Video 4 - 2020 Virtual Nebraska Soybean Day and Machinery Expo

Deloris Pittman Author

12/21/2020 Added

41 Plays

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Soybean Gall Midge: Dealing with a New Trouble Maker in the Midwest, Justin McMechan, Assistant Professor, Crop Protection and Cropping Systems Specialist

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[00:00:14.040]Welcome back, everyone, to our Nebraska Soybean Day,
[00:00:18.160]Virtual Soybean Day.
[00:00:20.310]We just concluded with presentations,
[00:00:24.310]three different presentations,
[00:00:25.610]by Edward Usset from the University of Minnesota,
[00:00:28.520]addressing grain marketing.
[00:00:30.490]Now, we're gonna shift gears a little bit
[00:00:32.090]and talk about some production topics
[00:00:34.210]and one being soybean gall midge.
[00:00:38.700]I noticed by the attendees that we have people representing
[00:00:42.260]different areas of the State of Nebraska,
[00:00:44.300]and if you're from parts further west than Eastern Nebraska,
[00:00:49.870]you may not be familiar with this insect,
[00:00:52.890]and, hopefully, you'll never will be.
[00:00:55.030]It's been a new insect on the scene
[00:00:58.070]here in Eastern Nebraska.
[00:01:00.490]It's caused a lot of damage
[00:01:02.250]and cost farmers a lot of bushels in some instances.
[00:01:06.820]Fortunately, in recent years, we have a new scientist
[00:01:10.420]that's part of the faculty at the University of Nebraska.
[00:01:12.850]His name is Dr. Justin McMechan.
[00:01:16.050]Justin is an entomologist and a cropping system specialist,
[00:01:19.870]and fortunately, he's located here
[00:01:21.980]at the Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center,
[00:01:25.010]where this insect happens to be thriving very well.
[00:01:29.840]He's done a great job incorporating farm operators
[00:01:33.510]in his research efforts.
[00:01:36.910]So with that, I'm gonna turn it over to Justin now
[00:01:38.730]and he's gonna bring you up to speed on where we're at
[00:01:40.760]and knowing more about this devastating insect.
[00:01:45.720]Thanks, Keith, for the introduction,
[00:01:47.360]and I appreciate the opportunity to speak to everyone today.
[00:01:52.610]You can hear me okay and see slides,
[00:01:54.360]just to make sure I don't talk on forever with nothing?
[00:01:57.020]I can hear you well, and I can see your slides well.
[00:02:00.330]Perfect.
[00:02:01.800]Well, that was a nice introduction to the situation
[00:02:05.010]that we are facing, which is a new pest,
[00:02:10.363]and we chose the title here,
[00:02:12.427]"A New Troublemaker in the Midwest."
[00:02:14.570]I think Keith nailed it with the distribution of this pest,
[00:02:17.260]if you're in Eastern Nebraska, you know, I still run
[00:02:20.250]into a few growers that have not heard of this either.
[00:02:22.470]So, it has a spotty distribution, but when it shows up
[00:02:26.380]much like the photo that Nick Tinsley with Bayer
[00:02:29.560]took with UAV here in 2020.
[00:02:32.950]It can cause a lot of devastation in fields.
[00:02:37.440]The orange larvae you see on the other side
[00:02:39.350]of that photo is what we typically find
[00:02:42.970]when we start peeling back stands,
[00:02:44.810]I'm gonna talk a bit about just how to scout
[00:02:48.100]for this insect, for those that haven't seen it.
[00:02:50.160]And then up on the top there is a cut out of the adult
[00:02:53.040]which I would say 99% of you are unlikely to see
[00:02:58.060]because it takes some cages and other things,
[00:03:00.020]we're working on that, certainly.
[00:03:03.072]I'm gonna provide some history and background.
[00:03:04.570]I wanna talk about scouting for a little bit
[00:03:06.130]and I know what a lot of you are here for
[00:03:08.550]is what do we do in 2021?
[00:03:11.010]And so, I've got a few slides
[00:03:12.870]towards the tail end of this presentation
[00:03:15.370]that focus on what we've seen and where we're headed.
[00:03:19.180]I have my name listed along with several others here.
[00:03:22.080]Erin Hodgson in Iowa, Adam Varenhorst in South Dakota,
[00:03:25.250]Bruce Potter in Minnesota, along with Bob Cook,
[00:03:28.440]Tom hunt and Robert Wright are my collaborators
[00:03:30.300]here in the State,
[00:03:31.133]so there's really quite a group of us
[00:03:33.470]trying to quickly gain as much as we can.
[00:03:36.470]Twitter handles on the bottom, if you wanna get up to date
[00:03:39.180]on stuff, but I'll talk a lot about how we're trying
[00:03:40.920]to communicate this with all of you as well.
[00:03:43.360]So any of you have seen a talk on soybean gall midge,
[00:03:45.670]you've seen this slide before,
[00:03:48.679]I provide this because this mirrors other insects
[00:03:52.140]that are in the same insect group,
[00:03:55.160]it showed up actually in 2010.
[00:03:58.240]The report came out in 2011 in Northeast Nebraska
[00:04:01.100]with the reports from 2009,
[00:04:04.120]but generally people were seeing this in the field
[00:04:06.670]through 2016 with really a very low level of concern,
[00:04:11.740]a late season infestation.
[00:04:13.920]We were not sure if this was a follow-up
[00:04:15.960]to a disease issue or mechanical injury from hail.
[00:04:20.779]Other states, including myself,
[00:04:21.930]when I arrived in 2016, got calls on this.
[00:04:24.120]In fact, Aaron Niagara is on here.
[00:04:25.930]He's the first one to call me to report on
[00:04:28.330]this particular issue, and when he called in 2018
[00:04:32.340]was when things really changed.
[00:04:35.160]That's a photo from 2018 of a field area
[00:04:38.997]and some stems south of the station where I work.
[00:04:43.450]But significant injury, much earlier than anticipated,
[00:04:46.450]all those earlier years,
[00:04:48.470]mid to late August reports from Aaron and others.
[00:04:51.530]But in 2018, Aaron kind of called me at the end of June
[00:04:54.820]and said they're already back,
[00:04:56.500]and so that quickly followed by plant death and other things
[00:05:00.380]just a week or two after that.
[00:05:02.130]Since then, we've been working hard to try
[00:05:04.040]and learn more about this.
[00:05:05.670]We caught adults in that fall and sent those to Ray Gagne
[00:05:09.560]who's worked for the USDA, has retired now
[00:05:14.020]and Junichi Yukawa in Japan and with their help,
[00:05:18.400]these are the two leading taxonomists, globally,
[00:05:20.820]for this particular group of insects.
[00:05:23.280]We identified a new species and I don't have that red
[00:05:25.870]on the bottom for any degree of notoriety or for headlines
[00:05:29.210]but just to remind you of how we sit with this, which is
[00:05:32.670]this is the first time this has ever happened to soybean
[00:05:35.930]in the U.S. from an insect like this
[00:05:37.580]and we are rapidly trying to catch up
[00:05:40.210]but really don't have a lot to go off of.
[00:05:43.499]Here is what we had to go off of early on
[00:05:46.060]was that we knew this insect belong to a group
[00:05:49.370]with 55 others, that it had a very diverse host range
[00:05:53.470]within each age, the whole family does,
[00:05:56.430]but within a given species like soybean gall midge,
[00:06:00.220]they typically don't have a lot of other species
[00:06:02.480]that they're host plants that they're found on.
[00:06:04.950]And you can see underneath there's not a lot of this relates
[00:06:08.310]to soybean, found under bark or in flower heads.
[00:06:12.602]You can see the plant families and different genera
[00:06:14.710]that they're found on,
[00:06:16.430]but that individual species have very limited host range
[00:06:18.990]which confused a lot of us initially.
[00:06:20.880]And then some that don't even have a host range.
[00:06:22.480]So, if you're, like Keith mentioned,
[00:06:24.700]if you've had trouble with this and you're losing sleep,
[00:06:27.750]go ahead and order this book and you can start reading,
[00:06:31.080]it'll definitely put you to sleep.
[00:06:33.250]If you wanna get the most invigorating part of this,
[00:06:36.540]page 465 is where a lot of that information was found.
[00:06:40.240]So why do I mention this?
[00:06:41.950]Because we have related species in other parts of the world
[00:06:45.150]one of the most notable ones is theobaldi.
[00:06:48.570]This will mirror what we have seen in Nebraska
[00:06:51.050]not by the years, but by the how it is showing up.
[00:06:54.480]That one showed up in 1921, nobody was concerned about it.
[00:06:57.430]In 1946, it blew up as a significant pest,
[00:07:00.450]has caused significant yield loss.
[00:07:02.550]It lays eggs into cracks, which are very similar
[00:07:05.510]to what soybean gall midge does for us on soybean.
[00:07:08.590]It has some plant disease associations.
[00:07:11.580]We are working on that with collaboration and support
[00:07:14.660]from your checkoff dollars
[00:07:16.350]with the Nebraska Soybean Checkoff
[00:07:18.430]to understand that relationship.
[00:07:19.830]We're not finding the same diseases or anything but we are
[00:07:22.700]finding some, we don't know if they're important or not,
[00:07:25.780]but this is kind of the chicken and egg scenario
[00:07:27.870]for what is soybean gall midge, you know,
[00:07:31.630]does it need these diseases or not?
[00:07:35.060]How did it show up?
[00:07:36.170]And this raises questions in Nebraska,
[00:07:38.130]how do we suddenly get this insect across a wide range?
[00:07:42.030]I don't know if it's the exact same as this one
[00:07:44.620]but certainly we had the presence of this insect
[00:07:47.590]in some sort of climate change or weather changes
[00:07:51.750]has allowed it to get into our system and do quite well
[00:07:54.050]and now it is adapted to that system
[00:07:55.730]and you can see similar language for what was noted
[00:07:58.630]for raspberry cane midge.
[00:08:01.060]Soybean gall midge still remains unclear.
[00:08:02.990]I think we'll learn more as time goes on
[00:08:05.580]but clearly we had some wet conditions in 2018
[00:08:07.887]and we know these little fissures
[00:08:09.700]that I'll show some photos of
[00:08:10.720]that are really important for egg laying.
[00:08:14.640]This is what 2018 look like for us, 63 counties.
[00:08:18.730]We didn't really know everywhere was at
[00:08:20.450]I think because we were in a scramble at that point
[00:08:23.120]we received emergency funding
[00:08:24.650]and we were very aggressive in 2019.
[00:08:27.370]I feel like for sure, for Nebraska,
[00:08:29.810]I can speak for the State of Nebraska, that we really went
[00:08:34.270]through a lot of counties trying to determine distribution.
[00:08:36.680]This makes me confident that what we saw in 2020,
[00:08:39.850]this past year, we're more likely looking at now expansion
[00:08:43.960]of this insect to new areas.
[00:08:45.780]You'll see later, I'll show a really detailed map
[00:08:48.180]in Nebraska, in terms of specific sites we sampled,
[00:08:52.170]and certainly the pressure out in those areas is quite low,
[00:08:54.860]in fact, I would bet those growers don't know
[00:08:57.090]they have soybean gall midge, it's difficult to find
[00:08:59.820]but it is present in those areas.
[00:09:02.960]We did, in 2018, have a cluster of counties up in Minnesota.
[00:09:07.580]They were kind of off the map, or, especially,
[00:09:09.160]if you look at the red to red comparison
[00:09:11.700]and it turned out this was a different insect associated
[00:09:14.610]with karshomyia caulicola, the white mold gall Midge.
[00:09:19.240]You can see there in the blue and in the legend,
[00:09:21.600]it's common name.
[00:09:23.820]Bob Cook, along with a number of others,
[00:09:25.510]documented its distribution overlaps.
[00:09:27.570]Probably could be down here in Nebraska,
[00:09:29.560]we've not found it yet, but if you find orange larvae
[00:09:32.500]on soybeans and especially is associated white mold,
[00:09:35.350]definitely give us a call.
[00:09:36.820]We wanna document that in Nebraska,
[00:09:39.480]that this is not a pest,
[00:09:41.350]and that's why it's so important to know the difference,
[00:09:43.870]is this one's not gonna cause any economic loss.
[00:09:46.230]It feeds on white mold fungi,
[00:09:48.800]so very different from our soybean gall midge
[00:09:51.450]which, obviously, feeds on soybean.
[00:09:54.640]We did a lot of work, regionally, on this
[00:09:56.133]over the past year, even with COVID,
[00:09:59.110]other States didn't have any detections,
[00:10:00.830]so this insect that we're able to scout for it.
[00:10:03.580]In all the areas where we had it already,
[00:10:05.470]we had spread as you saw on the previous one,
[00:10:08.140]but we have a number that could not survey
[00:10:10.320]and are gonna survey this coming year.
[00:10:12.820]For Nebraska, this doesn't make too much of a difference,
[00:10:15.320]but it is important on a sense that if this does continue
[00:10:19.480]to spread, we get more and more weight behind us
[00:10:21.710]in terms of the research that we can do.
[00:10:24.040]We don't want it to spread, but if it does,
[00:10:27.100]it increases the need for more research
[00:10:29.860]which we're very fortunate to have support from our board
[00:10:33.040]and from the North Central Soybean Research Program
[00:10:36.380]which Nebraska Soybean Board contributes to.
[00:10:39.040]We looked at about 1,745 fields and 267 counties,
[00:10:44.740]so there was a quite an effort
[00:10:46.160]with all the entomologists that you see listed here
[00:10:48.840]on that project's led at in Nebraska with our group.
[00:10:53.500]We have lots of questions coming from other States right now
[00:10:56.350]about the impact of the derailed show that came through
[00:10:59.550]and whether or not this spread to other areas.
[00:11:01.920]That will not be knowing and may only be known
[00:11:04.200]in a couple years if detection show up
[00:11:07.410]but I'm glad that States didn't get a chance
[00:11:10.320]to survey last year will be participating this coming year.
[00:11:13.150]In Nebraska here, just wanna show you
[00:11:16.050]some of the geographic variability that we saw.
[00:11:18.830]This is obviously a photo of the eastern part of the State.
[00:11:22.520]We have historical ranges of where it was found
[00:11:24.820]and you can see, as the color changes here from white
[00:11:28.730]which is no detection, but a field was checked to green,
[00:11:32.260]means we have presence of larvae
[00:11:33.730]and any of those new counties,
[00:11:35.080]Greeley, Howard, Merrick, Polk,
[00:11:38.120]York just on Soybeans, Saline, Jefferson,
[00:11:41.750]all those new detections were just presence of larvae
[00:11:43.810]we weren't finding any wilting or dead plants.
[00:11:45.950]Blue indicates some wilting dead plants,
[00:11:48.420]maybe not visible from the road.
[00:11:49.670]Once we reach yellow and red,
[00:11:52.330]these are visible on drive-bys.
[00:11:54.020]You'll notice these going by a field
[00:11:56.030]even at 50 miles an hour, it's visible.
[00:11:59.630]And you'll notice a host on there.
[00:12:01.010]Many of you might be familiar with this
[00:12:02.870]but we did identify sweet clover as a host.
[00:12:05.380]It wasn't a lot of larvae on it in 2019
[00:12:08.790]but certainly a lot this year as we did our surveys.
[00:12:11.610]And so, that's one, if you're out in these counties,
[00:12:14.110]Clay, Fillmore, Thayer, Nuckolls,
[00:12:16.960]outside of the range where we've seen it,
[00:12:18.550]take a look at sweet clover and you see this blackening,
[00:12:21.950]hopefully, you can see my point of that blacking on the stem
[00:12:24.050]or even gray appearance, is an indication
[00:12:27.160]they may be infested.
[00:12:28.170]You find it, send it to us.
[00:12:30.260]We have techniques in the lab that we can use to confirm,
[00:12:33.250]it is soybean gall midge.
[00:12:35.470]That helps us understand if it's out there
[00:12:37.020]and just not on soybean, so lots of work done on this area.
[00:12:41.560]These red dots, I'm gonna give you a chance to see a red dot
[00:12:44.640]that's a Nick Tinsley photo that he took with us this year.
[00:12:49.310]These are devastating and hard for growers,
[00:12:52.340]hard for even researchers to come by and know
[00:12:55.210]that we're getting to this point.
[00:12:58.730]There are a few red dots smattered throughout there,
[00:13:00.720]plenty more that were not a part of the survey effort,
[00:13:05.020]but really highlighting the need and understanding
[00:13:08.410]for those of you that maybe don't have as much pressure
[00:13:10.490]to scout for this, which we'll get through here in a minute.
[00:13:14.010]This is just a pan back,
[00:13:15.470]so that was that original photo I showed you.
[00:13:17.780]Moving back a little bit,
[00:13:19.210]we're gonna start the conversation
[00:13:21.210]in terms of the movement of this insect
[00:13:24.090]between what is its source field,
[00:13:27.060]the corn here which was soybeans last year
[00:13:30.060]and this year's soybean fields.
[00:13:31.930]I really wanna hammer that home
[00:13:33.340]because that is a lot of how we're looking
[00:13:37.060]at the current risk scenarios that we're dealing with.
[00:13:40.480]This was, Nick and I are looking at this field
[00:13:42.890]and some growers stopping to ask some questions.
[00:13:46.410]Again, last year soybean field is the source.
[00:13:48.790]That's where a lot of our cages get put in the spring.
[00:13:51.330]Zach Rystrom took this photo with some UAV work
[00:13:54.650]that he did with us and a lot of really helpful things,
[00:13:57.100]you'll see throughout the side, but we got
[00:13:59.030]that adult movement over and then subsequent injury,
[00:14:01.907]and these are some August photos.
[00:14:04.350]In case you think it's just Lancaster or Saunders County
[00:14:08.940]or Cass County, this is part of that survey
[00:14:12.230]where we stopped and just snapped a few photos of field.
[00:14:15.760]Certainly, more could have been taken
[00:14:17.370]but I don't do this to scare anyone of you.
[00:14:20.210]I hope, that's not my intent, it's to raise your awareness
[00:14:23.800]to the importance of looking for this insect early
[00:14:26.570]if it's not a problem in your area.
[00:14:28.620]So we drill down within any one of those fields.
[00:14:31.470]The first thing that we're gonna find if it's infested
[00:14:34.300]is some blackening and dark discolorations
[00:14:36.500]at the base of the stem, peeling that bark,
[00:14:38.940]depending on the time of when you look
[00:14:40.720]it's gonna show you either orange or white larvae.
[00:14:43.360]They pretty quickly transition to orange about 9 days
[00:14:46.910]after the initial adult activities occur
[00:14:49.250]and we have students working hard to understand
[00:14:51.780]a whole seasonal distribution,
[00:14:53.210]Velma Montenegro is doing that.
[00:14:55.090]But what they're doing is they're feeding on the stem,
[00:14:57.810]working their way in, cutting off the circulation
[00:15:00.230]of that plant, which is the two photos here,
[00:15:03.120]and then the last photo here is those plants
[00:15:04.970]essentially not able to circulate water or nutrients
[00:15:07.390]as well, wilting and dying, leading to the distribution
[00:15:11.280]of injury that you see.
[00:15:13.720]One of the core components of what we're doing
[00:15:16.120]and the support that we're getting
[00:15:17.280]from Nebraska Soybean Checkoff
[00:15:19.580]and North Central Soybean Research program,
[00:15:21.240]and now, USDA funding and industry funding as well
[00:15:25.207]who has been very helpful,
[00:15:26.390]is we have an adult monitoring network.
[00:15:29.640]This network is crucial to the limited amount
[00:15:32.970]of knowledge that we have on first steps
[00:15:35.310]as this insect shows up in the season.
[00:15:37.470]Network's grown really rapidly.
[00:15:38.820]We're happy to support it and continue to grow it.
[00:15:42.220]It's pretty easy, go to soybeangallmidge.org,
[00:15:44.550]which is the website that you see here
[00:15:46.140]is that's a snapshot of that website.
[00:15:49.540]And you'll see Join the Alert Network,
[00:15:52.000]click on that tab, it'll ask you for some information,
[00:15:54.660]you can opt out at any time,
[00:15:56.420]but that allows you to get these automated phone calls,
[00:15:58.570]text messages and emails.
[00:16:00.210]I try not to send too many just as we initially detected
[00:16:03.180]in any management recommendations
[00:16:06.080]that are going on with that.
[00:16:06.980]And if you go to the website active during the season,
[00:16:09.370]you're gonna see maps like this.
[00:16:11.210]I show these maps because there was some confusion,
[00:16:13.530]we'll hopefully try and clarify that for everybody
[00:16:15.520]in the coming year.
[00:16:16.580]But one is the emergence from last year's soybean fields,
[00:16:19.580]all these little zeros here is, we were done.
[00:16:21.910]There was no additional adult emergence,
[00:16:23.610]you're gonna see graphs on that in a few minutes.
[00:16:26.450]Then, there's emergence from this year's soybean field,
[00:16:28.507]and you see the numbers are higher and a lot of cases,
[00:16:31.270]that's an average per trap,
[00:16:32.610]so it's even much higher than that.
[00:16:34.050]These are totals per site for the overwintering sites,
[00:16:37.850]but you'll see these maps,
[00:16:39.030]and that just gives you an indication of the activity
[00:16:41.550]between each one of our samples.
[00:16:43.490]In East-Central Nebraska,
[00:16:45.290]this is the network that my lab is responsible for,
[00:16:48.170]and, obviously, the collaborators I mentioned
[00:16:49.830]are managing these other sites.
[00:16:53.080]We check these daily in the spring, beginning May 1,
[00:16:55.720]which is well ahead of adult emergence,
[00:16:58.300]until we detect first adult emergency site
[00:17:00.610]and we move to every other day.
[00:17:01.690]So you're getting this high temporal frequency
[00:17:03.960]of when these insects are emerging.
[00:17:07.710]Part of what we're doing and seems rather simple,
[00:17:11.090]and will seem simple in the future, is just saying,
[00:17:14.520]where is this insect coming from
[00:17:15.960]as part of these alert systems,
[00:17:18.320]and so this is just south of the station.
[00:17:20.300]You see cages here on corn stocks.
[00:17:22.690]This obviously had corn the previous year,
[00:17:24.860]it's going to soybeans this year.
[00:17:26.100]We wanna be certain they're not emerging from those fields
[00:17:28.970]because that was soybeans the previous two years.
[00:17:32.370]We're monitoring the ditches between the two fields,
[00:17:34.640]because that's obviously been part of the pressure we see
[00:17:38.120]is dense vegetation, to be sure they're not emerging
[00:17:40.920]from those areas.
[00:17:42.408]Then, out into last year's soybean filling,
[00:17:44.650]see the number of cages here, so the indication that
[00:17:47.050]really that was our go-to target area.
[00:17:49.830]And even a few here along the edges of a wooded area,
[00:17:53.790]where, there may be some other hosts
[00:17:56.340]that we were concerned about.
[00:17:58.744]This is the results from year one.
[00:18:00.410]I'll tell you year two, which was just this past year.
[00:18:03.590]You don't need statistics to show this type of thing.
[00:18:06.430]98% of our adults emerged from last year's soybean field,
[00:18:09.890]and you see corn as little animated photos there
[00:18:12.160]because we're in corn stocks,
[00:18:15.240]or we're in growing corn where those cages
[00:18:18.170]are much like the photos here,
[00:18:19.930]corn is planted here in the spring,
[00:18:22.260]and so, there's corn growing around the cages,
[00:18:24.750]and then just 2% along the field edge.
[00:18:28.110]These are likely moving off of the soybeans here.
[00:18:31.810]The larvae can move off.
[00:18:33.410]Once they fall off the plants
[00:18:34.450]they can flip around a little bit.
[00:18:36.240]In 2020, this was 100% and zero, so even more stark
[00:18:41.700]of a contrast between those two years.
[00:18:44.110]We're gonna do it another year,
[00:18:45.750]actually another couple years to be sure
[00:18:47.740]that we're getting the right understanding of this.
[00:18:50.720]But for now, definitely, majority of adults
[00:18:55.140]are coming from last year's soybean fields.
[00:18:59.949]This hits the first really important conversation
[00:19:03.730]with soybean gall midge.
[00:19:05.830]That graph on the top there or image on the top,
[00:19:08.140]I'm gonna take time to break that apart for you
[00:19:11.550]to really hammer out the life cycle that's occurring.
[00:19:15.010]But the first and most important thing is
[00:19:17.250]the first date that adults emerge, and you see the two dates
[00:19:20.360]between 19 and 20, very close, only four days apart,
[00:19:25.279]occurring in the early part of June.
[00:19:28.000]They quickly kind of sweep the State as well
[00:19:30.490]as even up into South Dakota and Minnesota.
[00:19:32.840]We had an activity pretty much all of our sites
[00:19:34.870]within 9 days.
[00:19:36.850]Many of you may be wondering, was there a degree day model,
[00:19:39.070]like we see with other insects that entomologists talk about
[00:19:42.110]Unfortunately, with this insect,
[00:19:43.310]it doesn't look like that's worked very well for others.
[00:19:45.840]Not that we won't look at that type of data,
[00:19:48.520]but that may not be as accurate as what we need.
[00:19:52.170]Then, on the bottom and across there, you'll see
[00:19:56.280]up to 34 days of activity from overwintering sites.
[00:19:59.130]That means adults are emerging
[00:20:00.330]from last year's soybean field and continuing to infest
[00:20:03.800]the adjacent field for 34 days.
[00:20:06.950]That duration, that critical work duration
[00:20:11.262]is what we're really facing in terms of management.
[00:20:14.320]In 2019, I was a little nervous with this number,
[00:20:17.790]but would have liked to, you know, been a little bit lower
[00:20:20.630]just for the sake of our foliar insecticides
[00:20:22.840]and other tactics we were trying,
[00:20:24.580]knowing we would have enough coverage
[00:20:26.670]but was blown away in 2020 by finding an average of 25 days.
[00:20:31.020]I'm hoping, we're all hoping, as entomologists
[00:20:33.400]that are working on this, that this is an anomaly,
[00:20:35.750]and that that may be in the future
[00:20:37.930]that number will drop back down.
[00:20:39.190]We had a dry spell early on in the season.
[00:20:42.150]You'll see it in the graphs here.
[00:20:44.380]Maybe that kind of stopped their emergence briefly.
[00:20:48.310]And then a lifecycle, I've had a number of growers
[00:20:50.970]which I really appreciate, catch me after presentation sake.
[00:20:53.180]I just see a simple life cycle of this insect.
[00:20:56.210]Absolutely happy to talk about that.
[00:20:58.750]Here's the adults emerging from last year soybean fields
[00:21:01.670]from what we know so far, they're moving over
[00:21:03.990]they're laying eggs into natural openings or fishers
[00:21:07.220]at the base of these plants.
[00:21:08.800]That's where the symptoms show up.
[00:21:10.360]They're hatching, and they're going through
[00:21:12.270]three larval instars, eventually,
[00:21:13.990]turning to turn orange towards the end.
[00:21:17.410]They're feeding on soybeans, that's the damaging stage.
[00:21:19.800]They fall off the plant, they pupate in the soil,
[00:21:21.690]and they do that again, two more times.
[00:21:24.820]Once they're in the soil,
[00:21:25.690]they're making these little silken cocoons or pupa
[00:21:28.830]and then emerging as adults again.
[00:21:31.120]So just looking at this from this standpoint,
[00:21:33.932]this is last year soybean field,
[00:21:35.760]lots of injury in these fields.
[00:21:37.550]Doesn't have to be a lot to cause injury
[00:21:39.760]in the adjacent field.
[00:21:40.770]Those cocoons overwinter, the adults emerge, move over
[00:21:44.160]and fest this year's soybean fields
[00:21:46.360]and go through two full cycles on this year's soybeans.
[00:21:50.670]That's what we know from 2019.
[00:21:52.630]2020, we had so much overlap
[00:21:55.400]that it was very hard to document this.
[00:21:58.560]So, you know there's a lease to,
[00:22:00.130]there could have possibly even been in a third
[00:22:02.090]and then that partial overwintering.
[00:22:03.830]So what we say about soybean gall midge right now
[00:22:06.010]is two full generations in a partial overwintering
[00:22:10.080]third generation that begins a cycle this past fall
[00:22:13.360]and completes it in the spring.
[00:22:15.130]This graph, if any of you saw me talk last year,
[00:22:17.540]you've seen this one, which is just that
[00:22:20.200]overwinter emergence from last year soybean field,
[00:22:22.300]and then the two generations on this one in a couple peaks.
[00:22:25.100]And I bring this one up because I'm gonna show you 2020
[00:22:28.480]and I wanted you to kind of reference this one
[00:22:30.240]in the back of your mind.
[00:22:31.520]We got breaks here, that's what I want you to focus in on,
[00:22:34.220]these key breaks, where we had very limited amounts
[00:22:37.920]of adult activity, and our graph here
[00:22:40.210]goes up to about 304 on our peak day.
[00:22:44.866]If you look at 2020 data from this past summer,
[00:22:49.320]I've split the two from overwintering to this year soybeans
[00:22:54.510]and the tremendous number of adults we collected this year.
[00:22:57.140]We weren't using any more cages
[00:22:59.510]but you can see we got this kind of quick rise
[00:23:01.670]like we saw the previous year.
[00:23:02.880]And I actually allow them then to continue
[00:23:04.840]to maybe this is part of what we're seeing in terms
[00:23:08.070]of the long duration
[00:23:09.440]but then adult activity actually quickly picked up
[00:23:12.740]and even overlapped between last year's field and this one
[00:23:16.140]several large peaks and continued through
[00:23:19.560]to almost the exact same date.
[00:23:21.690]So the starts and ends of this insect are pretty similar.
[00:23:24.890]What's new is that Velma Montenegro did a lot of work,
[00:23:28.660]she's a master student in my lab, to document larval number
[00:23:32.630]on 10 plants at two different sites, every three days,
[00:23:36.130]throughout the entire season.
[00:23:38.300]I won't show you the specifics of her data
[00:23:39.980]because I wanna protect that for her for publication
[00:23:42.700]but, though, all you really need to know
[00:23:44.680]is we detected larvae shortly after first adult emergence
[00:23:49.300]and we probably could have been a little bit earlier here
[00:23:52.110]just on where we were scouting in the field for that.
[00:23:54.450]But then peak larval number began at the end of June
[00:23:57.470]and went through the entire season until almost harvest.
[00:24:01.359]This highlights kind of the problems in soybean gall midge,
[00:24:04.950]there's continuous adult sources
[00:24:07.430]and large larval numbers present in soybean fields.
[00:24:12.450]So when and where to scout?
[00:24:13.640]we've talked a lot about emergence,
[00:24:15.260]when we send out an alert, if you're on the alert network,
[00:24:17.430]7 to 10 days after that first adult emergence
[00:24:19.910]it's time to start looking, especially,
[00:24:22.010]if you're in any high pressure areas.
[00:24:23.700]If you're in a low pressure area
[00:24:25.240]outside of where we've seen soybean gall midge,
[00:24:27.620]you can hit the breaks.
[00:24:29.420]I don't think there's a need to really start scouting
[00:24:31.860]till mid to late July and even into early August
[00:24:35.040]when the symptoms and the presence of adults
[00:24:36.930]or larval numbers are gonna be easier to find.
[00:24:40.490]But if you're in high pressure areas, this is the time
[00:24:42.570]to get out and get looking earlier,
[00:24:44.970]initially that white, about 9 days after
[00:24:46.860]or 12 days after the start to transition to orange.
[00:24:48.910]So if you're not in the network, you don't have cages
[00:24:51.540]on your site and can't monitor everywhere,
[00:24:53.650]but that'll give you an idea of when those adults
[00:24:55.156]might have been active in that area.
[00:24:56.850]And then 20 days out from that, at least based on 2019,
[00:25:00.040]we started to see wilting dead and dying plants.
[00:25:03.560]Where to scout?
[00:25:04.890]This is the one of the few good things
[00:25:07.310]about soybean gall midge is you don't have to go
[00:25:09.530]more than one to two rows into your soybean field,
[00:25:12.090]adjacent to last year soybean field.
[00:25:14.550]Focus your efforts there.
[00:25:15.530]If you're gonna find them,
[00:25:16.380]you're gonna find them right along that edge.
[00:25:18.580]And even more importantly, right next to dense vegetation.
[00:25:21.370]So if you've got some trees out there or tall grass
[00:25:24.090]or other things that stands out in the the view,
[00:25:27.890]the landscape, go in and focus on those areas first,
[00:25:31.650]that seems to be where at least based on 2020 and even 2019,
[00:25:35.190]that we were hitting a lot of plants in those areas first,
[00:25:38.980]and you'll see death though from those areas as well.
[00:25:41.320]What do you do when you get to these sites?
[00:25:43.400]Lean down.
[00:25:44.660]There's a snap method later on just pushing on the plants
[00:25:47.270]you're gonna hear snapping later in the season.
[00:25:49.490]Early on the season, you can just bend those plants over,
[00:25:53.000]and you'll see right here, these two plants
[00:25:56.010]are infested with soybean gall midge.
[00:25:57.800]I know as an entomologist, I've looked at a lot of them.
[00:26:00.460]You'd wanna pick them up and peel them open.
[00:26:02.830]I'll do the same, especially for studies,
[00:26:05.040]but you can see the difference with a healthy stem here.
[00:26:07.470]This light purple tans versus this really dark color.
[00:26:10.130]That dark color is a good indication
[00:26:12.223]that soybean gall midge is present in those plants.
[00:26:15.240]Again, peeling that tissue away will reveal the orange
[00:26:18.610]or white larvae, which is the key indicator
[00:26:20.600]it is likely soybean gall midge.
[00:26:22.450]If you're walking between these two fields
[00:26:24.180]and you see a sweet clover or alfalfa, sweet clover
[00:26:28.190]in particular, alfalfa, it is very hard to find them on,
[00:26:32.130]that's the one to look at
[00:26:33.250]and look at the base of those plants.
[00:26:34.350]We can find them quite a ways up on those plants
[00:26:36.980]but that blackening, dark discoloration or gray,
[00:26:40.060]peeling that tissue back also is another method
[00:26:43.390]for saying, are they there?
[00:26:44.223]We're gonna try some tracking from sweet clover.
[00:26:46.740]We have some pretty good sweet clover sites
[00:26:48.500]just to see if adult emergence is any different.
[00:26:50.840]And I wanna highlight something on sweet clover
[00:26:52.810]'cause I don't want all of you to go out
[00:26:53.960]and kill all your sweet clover in the spring or anything.
[00:26:57.070]We don't know the risk between sweet clover and soybeans.
[00:26:59.630]We don't know if they adequately move
[00:27:01.050]between those two hosts and pose a threat.
[00:27:04.430]So, those are things, I think, right now is just look at it.
[00:27:08.260]We're doing some genetics work to see.
[00:27:10.420]We'll probably do some host rain stuff as well
[00:27:12.100]to see how easily they move.
[00:27:14.150]So there're two hosts I've mentioned to death at this point,
[00:27:16.810]Amy Hauver gets the credit from 2019
[00:27:20.020]when she did a lot of survey work as part of my lab
[00:27:22.650]as a doctor plant health intern,
[00:27:24.620]to identify both of those hosts.
[00:27:26.530]And we went through the gamut
[00:27:27.640]of the things to confirm they were the same.
[00:27:30.310]The low numbers per larval plant was from 2019.
[00:27:34.520]Sweet clover has surprised us.
[00:27:36.470]There are white and yellow sweet clover plants.
[00:27:38.550]That's the yellow there, we find them on white as well.
[00:27:42.460]Lots of things to discuss on host range,
[00:27:44.880]I'll quickly kind of summarize this.
[00:27:46.860]There are supposed to be in a narrow host range
[00:27:48.640]and gall midge being on three different plant species
[00:27:52.470]already is surprising.
[00:27:56.330]So it's possible they're just not well studied.
[00:27:59.680]Here's the two that we found.
[00:28:00.960]We have questions about dry bean
[00:28:02.990]and University of Minnesota just submitted a grant
[00:28:06.050]to look at that, we will hear in Nebraska as well,
[00:28:09.870]and just lots of questions there.
[00:28:12.030]We're gonna spend the rest of our time here
[00:28:13.900]for the last 15 minutes or so talking about management
[00:28:17.490]because I know that's the question in front of a lot of you.
[00:28:20.540]And I know there's a few questions that have popped up.
[00:28:23.700]I don't know.
[00:28:25.760]Yeah, well, I'll hit those right at the end.
[00:28:27.950]So, they're definitely good questions.
[00:28:30.730]We're gonna cover some of them.
[00:28:31.660]So, we've done a little bit
[00:28:33.450]of work with spring tillage here in Nebraska.
[00:28:35.360]I did two sites in 2019
[00:28:38.985]and we have some growers that have contacted us
[00:28:42.960]recently that wanna do more work in 2020.
[00:28:45.770]So we're gonna learn a little more about this.
[00:28:47.690]What you see from adult emergence,
[00:28:49.360]'cause we followed these with cages
[00:28:51.310]is that we got reductions from our tillage site
[00:28:55.518]or where we'd actually tilled.
[00:28:58.270]But I can't tell you that 27 and 18 make any difference
[00:29:05.080]in the level of injury in adjacent fields.
[00:29:07.540]So this is the trouble as we start research
[00:29:10.300]is, yeah, we see this pattern of reduced emergence
[00:29:13.890]but doesn't mean anything
[00:29:15.810]in terms of protecting the adjacent fields
[00:29:18.520]'cause we're talking about tilling, obviously,
[00:29:21.680]the soybean field that was infested either that fall,
[00:29:25.490]after those soybeans are off or the following spring
[00:29:28.890]prior to planting corn in that field.
[00:29:31.530]Mowing dense vegetation, I got a lot of people really good
[00:29:35.160]at contacting me this past fall and winter here
[00:29:39.400]to indicate they'd had success with this.
[00:29:41.410]That's good anecdotally to here.
[00:29:43.610]We need another research year,
[00:29:45.530]but certainly from what we did in 2018, '19,
[00:29:48.730]we saw this reduction in the number of infested plants.
[00:29:52.920]If we had better techniques on larval counting
[00:29:54.690]we would have liked to have had that
[00:29:56.710]but we did actually see differences
[00:29:58.020]in the yield from those areas as well.
[00:30:00.160]And this was the study that we did
[00:30:01.920]mowing a hundred feet on non-mow area.
[00:30:04.260]These little dots are where we were actually
[00:30:06.360]picking up plants and looking
[00:30:07.610]at the percentage of infestation.
[00:30:09.500]Both of those studies need more work
[00:30:12.020]because I was quite excited in 2019 when we finished up
[00:30:17.020]the year and saw differences in mowing,
[00:30:18.970]and some people who really like to protect bird populations,
[00:30:23.140]which I respect them certainly for, had large concerns
[00:30:26.500]about the potential impact on birds
[00:30:28.880]and the fact that we're not supposed to be mowing that early
[00:30:32.540]at least along our ditches and other areas.
[00:30:35.560]So there's concern there.
[00:30:36.740]We're running into other things.
[00:30:39.230]One of the big efforts we had here in 2020 was to begin
[00:30:44.410]to look at the germplasm of soybeans in the U.S.,
[00:30:48.660]a sampling of that germplasm,
[00:30:50.520]'cause it's over 4,000 and some odd accession lines.
[00:30:54.150]But George Graff, here at the university,
[00:30:56.510]is a soybean breeder
[00:30:58.250]who has a tremendous amount of knowledge on this.
[00:31:00.310]We paired up with him, put in three different sites,
[00:31:04.320]looked at 768 accession lines, it's really a broad range,
[00:31:08.030]the photo doesn't do justice 'cause that's early season,
[00:31:11.240]but, certainly, a lot of variation how those varieties look.
[00:31:15.280]You can see here just between two different lines,
[00:31:17.460]they're only four foot long plots.
[00:31:19.180]This one looks great and this one's already dying.
[00:31:21.070]So we had some that were almost hypersensitive
[00:31:23.750]to soybean gall midge.
[00:31:26.090]And then later in the season here, a different set of plots.
[00:31:29.270]There's a line actually here that is one variety
[00:31:32.420]or accession line and another one here.
[00:31:34.020]So, some obvious differences.
[00:31:36.240]The question is, do those hold when we do that next year?
[00:31:39.900]And Georgia's looking closer at that.
[00:31:42.030]I'll give you the summary.
[00:31:43.340]We lost one of our locations
[00:31:44.750]due to some misapplied herbicide applications
[00:31:48.670]but that happens, that's why we have multiple sites.
[00:31:51.470]You can see between Iowa and Nebraska,
[00:31:54.130]we really took out a lot of that germplasm.
[00:31:56.610]We only had 12 lines left in Iowa,
[00:31:59.141]18 lines left in Nebraska, the rest were infested
[00:32:02.300]and they had this different appearance
[00:32:04.370]to the base of the stamps,
[00:32:05.520]I don't know if this is coincidence or not.
[00:32:09.750]You can be excited about this, I'll share in the excitement,
[00:32:13.040]but I'll caution you that as we increase the plot size
[00:32:16.660]soybean gall midge may say, well,
[00:32:17.890]I didn't initially wanna feed on these
[00:32:19.370]or lay my eggs into them, but I will,
[00:32:21.550]if they're the only thing, we don't know that yet.
[00:32:23.710]So, there's plenty to go, but this is a great start,
[00:32:26.810]I think, for having to understand this.
[00:32:31.753]I wanna talk about planning date briefly,
[00:32:33.390]show you last year's data, just briefly,
[00:32:36.650]and then show you what happened in 2020 here.
[00:32:40.240]Really the focus of the planting date in 2019
[00:32:42.640]was to get an understanding of how plants stage
[00:32:46.570]at the time of adult emergence.
[00:32:48.210]So when adults start emerging, if soybeans are really small
[00:32:51.450]in early vegetative stages versus later vegetative stages
[00:32:54.770]does that influence the number of infested plants
[00:32:58.170]and ultimately to your concerns, yield?
[00:33:01.160]So the bottom here is the emergence
[00:33:02.800]from that particular site in 2019.
[00:33:05.630]On the side there, if you look up,
[00:33:07.120]you see May 1st, 15th, 31st, June,
[00:33:10.520]that is the development stages of soybean
[00:33:13.470]for each one of those planting dates, temporarily overlaid
[00:33:17.250]or time-wise overlaid with adult emergence.
[00:33:20.200]So that's a lot to look at.
[00:33:22.070]I want you to take the big picture.
[00:33:23.520]Our early plantings were well into development.
[00:33:25.880]As we move to late May and early June,
[00:33:28.690]you can see we didn't even have soybeans emerged
[00:33:30.870]or they were just emerged out of the ground.
[00:33:32.390]That's the take home message that I want you to take
[00:33:35.190]between emergence and plant stands.
[00:33:39.940]So our rough estimations here on V3 or approximate V3 stage,
[00:33:45.470]and what you see here is if you look at this graph, May 1st,
[00:33:49.950]May 14th and May 31st all have some level of infested plants
[00:33:54.750]So let's go over here, that's May 1st, May 15th,
[00:33:58.930]you notice all of them have achieved the V3 stage
[00:34:02.320]sometime during first adult emergence from overwintering,
[00:34:06.190]the overwintering generation, and the latter two,
[00:34:08.640]June 15th and July 1st have no infestation on our first.
[00:34:12.540]Now I know, any June planting is crazy talk
[00:34:17.110]for a yield loss, but again,
[00:34:18.970]we're trying to understand plant development,
[00:34:20.630]move to the second evaluation
[00:34:22.370]when we have continued adult activity and everything is up.
[00:34:26.490]And essentially when we go to yield,
[00:34:28.730]we don't see that normal relationship that we should see
[00:34:31.980]which is yield should just steadily decline
[00:34:35.140]as we move through May.
[00:34:36.210]And in fact, we have a bump on May 14th,
[00:34:38.557]for this particular year, indicating gall midge
[00:34:42.200]is doing a lot of damage and injury to our early planting.
[00:34:45.010]So, keep that snapshot in your mind as I throw a complete
[00:34:49.190]wrench into this from this past season and what we learn.
[00:34:52.930]I've got a do not use without permission, I hate doing that,
[00:34:56.800]but this is rather complicated conversation
[00:35:00.070]with these two graphs that I think if they were pulled out
[00:35:02.780]without a conversation would be really confusing
[00:35:06.660]to take away, and so I'll explain those briefly
[00:35:10.350]but it appears we have an interaction
[00:35:11.990]between our planting date, that we put in,
[00:35:14.710]and the seed treatments that you see now added,
[00:35:17.520]and now we're getting into the insecticide side of things.
[00:35:19.610]So we're transitioning to insecticides.
[00:35:21.740]So you can look at the normal planting date
[00:35:23.860]that would be, in each one of these,
[00:35:25.790]you'll see the planning dates here on the bottom
[00:35:28.210]but the none means we have no seed treatment whatsoever
[00:35:30.610]which is not typical of what any of you would do.
[00:35:34.000]But you see that, that frequency of infested plants
[00:35:36.540]is somewhat similar to last year.
[00:35:38.370]We have a lot of infested plants early, for early plantings,
[00:35:41.830]as we move to later, when adult emergence slows
[00:35:44.300]or near stops, we get a reduction.
[00:35:46.390]If they're not at a viable stage, they're not infested.
[00:35:50.690]And so this was promising when we looked over
[00:35:54.010]at Gaucho seed treatment and saw some reduction,
[00:35:57.240]some increase, but as we move to these later plantings,
[00:35:59.970]we saw a continued reduction in infestation,
[00:36:03.540]and also in larval number.
[00:36:05.650]So it was an indication that planting date may play a role
[00:36:08.290]with our seed treatments, but, men, again,
[00:36:12.865]when you get information early, don't just say, oh,
[00:36:15.120]this is the ticket, we're gonna get a yield difference
[00:36:18.690]because kind of the end of the year, and it makes no sense.
[00:36:23.080]We have a lot of high frequency of infested plants
[00:36:27.020]in these early planting dates, larval numbers, you know
[00:36:30.070]the same or greater yet our yields are greater.
[00:36:33.530]So, took a while to think about this.
[00:36:36.740]Not, not hard once, I think we understand it,
[00:36:38.810]but really the differences from this past season
[00:36:41.490]because of the long durations of adult emergence
[00:36:44.910]appear to be due simply to to plant size or stage.
[00:36:47.910]So the plants here that got infested were further along
[00:36:51.670]in their development and the understanding
[00:36:54.230]is that maybe they held on better.
[00:36:56.350]So we have two years of very opposing views or outcomes.
[00:37:01.720]2021 will be helpful in figuring that out.
[00:37:04.530]But I think all of us need to be prepared because I know
[00:37:06.680]a lot of you took my recommendations to delay planting.
[00:37:09.330]I appreciate your trust in me,
[00:37:12.130]and, unfortunately, came at a cost
[00:37:14.300]and I told all of you I would be wrong at some point,
[00:37:17.140]this is one of those many steps that we're gonna have
[00:37:20.740]but the picture becomes clearer every year.
[00:37:23.440]And you can see these yields, none of these yields
[00:37:25.370]are good by any means.
[00:37:27.280]We're getting to 30 or so, 38, which is good.
[00:37:31.520]We're quickly dropping into the 20s and down into the teens
[00:37:34.300]at this site, which is clearly unacceptable.
[00:37:37.960]The good news is our Nebraska Soybean Checkoff
[00:37:40.330]funded this project, this year, it starts in this October.
[00:37:44.160]We got a jump on this, we're excited about it.
[00:37:46.900]We're gonna be incorporating other things into it
[00:37:49.780]but this is something that could be helpful to all of us.
[00:37:53.890]Foliar applications, I'm gonna generalize them for you
[00:37:56.130]because I think we have enough issues
[00:37:59.720]in terms of understanding just the duration of emergence
[00:38:01.920]of this insect that it plays havoc
[00:38:06.540]with understanding these foliar applications.
[00:38:08.860]We saw a reduction in number of infested plants
[00:38:10.790]and sometimes in total larvae
[00:38:13.030]or average number of larvae per plant.
[00:38:14.650]I got reports of others who had success with this.
[00:38:18.160]At some of our sites, it was just simply too much pressure
[00:38:22.460]and continued emergence of adults,
[00:38:25.160]so we had from no difference to 5 to 7 bushels of difference
[00:38:29.290]hoping to do more of this in 2021.
[00:38:31.770]Again, students have done other work
[00:38:33.290]to look at timing of application.
[00:38:37.840]Velma Montenegro, I mentioned earlier,
[00:38:39.530]is also working on that,
[00:38:41.030]but duration is gonna be in the back of your mind.
[00:38:43.010]Don't hang your hat on any particular tactic
[00:38:45.480]that you're gonna see.
[00:38:48.010]One new thing we did this past year
[00:38:50.500]was used insecticide thimet or foliate.
[00:38:53.810]I think a lot had forgotten
[00:38:55.190]that this could be used in soybean.
[00:38:57.560]It is a toxic, very toxic chemistry to use.
[00:39:01.830]It has to be T-banded at planting limited to 30 inch rows.
[00:39:04.990]Read the label on this if you decide to go this route.
[00:39:08.700]it has a price with it.
[00:39:10.990]Although you see the yield difference,
[00:39:12.910]it certainly did a lot in terms of protecting soybean.
[00:39:18.260]But what we learned recently is this one has
[00:39:20.240]the potential negative interaction
[00:39:21.570]with group 2 and 27 herbicides.
[00:39:23.340]So that's your ALS inhibitors, HPPDs.
[00:39:27.170]We don't have any HPPDS, we have a few now,
[00:39:29.190]but read the label in terms of that
[00:39:33.650]potential negative interaction.
[00:39:35.650]And then the question we have, and what we might try
[00:39:37.830]and do is incorporate this in a planting day.
[00:39:39.360]This particular study you see here
[00:39:40.870]that Zach took the photo of, is from a May 12th planting,
[00:39:44.560]big differences in yield, and we saw a rate response.
[00:39:47.460]So as we increased the rate from from 6 to 7.5 to 9 ounces
[00:39:51.640]per acre, that response was there.
[00:39:54.790]But even with that high rate,
[00:39:56.880]here's those treated plots in the bottom here.
[00:39:59.160]We have plenty of dead plants,
[00:40:01.730]but clearly as we slowed down, you can see that chemistry
[00:40:04.840]was doing something relative to our check.
[00:40:07.460]So, lots to learn.
[00:40:09.470]This is something we're gonna keep exploring.
[00:40:11.100]There are limitations in terms of equipment
[00:40:13.010]and how to use this with T-bands.
[00:40:14.610]I know this is not easy for growers to incorporate
[00:40:17.880]but it highlights the chemistry opportunity
[00:40:20.930]and the method of application,
[00:40:23.390]so we have an area to gain some traction on.
[00:40:27.090]Staying connected, staying connected with us.
[00:40:28.770]We have a seminar series coming up.
[00:40:31.350]You don't have to listen to me,
[00:40:32.300]you can listen to a bunch of other people,
[00:40:34.660]all the entomologists in the other states
[00:40:36.090]are gonna be talking, and that's gonna happen on the 5th,
[00:40:39.190]12th and 19th, at 11:00 AM.
[00:40:41.050]You can scan that code, or you can just go
[00:40:42.560]to soybeangallmidge.org to get more information
[00:40:45.990]and see where to register on that.
[00:40:47.810]That same place has the real-time information
[00:40:50.040]for emergency scouting,
[00:40:51.410]and lots more than what can be covered in 45 minutes.
[00:40:55.130]A range of students projects
[00:40:57.300]and things that they're working on.
[00:40:59.180]Anything that's got a yellow bar next to it
[00:41:01.200]is studies we've got in place we're planning for 2021
[00:41:04.110]on top of what I've discussed.
[00:41:06.380]So I'm really looking forward to learning more about this.
[00:41:09.880]These students, along with all my collaborators, are really
[00:41:13.560]the workhorses of getting a lot of information out on this.
[00:41:18.120]Keith, there's a summary slide.
[00:41:20.320]It highlights the timing of scouting, how much this is,
[00:41:24.372]you know, area this is infested in the derecho,
[00:41:27.327]and the management I just discussed.
[00:41:28.990]So, happy to take questions,
[00:41:30.490]if there's a minute or two for questions, Keith.
[00:41:33.270]Yes, Justin, here's a question.
[00:41:35.760]Have you tried spraying foliar insecticides
[00:41:38.520]on the corn and soybean gall emergence
[00:41:43.620]rather than 10 days later spraying soybeans?
[00:41:48.290]We have not, directly, but I've worked with growers.
[00:41:50.490]So as you mentioned, Keith, at the start,
[00:41:52.430]our collaborations with growers have been tremendous
[00:41:54.920]and accelerating a lot of this
[00:41:57.880]and clearly we can't cover everything, but yes,
[00:42:00.090]we had growers spray organophosphates
[00:42:03.630]on last year soybean field,
[00:42:05.900]that would be this year's corn crop.
[00:42:08.360]I did work with a pyrethroid at AMVAC,
[00:42:11.550]spraying that and putting emergence cages over.
[00:42:14.360]I would say that question is not fully answered yet
[00:42:17.870]because they can emerge and get into the cages
[00:42:19.990]and be counted before they die.
[00:42:22.510]And so there's some methodology to be sorted out there
[00:42:25.520]to really answer that question properly.
[00:42:28.550]It's a good question, can we kill them as they emerge?
[00:42:32.540]But at those sites, even with the spring
[00:42:34.860]of an organophosphate at a couple of different times,
[00:42:37.370]we still had pressure in that area, I guess,
[00:42:39.411]to hit home what the end result was for adjacent fields.
[00:42:44.490]Okay, another question.
[00:42:47.070]And I think you may have covered this, but,
[00:42:51.940]are other researchers performing the same studies
[00:42:54.830]and are they finding similar results?
[00:42:58.280]Would depend on the study.
[00:43:00.400]So we do have quite a bit of overlap between studies
[00:43:04.540]across our network and obviously in CSRP funding
[00:43:07.920]and USDA funding that like coordinates projects
[00:43:11.480]across multiple sites.
[00:43:13.620]We do have some variation in insecticide protocols,
[00:43:17.110]although we try to coordinate that.
[00:43:18.087]So you see the list of companies on there,
[00:43:21.250]Bayer, FMC, Syngenta, AMVAC, others,
[00:43:25.170]try to work across multiple researchers.
[00:43:28.090]I could tell you, within our own group
[00:43:30.950]and conducting multiple sites studies
[00:43:32.830]as some of these companies,
[00:43:33.710]we get variation within the sites within our own group.
[00:43:37.290]And that goes back to duration of adult emergence,
[00:43:41.490]how long it is at that particular site.
[00:43:44.710]And so, if I was to compare and contrast Iowa and Nebraska,
[00:43:49.340]Nebraskans know how their year went,
[00:43:50.850]if they were in Eastern Nebraska,
[00:43:52.650]it was pretty rough compared to 2019, we switched Iowa.
[00:43:57.150]So, even the level of pressure in a given year,
[00:44:01.170]we kind of swapped with Iowa, which had a bad year in 2019
[00:44:04.247]and Nebraska had a year, but not bad.
[00:44:07.440]So that also causes some issue in comparing those studies
[00:44:12.390]as the level of pressure each state receives.
[00:44:16.780]Good question.
[00:44:18.030]Okay, I don't see any additional questions here.
[00:44:23.150]Thank you very much, Justin,
[00:44:24.560]and thank you to your team of students
[00:44:28.079]and collaborating faculty for all the work you've done.
[00:44:31.790]I just think this is a great example
[00:44:34.960]of your land grant institution
[00:44:37.580]that being University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
[00:44:41.010]stepping up to the plate and addressing a problem,
[00:44:44.750]and you have done just a great job
[00:44:46.730]of quickly assembling a team of farm operators,
[00:44:51.990]industry professionals, and colleagues from other states
[00:44:57.450]as well as graduate students and summer students,
[00:45:02.580]and extension educators as well.
[00:45:04.860]And just putting this whole team together
[00:45:06.900]and really working hard at it, my hats off to you.
[00:45:10.150]And if you see Justin give him a pat on the back
[00:45:14.560]for a great job, thank you, Justin.
[00:45:16.570]Thank you, Keith.
[00:45:18.700]We're gonna break now for lunch.
[00:45:20.902]I'm looking forward to like bologna sandwich,
[00:45:23.780]most years I'd be eating soy pancakes and sausages
[00:45:28.220]but, unfortunately, that's not the case.
[00:45:31.100]So, you come back at 12:45 and we'll ratchet up a notch
[00:45:36.140]and go to the University of Wisconsin
[00:45:38.240]for some exciting information.
[00:45:40.690]And so please enjoy lunch and we'll see you back at 12:45

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Video 4 - 2020 Virtual Nebraska Soybean Day and Machinery Expo

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