Long-Term Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs) on Depression and Anxiety in Adolescence

ACEs were identified risk factors for adolescent depression and anxiety. ACEs included: Child maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; physical and emotional neglect) Family dysfunction (parental divorce or separation, incarceration, violence, mental illness, and substance abuse). PCEs were identified as protectives factors for adolescent mental health outcomes. PCEs included: Parental warmth and father involvement within family School connectedness and positive peer relationship within school Collective efficacy within neighborhood AIM This study aims to examine the longitudinal effects of ACEs and PCEs within family, school, and neighborhood on depression and anxiety among at-risk adolescents.