of like stinkbugs.
[00:57:45.341]And they don't like warm winter.
[00:57:46.270]So often you think, like us, we like warm winters.
[00:57:48.560]These insects do not like warm winters.
[00:57:50.280]It's because it increases their metabolism,
[00:57:52.430]reduces the fat reserves that they have,
[00:57:54.320]and they can actually starve to death
[00:57:55.480]before any plants emerge in the spring.
[00:57:57.650]They usually begin feeding on alfalfa
[00:57:59.160]in early spring, April, May,
[00:58:00.920]and then begin transitioning to soybeans
[00:58:03.530]later after the first cuttings.
[00:58:06.830]Move to early planted soybeans,
[00:58:08.000]they damage the cotyledons.
[00:58:09.460]You can see one damaging a cotyledons here.
[00:58:11.230]It takes quite a bit of damage
[00:58:12.330]to really cause any significant yield loss.
[00:58:14.760]The adults live for quite a while.
[00:58:16.100]They lay a lot of eggs
[00:58:16.933]and they lay these eggs in the soil
[00:58:18.320]and we get a lot of questions about,
[00:58:19.327]"Well, what damage could the larvae do?"
[00:58:21.310]And as far as we're aware,
[00:58:22.630]they don't cause any significant losses.
[00:58:24.670]One of the primary concerns of the photo
[00:58:26.070]that you can see here is being pod mottle virus.
[00:58:29.290]And so if this transmitted early enough,
[00:58:31.600]it can cause significant losses,
[00:58:33.540]but it has to be prior to V3
[00:58:35.150]to really cause any significant yield losses.
[00:58:38.910]Here are some of the thresholds for this insect
[00:58:40.650]based on the value of the crop.
[00:58:42.570]And so you can see the stage of development
[00:58:45.360]also affects that,
[00:58:47.000]but as the crop price increases
[00:58:50.090]or crop value increases, the threshold drops
[00:58:52.640]and management costs increase.
[00:58:53.750]Then the thresholds increase as well.
[00:58:56.600]Once you get to that V2 stage,
[00:58:57.980]then it takes 50% defoliation.
[00:59:00.200]We can't even see significant yield losses.
[00:59:02.610]So really it's these very early stages
[00:59:04.730]just after this crop emerges
[00:59:06.350]that you'd be concerned about an insect like this.
[00:59:10.530]One of the recommendations for this
[00:59:11.890]is to wait till mid May to plant.
[00:59:13.590]That makes a lot of growers angry,
[00:59:15.100]'cause they don't wanna wait.
[00:59:16.070]They wanna get these crops in early.
[00:59:17.280]We know that after the 1st of May
[00:59:19.540]yields begin to decline subsequently each day,
[00:59:22.440]depending on how good the season is.
[00:59:25.190]But being the first planted in the area
[00:59:27.430]puts you at the highest risk.
[00:59:28.320]So having somebody else plant first in the area,
[00:59:30.440]that's likely the draw for those bean leaf beetles.
[00:59:33.260]This could also impact the subsequent populations
[00:59:35.390]that still emerge in those fields as well.
[00:59:37.550]And seed treatments with early planting
[00:59:39.390]is a pretty good way of controlling this.
[00:59:40.660]We kind of have area wide suppression of this insect
[00:59:43.250]using neonicotinoid seed treatments.
[00:59:45.670]So finally, we're gonna transition to wheat.
[00:59:47.000]This is a pest specific to wheat, the hessian fly.
[00:59:51.170]The adults deposit eggs on seedling wheat.
[00:59:53.150]The larvae suck on the plant sap causing stunting.
[00:59:55.930]The adults are very short-lived.
[00:59:57.020]And that's part of the management of this particular insect
[00:59:59.090]is to delay planting or to follow these planting guidelines
[01:00:02.410]for the different counties within the state of Nebraska.
[01:00:05.190]There also are some resistant varieties,
[01:00:06.890]Brule, Millennium and Vista that can be used
[01:00:09.727]and some moderately resistant ones as well.
[01:00:12.400]If you look in the Extension articles,
[01:00:13.760]they have more details on these.
[01:00:15.940]Planting date, by far the most effective way
[01:00:17.640]to manage this type of insect.
[01:00:20.630]Last one we'll focus on for wheat
[01:00:21.920]is the Wheat-Mite-Virus Complex.
[01:00:23.867]That's a particularly tricky complex.
[01:00:26.470]It's combination of a mite that you see here
[01:00:28.750]that's quite small.
[01:00:29.840]You can fit them on an eyelash.
[01:00:32.210]They transmit three viruses in wheat,
[01:00:34.330]and it's a significant cause of loss
[01:00:35.930]and was a significant cause of loss
[01:00:39.740]in Western Nebraska in the last couple of years.
[01:00:43.730]What it does is the mites rapidly build in population
[01:00:45.920]as wheat begins to mature in the spring,
[01:00:48.820]coming up to harvest.
[01:00:50.230]And there's this green bridge period.
[01:00:52.040]And this is where all the management really comes in
[01:00:53.750]for this particular insect or this particular mite,
[01:00:56.880]is controlling plants through that green bridge.
[01:00:59.150]They have to make it to fall planting here
[01:01:01.330]when we'll plant, say, in an adjacent field
[01:01:03.140]some winter wheat.
[01:01:04.350]So typically what happens is we get hail in these systems.
[01:01:07.540]This is kind of a combination of the animation you see here,
[01:01:11.340]and then this image.
[01:01:12.560]So the two correspond with one another.
[01:01:14.110]So this pre-harvest volunteer wheat
[01:01:15.860]was generated by a hailstorm.
[01:01:18.220]And what they do is, the mites move
[01:01:20.400]and infest that volunteer wheat.
[01:01:22.200]Basically they build in population all summer long
[01:01:24.890]and then this new crop was just an adjacent wheat field
[01:01:27.620]that might be adjacent to this field,
[01:01:29.350]the one you see up here receiving the virus impact,
[01:01:31.890]that's what the mites move on to in the fall.
[01:01:34.510]So breaking the screen bridge is really
[01:01:35.890]the most effective way to manage this particular insect.
[01:01:40.150]And it begins with the germination of this volunteer wheat.
[01:01:46.040]So like I said, breaking the green bridge
[01:01:48.010]is the most important way to manage this.
[01:01:49.340]Breaking that 10 to 14 days prior to planting new wheat.
[01:01:52.320]There is resistant varieties.
[01:01:54.060]Unfortunately they break down under high temperature.
[01:01:56.250]But if a grower was met with populations in adjacent fields
[01:01:59.690]and were concerned, they could plant Mace,
[01:02:02.590]is a way of doing that or planting an alternative crop.
[01:02:04.420]And this is an example of Mace relative to Tomahawk,
[01:02:08.380]which is a highly susceptible variety.
[01:02:10.950]And next to one of their screen, we set this up
[01:02:13.480]to show the potential difference between these.
[01:02:16.210]So now we're gonna focus on mid-season pests of crops.
[01:02:19.110]We're gonna start with a European corn borer.
[01:02:21.220]And for those who have been around for a while,
[01:02:23.250]they'd wonder why we ever talk about European corn borer.
[01:02:25.970]It's been relatively silent since 1996
[01:02:28.053]when all these different Bts came out
[01:02:30.510]and effectively control this insect on a wide area.
[01:02:33.860]But we do have more non-Bt acres going in,
[01:02:35.960]a lot of white corn and popcorn.
[01:02:37.700]And so these fields are at risk.
[01:02:40.340]We monitor for this insect using black-light traps
[01:02:42.410]every year across the state.
[01:02:44.820]And it's pretty easy to ID.
[01:02:46.070]It has this cerated pattern on the bottom of its wings.
[01:02:49.870]The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf.
[01:02:51.170]They kind of look like a fish scale.
[01:02:52.300]So if you're out there looking,
[01:02:53.133]you'll see this fish scale and they turn black,
[01:02:54.840]that's the head capsules, just prior to hatching.
[01:02:57.790]Two egg masses per night.
[01:02:59.180]They usually hatch in about three to seven days.
[01:03:01.380]And once they hatch, they begin feeding
[01:03:02.890]and they have these little holes
[01:03:04.490]and it's kind of like stinkbug
[01:03:05.540]except it's irregular patterns.
[01:03:07.290]So it's not straight across on the leaf,
[01:03:08.660]but there are just little shot-holes in different places.
[01:03:11.310]So that's the first thing I look for
[01:03:12.860]when I'm scouting for an insect like this.
[01:03:15.400]The development or cycle of this insect is really important
[01:03:18.240]because it dictates when it might move into the plant.
[01:03:20.430]Once it's in the plant,
[01:03:21.660]there are no effective management practices
[01:03:23.340]that can be done for this.
[01:03:24.660]So with first generation,
[01:03:25.840]which we're gonna talk about in a second on scouting,
[01:03:28.390]they move into the third instar
[01:03:29.970]and there are sizes for each one of these.
[01:03:31.480]The relative size is an inch on this screen.
[01:03:34.140]But once they get to that third instar,
[01:03:35.620]they're gonna move into that plant.
[01:03:36.700]So if you're seeing third instar out there
[01:03:38.650]and you're at threshold,
[01:03:39.780]you need to make that decision really quickly.
[01:03:41.790]Whereas later in the season,
[01:03:43.040]it takes another stage of development
[01:03:44.480]before they can move into the plant.
[01:03:46.610]They complete two generations per year
[01:03:49.040]and the thresholds differ on how we scout for them
[01:03:51.680]depending on the generation.
[01:03:52.740]So early season live larvae or damage on the plants
[01:03:56.660]and then egg masses towards the later part of the season.
[01:03:59.760]There are a number of worksheets
[01:04:00.680]that we have available for this.
[01:04:02.740]So scouting for the moth flight.
[01:04:04.720]Basically we track moth flights.
[01:04:06.850]So we'll tell you when that's occurring.
[01:04:08.140]It's usually in late June or early July.
[01:04:10.610]You can check the whorls for damage.
[01:04:12.020]Looking for those pinholes or shot-holes, as I mentioned.
[01:04:13.970]There's the same photo.
[01:04:15.200]And you're recording the percentage of damaged plants
[01:04:17.510]and then pulling up those whorls
[01:04:18.810]and confirming whether or not they're present
[01:04:21.070]and recording the number of live larvae.
[01:04:23.850]And again, those treatments should be made by third instar.
[01:04:26.220]If you're making it after that,
[01:04:27.380]the insecticide application is ineffective
[01:04:30.160]for something like this.
[01:04:31.490]And inverse to what we'll see later in the season,
[01:04:35.250]female moths are attracted to tall plants.
[01:04:36.800]So corn was planted early
[01:04:38.460]and is taller than other corn in the area.
[01:04:40.240]If you're scouting multiple fields
[01:04:41.540]or looking at multiple fields, go to those fields first.
[01:04:44.010]Especially, if they're non-Bt,
[01:04:45.110]they're likely to be the ones they first show up in.
[01:04:48.170]Scouting moths in the second flight.
[01:04:50.390]It's about mid-July, a minimum of 50 plants.
[01:04:52.590]You're looking in the upper part of the canopy now.
[01:04:54.250]So this is the egg laying region on the plant.
[01:04:56.370]Looking at the undersides of leaves,
[01:04:57.740]those scaly masses of eggs.
[01:05:01.500]And what we assume is that we get three bores per egg mass.
[01:05:05.220]And if we have irrigated fields it can get up to four.
[01:05:08.040]And there's a worksheet that actually accounts for that.
[01:05:09.740]So you can determine the likelihood of significant damage.
[01:05:12.340]But what you're doing is you're making this decision
[01:05:14.020]based on scouting for those egg masses.
[01:05:17.320]So the damage can be pretty significant
[01:05:19.570]as you've seen the photos here.
[01:05:20.580]Lots of lodging because they tunnel into the stock
[01:05:23.280]and ear shanks and ear tips.
[01:05:24.890]And so obviously we can have ear drop as an issue
[01:05:27.670]on something like this.
[01:05:28.900]Reduce grain production, stock breakage.
[01:05:31.320]In addition to that, we can have these grain molds,
[01:05:33.480]which decrease the quality of this grain.
[01:05:36.010]And so if you're planting susceptible corn,
[01:05:38.600]popcorn, white corn, or non-Bts,
[01:05:40.620]this is one to scout for during the season.
[01:05:45.410]For mid-season pests,
[01:05:46.320]we also have western bean cutworm.
[01:05:47.630]This has been growing in importance.
[01:05:49.710]It's been relatively confined
[01:05:51.400]and kind of goes on a cyclical cycle every couple of years.
[01:05:54.047]For the last couple of years it's been quite high.
[01:05:56.430]This is kind of its origin of population.
[01:05:58.220]It's been spreading up into Canada as well.
[01:06:01.410]And it lays a lot of eggs.
[01:06:03.080]You can see it relative to scouting for European corn borer.
[01:06:06.710]They look quite a bit different.
[01:06:07.880]They're kind of all,
[01:06:08.750]in the case of European corn borer, connected together.
[01:06:11.190]Whereas you can see individual eggs in this case.
[01:06:13.930]Five to 200 in an egg mass,
[01:06:15.700]top third of the plant, they're white.
[01:06:17.600]And depending on when you find them in the system,
[01:06:20.490]they can be a problem or not.
[01:06:21.720]So late whorl prior to tassels emerging,
[01:06:24.680]they have less chance of survival.
[01:06:26.310]But if you're at tasseling,
[01:06:28.200]then this can be one that can be a significant problem.
[01:06:32.310]We have extension circulars for scouting
[01:06:33.970]to speed the scouting process up
[01:06:35.400]because it is very labor intensive.
[01:06:38.010]Five to 8% with 95% tasseled is kind of the trigger
[01:06:42.160]for this particular insect.
[01:06:43.620]So pay attention to stage of development and that
[01:06:45.950]when you're accounting for that threshold.
[01:06:47.910]Here's the different developmental stages of this insect.
[01:06:51.470]And it's that pattern behind their head
[01:06:54.190]that's most apparent.
[01:06:55.023]So this going from black to white to black,
[01:06:57.670]that's what I look for in this insect.
[01:06:58.940]No other real markings on its entire body,
[01:07:00.900]as you can see here, and it's just kind of drab in color.
[01:07:04.500]So that's what I would look for.
[01:07:05.740]The earlier stages is you see further over here,
[01:07:07.610]don't have that as a parent.
[01:07:08.940]So that can be harder to do identify them
[01:07:10.723]when they're smaller.
[01:07:13.590]For soybeans, we really focus on a whole complex of insects
[01:07:16.720]during the middle part of the season,
[01:07:17.910]and this extends into the reproductive stages,
[01:07:20.770]but we're looking at specific insects like bean leaf beetle.
[01:07:23.620]It shows up again, it can feed on pods.
[01:07:25.270]That's why we look at it as an individual and do counts.
[01:07:27.910]But there are a barrage of other insects
[01:07:29.480]like blister beetles.
[01:07:31.100]We have imported longhorn weevil, grasshoppers.
[01:07:34.450]This is the spotted cucumber beetle.
[01:07:37.290]We have loopers in the system, yellow-striped armyworm,
[01:07:40.690]fall armyworm, corn earworm, and Japanese beetle.
[01:07:44.130]That's just to list a few.
[01:07:44.990]There are a lot in the system.
[01:07:46.610]So we consider all those different insects
[01:07:48.170]that are in the system.
[01:07:49.740]We generalize the threshold for these,
[01:07:51.390]'cause it's usually not any one insect in this system
[01:07:53.710]that's causing problems,
[01:07:55.100]but a combination of them in the system.
[01:07:57.530]And the last thing I'll note on these,
[01:07:58.910]is they feed in different parts of the canopy,
[01:08:00.770]so it's important to know what you're dealing with to say,
[01:08:02.307]"Well, where should I continue to find this?
[01:08:04.460]Is it in the upper or lower part of the canopy?"
[01:08:07.596]So when estimating insect defoliation often overestimated.
[01:08:10.780]And so this particular infographic helps you
[01:08:14.600]kind of walk through that.
[01:08:15.900]You want to remove leaves from the top,
[01:08:17.870]middle and bottom of the plant.
[01:08:19.690]And then on that individual leaflet,
[01:08:21.390]you actually wanna remove the highest defoliated portion
[01:08:23.700]of those leaflets and the lowest and keep the middle one.
[01:08:26.400]We're looking for an average amount of defoliation.
[01:08:28.960]And it looks quite bad.
[01:08:30.550]So if you referenced the bottom part of this photo,
[01:08:32.970]where we get up to 50% here,
[01:08:35.447]50% to the untrained eye looks like 80 or 90% defoliated,
[01:08:39.040]so you kinda have to train your eye on something like this.
[01:08:41.580]You wanna repeat this on several plants,
[01:08:44.190]but really you're looking at a threshold of 20 to 30%.
[01:08:46.570]So vegetative stage 30%, reproductive stage 20%.
[01:08:52.270]And so you can see that the defoliation
[01:08:53.930]is pretty considerable for something like that.
[01:08:55.910]And so it's hard.
[01:08:57.836]Do some practice runs to gain a handle
[01:09:00.240]on something like this.
[01:09:01.650]We look at wheat, we look at Russian wheat aphid.
[01:09:03.730]This is one where we have to kind of backtrack to the fall.
[01:09:05.930]Winter wheat is planted in the fall.
[01:09:08.180]And so during the fall development stage,
[01:09:10.280]that can be quite important,
[01:09:12.600]but most important during the tillering stages.
[01:09:15.390]Feeds on newly emerging leaves.
[01:09:16.730]So once you have the head out,
[01:09:17.563]they will infest the head,
[01:09:18.540]but that's the biggest problem for them.
[01:09:21.000]And then this really highlights the need
[01:09:22.730]to scout for insects.
[01:09:24.460]There are lots of other examples like this.
[01:09:26.040]But lady beetles and other biological agents
[01:09:28.410]keep these things in check.
[01:09:29.450]So if we're spraying early for something like this,
[01:09:31.540]we can eliminate the beneficials
[01:09:33.300]and then these can get out of hand.
[01:09:35.080]So, as I mentioned, this fall thresholds,
[01:09:36.490]they're actually just a standard threshold,
[01:09:37.930]10 to 20% infested plants.
[01:09:40.630]As we move into the spring prior to heading,
[01:09:42.610]this is the symptoms we're gonna see on the plant,
[01:09:44.160]which is these white stripes going down the leaf.
[01:09:47.720]But if we're doing infested tillers,
[01:09:49.380]and it varies this infested tiller percentage
[01:09:52.690]or number for threshold varies
[01:09:54.050]depending on the control costs.
[01:09:55.690]We have this constant factor of 200,
[01:09:57.860]a market value and an expected yield.
[01:09:59.520]So these are the best thresholds
[01:10:00.870]because it really tunes into the operation
[01:10:03.390]for that particular year.
[01:10:06.040]We look at stinkbugs later in the season for corn.
[01:10:08.270]They show up again.
[01:10:09.103]Their problem for corn, as I mentioned earlier
[01:10:11.020]when we're talking about early season pests,
[01:10:12.330]they're a problem all year along.
[01:10:14.120]Just these highlight the two time points during the season
[01:10:16.190]when they can really cause significant economic losses.
[01:10:18.960]So here they are in the system again.
[01:10:20.790]They've laid eggs, they're developing as adults,
[01:10:23.550]but at this point in the season,
[01:10:24.990]they're really causing aborted kernels or banana ears.
[01:10:27.240]So here's a banana ear
[01:10:28.310]and here's some of these aborted kernels
[01:10:29.760]depending on the time of infestation.
[01:10:31.590]So there are two thresholds
[01:10:32.880]and they vary depending on where we are in development.
[01:10:35.040]So when the ear is forming to pollen shed
[01:10:37.490]the threshold is lower.
[01:10:38.323]One stinkbug in every two plants,
[01:10:40.360]or as we get past pollen shedding into blister
[01:10:42.460]or one stinkbug for every four plants.
[01:10:44.790]So this is one to watch for.
[01:10:48.480]There are stinkbugs in soybeans
[01:10:49.830]at this time of the year as well.
[01:10:51.650]The species do vary.
[01:10:52.560]I have green stink bug listed up here.
[01:10:54.140]There's redbanded, and there's actually 21 species
[01:10:56.500]in the state that we can find,
[01:10:59.120]but they cause seed and pod damage, delayed maturity.
[01:11:02.170]And depending if it's an early pod development,
[01:11:04.430]they can cause this Stay-Green syndrome
[01:11:06.420]where the pods don't actually mature
[01:11:08.237]and it can cause problems with harvest.
[01:11:10.650]Two different thresholds here
[01:11:11.590]depending if you have a sweep net or not.
[01:11:12.703]5% of plants exhibiting symptoms.
[01:11:14.840]And then the last one here is the 10 stinkbugs
[01:11:16.707]and 25 sweeps.
[01:11:18.570]So a sweep net, as you can see,
[01:11:19.820]is a really good resource to have in the field.
[01:11:22.363]I was talking about all those defoliators earlier.
[01:11:24.250]Having that sweep net out there
[01:11:26.440]can tell you all the different defoliators
[01:11:27.920]you might not pick up if you're just looking with your eye.
[01:11:31.860]I put this up because I tend to,
[01:11:33.650]after talking about stinkbugs for awhile,
[01:11:34.980]everybody assumes that every stinkbug's a problem.
[01:11:37.477]And so this is simply to show you, they're not.
[01:11:39.670]One of these is actually a beneficial stink bug.
[01:11:42.330]This is the spine soldier stink bug.
[01:11:44.700]It has this broadened stylet
[01:11:46.100]relative to the brown stink bug,
[01:11:47.400]which you can see here,
[01:11:48.550]which has a fairly narrow stylet.
[01:11:49.590]The antenna is slightly different too.
[01:11:51.820]You kind of have this restrictive pattern here
[01:11:54.110]for the brown stink bug.
[01:11:55.210]So pests and beneficial insect on the far side.
[01:11:57.940]So not every stink bug's a pest.
[01:11:59.600]When you're out in the field looking for these,
[01:12:01.790]make sure you're actually looking at a pest.
[01:12:03.720]You often see these feeding on loopers
[01:12:05.810]and other insects in the field
[01:12:07.730]for the spine soldier stink bug.
[01:12:10.270]Soybean aphids can be a problem year to year.
[01:12:12.470]Typically show up later in the season.
[01:12:13.870]So these are the late season pests of soybeans.
[01:12:16.570]They originate up in Minnesota
[01:12:18.630]and then usually move down.
[01:12:20.270]They have an overwintering host,
[01:12:21.620]which we don't have a lot of in Nebraska.
[01:12:24.000]But the yield losses can be really significant, 15 to 40%.
[01:12:27.040]And the great part for ID is that they're
[01:12:28.320]the only colony-forming aphid in Nebraska soybeans.
[01:12:32.130]So that helps us.
[01:12:32.963]We don't have to worry about anything else
[01:12:34.170]complicating the system.
[01:12:35.340]So you see large numbers of something,
[01:12:37.087]and it looks even remotely similar to this
[01:12:38.940]is probably soybean aphids.
[01:12:41.360]So as I mentioned, they have limited
[01:12:42.480]overwintering sites in Nebraska.
[01:12:45.083]They typically start up in the Northeastern
[01:12:47.010]part of the state and move down
[01:12:48.690]and they have to start on buckthorn.
[01:12:50.410]That's their overwintering source.
[01:12:52.040]So you can see that that's the Rhamnus,
[01:12:54.440]usually catharticas or others,
[01:12:56.150]species that they overwinter on.
[01:12:58.610]And then they'll move on to soybeans
[01:12:59.917]and they can rapidly reproduce on soybeans.
[01:13:02.190]15 generations even arriving in mid to late August.
[01:13:06.190]But they have this lower optimum temperature.
[01:13:08.190]So when we have a cooler season,
[01:13:09.270]they do better under that cooler temperature.
[01:13:12.480]So this is one to watch for.
[01:13:14.200]This is an example from Tom Hunt
[01:13:17.896]when the populations typically show up.
[01:13:19.170]So they're showing up back here in late July, early August,
[01:13:22.850]and then they're building a population by August.
[01:13:25.120]So most of our treatments are occurring
[01:13:26.610]in mid to late August here when they get up
[01:13:29.180]into those peak numbers.
[01:13:30.520]We're talking numbers in the thousands here.
[01:13:32.740]So this is quite a bit of aphids per plant.
[01:13:36.626]And I think this bothers a lot of people
[01:13:37.840]because they assume with that high a number
[01:13:39.410]they're getting significant losses,
[01:13:40.630]but the threshold for these for conventional scouting
[01:13:42.800]is actually 258 aphids per plant.
[01:13:45.580]And they're economically damaging,
[01:13:46.920]as I mentioned, the northeast,
[01:13:48.490]but we really have to be careful on spraying this.
[01:13:50.670]We don't want to be spraying below thresholds
[01:13:52.810]because as these populations increase,
[01:13:54.430]there are a lot of beneficial insects in the system
[01:13:56.260]that can knock those populations down,
[01:13:58.390]preventing any economic losses.
[01:14:00.320]I think the 250 is hard for people to count.
[01:14:02.320]So we have a Speed Scouting binomial sampling plan,
[01:14:05.330]a yes, no or based on a certain number,
[01:14:07.250]which I'll go through here now.
[01:14:09.330]So this Speed Scouting App,
[01:14:10.320]you can download it on your phone.
[01:14:12.510]Basically it's infested or uninfested plants,
[01:14:14.520]rather than counting 250 aphids.
[01:14:17.110]It has you go through a sampling plan of 11
[01:14:19.460]different samples in the field,
[01:14:21.610]and then it tells you based on how many
[01:14:23.870]of those are infested,
[01:14:24.703]whether or not you need to sample more plants.
[01:14:26.650]And if by chance you do reach a threshold,
[01:14:28.260]it tells you to revisit that field.
[01:14:29.770]'Cause if you just reached that threshold,
[01:14:31.190]there's possible there's beneficial insects out there.
[01:14:33.690]So you can treat and then confirm in three to four days
[01:14:37.060]or to confirm that.
[01:14:39.320]There's a non app version of this
[01:14:42.080]that's done on an Excel Sheet
[01:14:43.400]and you can download this from the EC
[01:14:44.950]that's listed on there.
[01:14:46.220]And so it provides you another way
[01:14:47.960]of scouting for this particular insect.
[01:14:51.390]We will look back at wheat.
[01:14:52.670]Wheat, we had armyworm.
[01:14:54.870]We find these every year, usually in our black-light traps.
[01:14:58.370]They feed on developing kernels,
[01:14:59.710]as you can see here.
[01:15:00.870]They're really easy to catch with a sweep net sample
[01:15:03.450]or a sweep net.
[01:15:04.750]And the infestations are usually on the borders
[01:15:06.510]of the field.
[01:15:07.343]So as soon as you walk in the field,
[01:15:08.176]it's when you wanna start looking for this.
[01:15:09.810]And they're really difficult to control
[01:15:11.100]because we're so close to harvest.
[01:15:12.310]So with any insecticide that you're applying
[01:15:15.000]or any pesticide, you've got to watch
[01:15:16.240]those pre-harvest intervals
[01:15:17.680]and make sure you're not getting to a point
[01:15:19.640]where you might have problems with being able
[01:15:21.620]to harvest that crop.
[01:15:24.140]Wheat stem sawfly is another insect
[01:15:26.370]that can show up during this time,
[01:15:27.930]or at least the symptoms of it show up.
[01:15:29.970]It feeds within the stem as a larvae.
[01:15:33.010]It cuts the stem at close to harvest.
[01:15:35.610]And so often we have a lot of standing wheat.
[01:15:37.250]And usually what I do is if I'm walking,
[01:15:39.390]wheat field as I walk it
[01:15:40.350]and then I come out and I look down at my legs
[01:15:41.820]and if I've got wheat wrapped around my legs,
[01:15:44.210]a good chance there's gonna be
[01:15:46.650]some wheat stem sawfly out there.
[01:15:48.340]It's most abundant in no-till wheat to do fairly well.
[01:15:51.380]Overwintering in that.
[01:15:52.677]And they usually are infesting adjacent fields
[01:15:55.330]with a wheat fallow rotation.
[01:15:58.240]So one of the only good control options
[01:15:59.980]for this particular insect is resistant varieties.
[01:16:03.230]This is not one you want to be spraying for.
[01:16:06.320]So to summarize, scouting is a fundamental component
[01:16:09.720]of an IPM program.
[01:16:11.620]As you can see here without scouting
[01:16:12.900]for a lot of these insects,
[01:16:13.890]we would end up doing maybe calendar applications.
[01:16:16.210]Those are not beneficial
[01:16:17.460]'cause we can have a lot of problems show up in the system.
[01:16:20.050]Applying insecticide only when necessary.
[01:16:22.530]Avoiding pest resurgence.
[01:16:23.720]So the pest that was the target,
[01:16:25.530]but then also other pests.
[01:16:27.300]We have spider mites and other things
[01:16:28.550]that reproduce very quickly if their natural enemies
[01:16:31.960]are taken out.
[01:16:32.860]So we want to make those decisions
[01:16:34.010]based on a lot of different considerations.
[01:16:36.650]When an action is taken, timing is a critical component.
[01:16:39.660]We talked a lot with a lot of different insects,
[01:16:41.080]western bean cutworm and others,
[01:16:42.820]where you've got to get out there at the right time
[01:16:46.370]or essentially that practice doesn't have much value.
[01:16:50.560]Pest presence in the system doesn't mean a yield loss.
[01:16:52.710]So we talked about a lot of insects
[01:16:53.920]can be very high numbers in these systems.
[01:16:55.960]It doesn't mean a significant yield loss will occur
[01:16:58.230]or the pesticide application will warrant any return.
[01:17:02.600]And then pest biology to estimate
[01:17:04.060]those future risks or losses.
[01:17:06.710]So we understand the pest biology,
[01:17:08.500]especially in the case of white grubs
[01:17:10.310]right at the start of this presentation.
[01:17:12.150]Whether it's an annual white grub,
[01:17:14.090]which is not really a problem
[01:17:15.120]because it feeds in the fall
[01:17:16.500]versus a three-year grub, which feeds from multiple years,
[01:17:20.290]those biologies are different.
[01:17:23.450]Ecologies in the system can really dictate
[01:17:25.140]the amount of risk or loss.
[01:17:27.250]Thank you for your time.
[01:17:28.331](upbeat music)
[01:17:37.230]My name is Tamra Jackson-Ziems
[01:17:38.940]and I'm an Extension Plant Pathologist
[01:17:40.960]at the University of Nebraska.
[01:17:43.070]And so today I wanna talk to you about diseases of corn
[01:17:46.550]and how we manage them using pesticides.
[01:17:49.520]But there's a lot of things that you need to know.
[01:17:51.820]And in particular, you need to know
[01:17:54.180]that we really need to spend time scouting in our fields
[01:17:57.100]to know exactly what's going on out there,
[01:17:59.240]which diseases in particular,
[01:18:01.490]but also to know how severe those diseases are.
[01:18:03.920]And so there's a lot of details that are critical
[01:18:06.700]that you need to know before you make a decision
[01:18:08.910]to apply a pesticide.
[01:18:11.440]There's a number of other critical factors too.
[01:18:13.840]And so if you're doing the scouting in your fields,
[01:18:16.420]you also need to be comfortable
[01:18:17.770]identifying some of those diseases
[01:18:19.640]and getting those correctly identified.
[01:18:22.740]This is critical here in Nebraska,
[01:18:24.560]especially because we have a number of bacterial diseases
[01:18:28.100]that are very common.
[01:18:29.600]Sometimes they may look like other diseases caused by fungi.
[01:18:33.500]The best example of that is bacterial leaf streak.
[01:18:36.850]Bacterial leaf streak can look a lot like gray leaf spot
[01:18:40.190]caused by a fungus when we see it on some corn hybrids.
[01:18:43.740]And so it's important that we don't mistake
[01:18:45.930]those two diseases
[01:18:47.020]because fungicides do not control bacterial diseases.
[01:18:50.600]And so you have to get that diagnosis correct
[01:18:53.340]to get adequate management of that disease.
[01:18:56.830]It's also important to notice other problems
[01:18:59.790]out in the field too,
[01:19:00.810]and be able to tell them apart
[01:19:02.460]so that you don't make the wrong product choice.
[01:19:05.790]And you may not need a pesticide at all out there.
[01:19:09.360]In fact, there's a number of management strategies
[01:19:11.450]that don't require pesticides,
[01:19:13.260]and there's a lot of advantages to exploring those as well.
[01:19:16.860]You should understand that most of the pathogens
[01:19:19.330]that cause the diseases that we are concerned with
[01:19:22.190]here in Nebraska and elsewhere are caused by pathogens
[01:19:25.740]that overwinter in the infested crop debris
[01:19:29.110]from previous years, or sometimes in the soil.
[01:19:32.300]Knowing that, it means that you could have
[01:19:34.250]disease year after year.
[01:19:36.310]But one way you can break that cycle
[01:19:38.300]is by using crop rotation with some of our non-hosts.
[01:19:41.570]And that can often help us reduce the disease severity,
[01:19:45.410]eliminating the need for a pesticide altogether,
[01:19:48.320]especially a foliar fungicide.
[01:19:50.500]The advantage of that is it can save you money.
[01:19:53.190]The application costs and the cost of the product
[01:19:55.570]can be very expensive,
[01:19:57.240]and on low value crops like field corn, for instance,
[01:20:00.660]it can be very expensive,
[01:20:02.500]meaning that our producers may only be able
[01:20:05.000]to make that application a single time.
[01:20:08.560]It's important to understand too,
[01:20:10.230]that many of those most popular fungicides
[01:20:12.530]are only gonna provide protection for about 21 days.
[01:20:16.660]And so the timing of those applications is very critical too
[01:20:20.270]to get the most benefits out of them.
[01:20:23.300]There's a number of other advantages and disadvantages
[01:20:26.440]to applying pesticides as well.
[01:20:29.130]And so some of those advantages could be, of course,
[01:20:32.670]the control of some of our important diseases,
[01:20:35.980]but there's also some risk involved too
[01:20:38.410]and of course not counting the expense of doing so, as well.
[01:20:42.720]Sometimes we have sensitive crops that might be nearby,
[01:20:46.210]or even your target crop may have some sensitivities
[01:20:49.300]you're not aware of.
[01:20:50.470]For example, corn in the vegetative stages
[01:20:54.320]from about V12 to 14,
[01:20:56.780]that's when the corn plant determines ear length
[01:20:59.320]and that has a big impact on our overall yield.
[01:21:02.220]But that also makes that plant vulnerable to damage
[01:21:04.880]caused by some of the pesticides
[01:21:07.090]their inert ingredients or especially some of the adjuvants.
[01:21:10.310]And so you should review the pesticide labels
[01:21:12.940]from some of our common fungicides, for instance,
[01:21:15.760]because they're gonna warn you against applying
[01:21:18.400]some of those products during that time period
[01:21:21.130]and adding an adjuvant.
[01:21:22.930]And so you don't want to add nonionic surfactant,
[01:21:25.930]for instance, during those time periods,
[01:21:28.210]because it can have a severe impact on ear development.
[01:21:32.330]Some of the other common disadvantages
[01:21:34.710]of applying pesticides
[01:21:36.060]or pitfalls that you need to know about
[01:21:38.470]is that we now have resistance to some of those products.
[01:21:42.920]And here in Nebraska we know that fungicide resistance
[01:21:46.570]to the group 11 products has become quite common
[01:21:50.470]in frogeye leaf spot of soybean, for instance.
[01:21:53.780]And so that means that group 11 products
[01:21:56.470]or what we used to call strobilurins
[01:21:59.073]are not gonna be effective anymore
[01:22:00.760]when they're applied alone.
[01:22:02.490]And that means if you need a fungicide,
[01:22:04.990]you're gonna need to select a product
[01:22:07.310]that is a mixture of products that may come
[01:22:10.840]from other pesticide or fungicide classes
[01:22:14.260]like class 3 and 7 or 1 and a combination of those
[01:22:18.640]to get the best control possible.
[01:22:21.280]There are some other potential benefits
[01:22:23.160]that you may also experience with the application
[01:22:25.910]of some of our foliar fungicides, for instance.
[01:22:29.040]We've been able to show improvements
[01:22:30.940]in standability in the field
[01:22:32.700]and all of this falls under the plant health labels
[01:22:35.440]that many of you may be aware of.
[01:22:37.590]We have been able to document increases in yield
[01:22:40.590]and even improvements in standability,
[01:22:42.780]or that means the reduction in lodging at harvest,
[01:22:45.650]and this helps our farmers be able to harvest these fields
[01:22:48.270]faster and save some money.
[01:22:50.690]Unfortunately, we don't see this effect every year.
[01:22:53.670]We don't see it in every hybrid.
[01:22:55.360]And so we generally have not recommended
[01:22:57.930]the application of these pesticides
[01:23:00.060]in the absence of disease.
[01:23:02.100]But these can be potential benefits that you might also see.
[01:23:07.000]So in soybean there's a number of diseases
[01:23:09.240]that you should be watching out for,
[01:23:11.010]especially as we get into mid and late summer.
[01:23:13.950]One of the most important diseases
[01:23:15.800]is frogeye leaf spot, for instance,
[01:23:18.070]and that disease has increased in incidence
[01:23:20.370]over recent years.
[01:23:22.050]You may have heard that in other states,
[01:23:24.200]they have a big problem with fungicide resistance,
[01:23:27.140]especially to the common group 11 products
[01:23:30.700]called QoIs or formerly called strobilurins.
[01:23:34.600]This is important to us because that group
[01:23:36.840]used to be the most effective fungicide class.
[01:23:39.940]However, it's becoming almost useless to us now
[01:23:43.400]because we have widespread fungicide resistance
[01:23:46.400]to that class, even right here in Nebraska.
[01:23:49.950]And so if you have frogeye leaf spot
[01:23:52.070]and you determine that you need a fungicide
[01:23:54.090]to manage that disease,
[01:23:55.890]it's important that you look through
[01:23:58.240]our Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management
[01:24:01.180]and look at the product tables that are listed there
[01:24:04.320]that are also sorted by fungicide class.
[01:24:07.350]Notice the ones that are group 11
[01:24:09.230]and don't use those products alone.
[01:24:11.290]If you need to, you can use them in combination
[01:24:13.440]with other products or a combination of products
[01:24:16.330]that have other classes represented,
[01:24:18.690]like group 3, group 7, or even group 1
[01:24:22.100]to get the best control of frogeye leaf spot possible.
[01:24:25.740]Make sure too that you haven't misidentified this disease
[01:24:28.630]with one that may look similar.
[01:24:30.980]Some of our herbicide applications or damage
[01:24:33.860]may look like some of the diseases that are in the field.
[01:24:37.160]In addition, there's other diseases that may look similar,
[01:24:39.870]like Phyllosticta leaf spot,
[01:24:41.760]where we generally do not need a fungicide application.
[01:24:45.360]One of the most common questions
[01:24:46.950]that we're often asked as plant pathologists is,
[01:24:49.457]"What is the treatment threshold
[01:24:51.380]for some of our more common diseases
[01:24:53.560]when people are trying to make a fungicide decision?"
[01:24:56.640]Well, unfortunately that's a very difficult question
[01:24:59.180]because most of the time we do not have treatment thresholds
[01:25:03.110]that have been established for our common plant diseases.
[01:25:06.790]And there's a lot of reasons for that
[01:25:08.510]that I want you to understand.
[01:25:09.900]And so you may be used to treatment thresholds
[01:25:12.610]because a lot of our entomologists colleagues
[01:25:14.930]have good treatment thresholds
[01:25:16.300]for their most important insects,
[01:25:18.340]but in contrast, many of the diseases are more complex
[01:25:22.310]in that they rely on weather conditions
[01:25:24.300]and a lot of other factors that can't be taken into account
[01:25:27.530]when calculating a threshold.
[01:25:29.450]Some of those important features may be
[01:25:31.190]the susceptibility of the hybrid, the crop stage,
[01:25:34.210]and of course the weather forecast,
[01:25:36.370]because many of these diseases may be favored
[01:25:38.810]by specific weather conditions like certain temperatures
[01:25:42.250]and high relative humidity.
[01:25:43.990]And so there's a lot of things for you to take into account
[01:25:46.620]when you're making that fungicide application decision
[01:25:49.780]in addition to the value of the crop and the timing as well.
[01:25:54.060]So be sure and pay attention to the label restrictions
[01:25:56.490]when making those application decisions too.
[01:25:59.630]We've got a number of resources available to help you
[01:26:02.350]like our handy Pocket Guide that's got pictures
[01:26:04.720]of these and other diseases in it
[01:26:06.750]and others that are online and free of charge.
[01:26:09.140]Please contact us in Nebraska Extension
[01:26:11.330]if you have other questions or submit a sample
[01:26:14.150]to the UNL Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic
[01:26:16.380]if you need help with a diagnosis.
[01:26:19.130](upbeat music)
[01:26:27.090]The usage around paraquat has changed
[01:26:29.180]regarding the use of only fully closed systems
[01:26:32.660]while dealing with this product.
[01:26:34.260]Here's a short video by Syngenta discussing
[01:26:36.560]the safe and proper usage of these systems.
[01:26:39.800](soft music)
[01:26:46.000]Respirators are a common type
[01:26:47.570]of protective equipment used in agriculture.
[01:26:50.200]It is important to store your protective equipment
[01:26:52.360]when not in use to extend its lifetime.
[01:26:54.680]For example, if respirators are not stored properly,
[01:26:57.460]they may not function properly.
[01:27:00.300]Similar to what you see on labeled packed foods
[01:27:02.440]at your grocery store,
[01:27:03.600]there is also a shelf life for respirators.
[01:27:06.850]This use by date can be found on the storage box,
[01:27:15.420]Storing the respirators in extreme temperatures
[01:27:17.700]leads to degraded parts, like loosened face straps
[01:27:20.810]or nose clips.
[01:27:22.100]An obvious sign of degradation is discoloration
[01:27:25.240]of the respirator's material.
[01:27:27.200]It is a good idea to store respirators
[01:27:29.220]in locations where the temperature can stay
[01:27:31.120]between 32 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
[01:27:34.690]Like most safety equipment,
[01:27:36.330]the sun's rays may damage your respirator.
[01:27:38.830]It is best stored indoors.
[01:27:40.850]If your respirator can be reused,
[01:27:43.070]develop a good habit of cleaning all the parts after use.
[01:27:46.809](bell dings)
[01:27:47.642]All you need is a little soap and water.
[01:27:49.500]Dry it before store.
[01:27:51.360]Respirators should be stored in sturdy, airtight containers,
[01:27:54.780]like a plastic bag or the bag provided by the manufacturer.
[01:27:58.371](bell dings) It is helpful
[01:27:59.204]to have a designated clean storage space
[01:28:01.430]for your protective equipment
[01:28:02.790]to reduce risk of contamination.
[01:28:05.020]If you don't want it on your face,
[01:28:06.530]then you don't want it on your equipment.
[01:28:09.880]Keep the respirator in a location
[01:28:11.430]where it is not crushed by heavier items,
[01:28:13.550]such as equipment.
[01:28:17.230]Following these tips will ensure your respirator
[01:28:19.700]stays in good condition.
[01:28:21.510]In fact, proper storage should allow you
[01:28:23.520]to purchase respirators in advance of the growing season
[01:28:26.480]and could protect you during times of shortage.
[01:28:30.150]Be prepared, stock up, gear up for Ag.
[01:28:33.890]This message has been brought to you
[01:28:35.210]by the Ag Health and Safety Alliance
[01:28:37.150]and Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health.
[01:28:43.109](upbeat music)
[01:28:49.570]This concludes the Ag Plant Recertification Training.
[01:28:52.420]We hope with that with this refresh knowledge and insights
[01:28:55.230]pertaining to the Ag Plant category,
[01:28:57.530]you will continue to make safe and informed decisions
[01:28:59.690]about pesticides and pesticide applications.
[01:29:03.017](upbeat music continues)

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Ag Plant Recertification 2022

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