University of Nebraska Soybean Breeding Program

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Author

08/14/2020 Added

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[00:00:00.037](uplifting music)
[00:00:05.170]The soybean breeding program
[00:00:06.440]at the University of Nebraska
[00:00:07.800]has been supported for over 30 years
[00:00:10.480]by the Nebraska Soybean Producers
[00:00:12.700]through the Nebraska Soybean Board.
[00:00:15.740]So I really wanna thank and acknowledge
[00:00:18.070]the Nebraska Soybean Board for their tremendous support
[00:00:22.180]and ongoing long-term support.
[00:00:24.110]And that makes a big difference for the kind of work
[00:00:25.890]that we can do and the long-term objectives
[00:00:28.540]and progress that we can make with that kind of support.
[00:00:31.420]So thank you.
[00:00:32.500]I'm George Graef, soybean breeder
[00:00:34.460]at the University of Nebraska
[00:00:35.740]in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture.
[00:00:37.580]On this tour we're going to go through the sequence
[00:00:40.540]of the breeding program.
[00:00:41.920]And we're in the crossing block right now
[00:00:43.680]where it all begins,
[00:00:45.040]where we have developed a plan
[00:00:49.210]for the crosses we wanna make
[00:00:50.800]based on the different objectives.
[00:00:51.987]And the main objectives in our breeding program
[00:00:54.120]are improving yield or productivity for the soybean farmer.
[00:00:59.340]And so yield is the number one objective.
[00:01:02.800]Along with yield,
[00:01:04.400]soybeans need good compositional quality,
[00:01:07.770]so we pay attention to the protein and oil
[00:01:10.920]concentration in the seed for processors and end users,
[00:01:14.670]and also the quality of the protein
[00:01:17.370]and the quality of the oil,
[00:01:18.630]so amino acid composition for protein quality
[00:01:22.270]and fatty acid composition for oil quality.
[00:01:25.750]Soybean is the leading vegetable oil in the world,
[00:01:30.030]and it's the number one vegetable protein source, as well.
[00:01:34.840]So it's a really important crop.
[00:01:38.110]So some of the objectives, like I said, are yield,
[00:01:41.560]and then we need to protect that yield.
[00:01:43.790]So we work with resistance or tolerance
[00:01:46.890]to different kind of stresses.
[00:01:48.160]Biotic stresses, which are caused
[00:01:49.600]by biological organisms, pathogens,
[00:01:52.950]you know, fungal diseases, bacterial diseases, or insects.
[00:01:58.420]And so some of those things
[00:02:01.450]are part of the objectives that we work on
[00:02:03.800]in the breeding program.
[00:02:04.720]And we'll see an example of working
[00:02:06.900]with a new emerging insect pest
[00:02:09.720]when we, a little later in the tour,
[00:02:12.270]with Dr. Justin McMechan working on a soybean gall midge.
[00:02:18.850]And then the last thing, like I said,
[00:02:21.430]if we have yield and we have to protect that yield,
[00:02:23.050]and then we have specific objectives
[00:02:24.430]for quality of the seed.
[00:02:27.470]And so we'll also hear about an example
[00:02:29.680]about breeding for increased protein content in the seed.
[00:02:33.570]So one example of a breeding objective
[00:02:35.790]that we're working on this summer
[00:02:38.230]in the crossing block
[00:02:39.480]is water productivity.
[00:02:41.070]And that's really important
[00:02:42.170]to especially Nebraska producers, but to all producers,
[00:02:45.110]because water productivity refers to the yield
[00:02:47.940]per unit of effective water
[00:02:50.000]that the plants receive during the season.
[00:02:52.700]And so what we see is differential response
[00:02:55.830]to water by soybean genotypes.
[00:02:58.470]And we've identified through research
[00:03:01.490]in a recently-completed PhD project
[00:03:04.710]different lines in our program
[00:03:07.780]that have significantly better and greater
[00:03:10.500]water productivity than others.
[00:03:13.240]And so for example, in Nebraska for irrigated producers,
[00:03:16.620]that means we could save tremendous amounts,
[00:03:19.520]you know, 10 percent or maybe more
[00:03:22.330]with good use and stewardship of the irrigation water.
[00:03:26.130]So we could get equal or better yield
[00:03:29.020]with better management of the water
[00:03:31.160]according to the way the soybeans respond.
[00:03:34.190]And it's also important for dry land
[00:03:36.860]or rain-fed production systems
[00:03:38.490]because when the rain comes during the season,
[00:03:42.490]those plants with greater water productivity
[00:03:45.290]can take advantage of that water that comes
[00:03:48.210]and yield more, provide more yield per unit water
[00:03:52.250]than those that are less efficient water users.
[00:03:55.150]So we're making some crosses
[00:03:58.610]between parent lines that we have identified
[00:04:01.310]with the best water productivity,
[00:04:03.380]and we're not gonna go over a crossing example,
[00:04:08.360]but these flowers that are open,
[00:04:10.410]we would be using them as pollen parents,
[00:04:12.540]as males in the cross.
[00:04:14.200]And then the female on a different parent
[00:04:16.570]that we wanna cross to
[00:04:17.920]would be a bud that we identify
[00:04:20.950]that's almost ready to open but it'll open the next day.
[00:04:23.920]And then we make the cross
[00:04:25.540]and tag that particular cross,
[00:04:28.940]clean out the other flowers from the node.
[00:04:30.910]Then we can come back at the end of the season
[00:04:32.300]and harvest those new hybrid pods.
[00:04:34.540]So that creation of new genetic variability
[00:04:37.300]put bringing together traits from different parents
[00:04:39.490]that are going to hopefully provide progeny
[00:04:42.470]that exceed the level of the parents.
[00:04:45.510]That's the beginning of the whole breeding process.
[00:04:48.370]So the next step in the breeding process
[00:04:51.330]after crossing is, for soybeans, we need to inbreed
[00:04:55.340]three or four generations.
[00:04:57.080]And for us, that happens in both in Nebraska environments
[00:05:00.670]and in our winter nurseries in Puerto Rico and Chile.
[00:05:04.120]And again, the Nebraska Soybean Board
[00:05:06.610]supports our research and development efforts
[00:05:09.990]in the winter nursery areas as well.
[00:05:13.160]So in this case, the crosses we've made
[00:05:18.200]in the crossing block this summer
[00:05:20.620]will go to Puerto Rico as F1 plants
[00:05:23.510]and will produce F2 seed,
[00:05:25.450]and then they'll go through the inbreeding sequence.
[00:05:27.720]Our main sequence involves
[00:05:30.170]crossing in Puerto Rico in the winter.
[00:05:31.770]So we use lighted areas in Puerto Rico
[00:05:35.600]to develop the crossing block.
[00:05:38.950]Crosses are made in February and March,
[00:05:41.150]and the F1 plants come back here for the summer.
[00:05:44.050]Then the F2 seeds are harvested
[00:05:45.740]and they go through two more generations in Puerto Rico
[00:05:48.410]from late September through the following May,
[00:05:52.170]and then they come back here for planting.
[00:05:53.560]So what you see in this field is F4 plants,
[00:05:57.557]and we might have 500,
[00:06:00.010]anywhere from 400 to six or 800 plants in a population.
[00:06:04.720]The population comes from the cross that we made.
[00:06:06.880]And what we do here is harvest every individual plant
[00:06:11.760]based on maturity so we can separate it in the progeny rows.
[00:06:14.550]But each plant in this field
[00:06:18.470]of populations from our previous crosses
[00:06:21.090]will get harvested individually, threshed individually,
[00:06:24.080]and then each of those plants
[00:06:26.440]produces a single row in the field.
[00:06:28.720]And that's the progeny rows that we're gonna see
[00:06:31.729]at Mead when we go there for the tour.
[00:06:34.960]So there's a field of about 30000 progeny rows.
[00:06:39.270]Actually, we evaluate progeny rows both here
[00:06:41.530]in Nebraska environments,
[00:06:43.100]and about 15000 progeny rows each year
[00:06:46.440]in our two Chile environments for the winter nursery.
[00:06:49.600]The progeny rows.
[00:06:50.840]Each row comes from a single plant
[00:06:52.540]that we harvested from those populations,
[00:06:54.660]F4 or F5 populations that we have in the field
[00:06:58.140]from crosses we've made a year ago.
[00:07:01.050]So this is the first stage that we'll,
[00:07:03.740]first time we'll see a potential new line in a field.
[00:07:09.040]So each row is now an inbred line,
[00:07:12.140]and it maintains its identify from here on
[00:07:14.420]through the program.
[00:07:15.500]The next stage from here is yield testing.
[00:07:20.210]We don't really, in our program we don't really do
[00:07:22.280]yield testing on progeny rows.
[00:07:24.180]It's for evaluation visually.
[00:07:26.880]We do take some other data,
[00:07:28.990]developmental data and things,
[00:07:30.560]but we have about 30000 progeny rows a year in this program,
[00:07:34.200]and then cut that down to go into the yield tests
[00:07:38.060]in the next three to five years for variety development.
[00:07:42.020]So this is a yield test field.
[00:07:44.480]We have about 3000 yield test plots in this field.
[00:07:47.630]This is the next stage after the progeny rows.
[00:07:51.330]And we have yield tests here
[00:07:54.570]and at about seven other locations in a given year,
[00:07:59.280]or for the regional tests up to 15 locations.
[00:08:02.170]So we get a lot of good data
[00:08:03.500]on the preliminary and advanced yield tests
[00:08:06.010]and make decisions on what gets advanced
[00:08:09.260]to the next stage to become a new variety.
[00:08:11.840]These are increase plots.
[00:08:13.630]These varieties have made it
[00:08:14.940]through all our initial testing,
[00:08:17.750]and they're entering into regional tests.
[00:08:19.590]So they have the potential to become new varieties.
[00:08:22.380]We have about 35 or 40 increase plots here.
[00:08:25.770]They're in groups of four rows, about a 180 feet long,
[00:08:28.920]and these get purified,
[00:08:30.380]their first stage of purification
[00:08:33.600]before they go into purification rows, which we'll see next.
[00:08:37.260]This is a purification block.
[00:08:38.540]This is a last stage in development
[00:08:41.890]before the variety gets released.
[00:08:43.770]So these lines in these purification blocks
[00:08:47.280]have made it all the way through our regional testing
[00:08:50.780]and have performed consistently
[00:08:53.020]across multiple environments.
[00:08:54.510]We know they have stable and consistent performance
[00:08:58.520]and they can, they're set to become new varieties
[00:09:01.360]that farmers will grow.
[00:09:03.020]So this purification block is checked
[00:09:05.440]for purity in every plot,
[00:09:07.790]for flower, for pubescence, color, growth type,
[00:09:10.950]and we eliminate anything that's not uniform
[00:09:13.810]with all the other plots.
[00:09:15.530]Then these are harvested in bulk,
[00:09:17.070]and that is the parent seed that becomes the new variety.
[00:09:22.033](uplifting music)

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University of Nebraska Soybean Breeding Program

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