University of Nebraska Sorghum Breeding Program

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Author

08/13/2020 Added

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[00:00:00.000](upbeat music)
[00:00:04.690]Hi. Good morning.
[00:00:05.523]My name is Ismail Dweikat
[00:00:07.010]I'm a Professor in Agronomy and Horticulture.
[00:00:10.072]I'm the sorghum and millet breeder
[00:00:12.700]and recently I start working with him.
[00:00:15.510]So here we are going to work with,
[00:00:17.570]or show you the sorghum.
[00:00:19.400]We have three different types of sorghum.
[00:00:21.240]We have grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and sweet sorghum.
[00:00:26.160]Sorghum is a drought resistant crop
[00:00:30.120]that came from Africa
[00:00:32.590]and it's very efficient for nitrogen and water use.
[00:00:37.290]So it's less, take less water and nitrogen than corn.
[00:00:42.780]So here as I mentioned, we have the grain,
[00:00:44.760]we have the forage and we have the sweet sorghum.
[00:00:48.950]Our objectives for the plant breeding program in here is to
[00:00:54.660]breed for cold tolerance so we could plant early.
[00:00:58.410]And so we also could grow sorghum in temperate zone
[00:01:02.500]because since it came from the tropic, from Africa,
[00:01:06.080]it like a hot weather.
[00:01:07.590]So we'd like it also to expand the production of sorghum by
[00:01:12.510]breeding for cold tolerance
[00:01:13.800]so we could plant it in North Dakota,
[00:01:17.390]South Dakota and southern Canada.
[00:01:21.420]The other objectives for the plant breeding here
[00:01:23.760]and grain type we have, we breed for large seed sorghum
[00:01:27.820]because large seed sorghum give you bigger seedlings,
[00:01:31.240]good establishment and higher yield.
[00:01:34.410]We also work with nitrogen deficiency, drought tolerance,
[00:01:40.340]insect resistance, and weed tolerance.
[00:01:44.010]That's for the grain type.
[00:01:47.310]As you see in here, we have,
[00:01:49.400]as sorghum is a self-pollinated crop.
[00:01:52.470]Okay?
[00:01:53.650]So you could, if you wanna self a plant, you just bag it.
[00:01:58.960]And I'm gonna show you here, if we don't bag it,
[00:02:01.730]as you see in here, the bird come and eat it,
[00:02:04.810]see all that in here, they just come and eat it.
[00:02:07.950]So the only way to be able
[00:02:10.450]to get any selfing or breeding is to cover the head.
[00:02:14.920]Here we call it selfing because sorghum
[00:02:17.580]is a self-pollinated crop
[00:02:19.810]And you could see how the head is here, is full of seed.
[00:02:24.270]If you don't, like you see here, it's completely gone.
[00:02:28.760]So in addition
[00:02:32.640]of selfing,
[00:02:33.473]we have a backcross method to develop
[00:02:38.118]a male sterile line.
[00:02:40.350]There are eight different cytoplasmic systems in sorghum
[00:02:44.020]and six nuclear
[00:02:48.990]sterile system in sorghum.
[00:02:51.150]Most of the hybrid in sorghum use the A1 system.
[00:02:54.760]So there is A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7
[00:02:59.940]and the A8.
[00:03:01.920]So with the hybrid, we could increase the yield by 25%
[00:03:06.870]so that's why we utilize hybrid system in sorghum.
[00:03:11.210]The only problem with using the cytoplasmic male sterility
[00:03:15.290]in sorghum, you have to have a restorer gene.
[00:03:17.960]So you have to have an A line, a B line, a restorer line.
[00:03:22.140]Most of the restorer we have are for the A1 cytoplasm.
[00:03:27.020]So these are the grain type
[00:03:29.600]so we are going to move to the
[00:03:30.820]forage type. We will
[00:03:33.270]And show you the difference between the grain type
[00:03:35.970]and the forage type.
[00:03:37.530]So in addition to the grain type sorghum,
[00:03:40.610]we have the,
[00:03:41.720]we breed for a forage type sorghum for animal feed.
[00:03:45.670]And as you see here,
[00:03:47.460]we have the select for brown midrib mutants.
[00:03:51.520]That's the color in here
[00:03:53.610]and why the brown midrib?
[00:03:55.770]Because with the brown midrib mutant,
[00:03:58.370]you reduce the lignin concentration.
[00:04:01.110]So
[00:04:02.750]animals will be able to digest more of the plant.
[00:04:07.760]If you have higher lignin, they digest less,
[00:04:10.540]and it will stay longer in their stomach.
[00:04:13.070]If you have brown midrib, digests more efficiently.
[00:04:17.340]So the same thing it's with the forage sorghum,
[00:04:21.560]our objective is to breed for cold tolerance,
[00:04:24.330]for higher yield, high biomass.
[00:04:26.950]And we also, now here we use the A3 cytoplasm
[00:04:32.120]and the A3 cytoplasm,
[00:04:33.430]since we don't have many restorers,
[00:04:35.440]most of the plants will be non-flowering.
[00:04:40.410]They do not produce a seed head
[00:04:43.240]and that will help you to produce higher biomass.
[00:04:47.530]So that's the forage type in sorghum.
[00:04:51.340]You could see it's much taller than the grain type.
[00:04:54.990]The grain type we select for,
[00:04:58.840]four or five feet tall.
[00:05:00.290]So it'll be easier to mechanize harvesting
[00:05:03.260]with the forage type,
[00:05:05.480]the bigger the plants the higher the yield.
[00:05:08.290]So that's what we select for.
[00:05:10.390]The third type we're breeding for is the sweet sorghum.
[00:05:14.710]Sweet sorghum is,
[00:05:17.580]used to be planted back in the 1800 in the Southeast
[00:05:22.250]to produce molasses.
[00:05:23.920]And also they use it before to produce sugar.
[00:05:26.870]Since sugarcane came in, it has higher purity sugar.
[00:05:30.480]They stop using sweet sorghum for sugar.
[00:05:33.160]They're still using it for molasses.
[00:05:36.200]Now for the past 10 years,
[00:05:38.770]we try to
[00:05:41.120]use sweet sorghum for bioenergy production.
[00:05:44.580]Sweet sorghum is like sugar cane.
[00:05:46.430]It has
[00:05:48.310]up to
[00:05:50.053]15 to 16% sugar in the stem.
[00:05:53.160]So all we have to do,
[00:05:54.920]you just cut the stem and squeeze it out.
[00:05:59.410]And the juice contains so much sugar and it's so sweet,
[00:06:02.880]just like sugar cane.
[00:06:03.740]Like you could chew it.
[00:06:05.280]And then all we have to do just take the juice,
[00:06:09.240]add yeast to it and ferment it for 36 hours.
[00:06:12.940]And then you have your alcohol.
[00:06:15.510]So you distill it, and then you have your ethanol.
[00:06:20.810]With a one acre of sorghum,
[00:06:22.810]you could produce up to 500, 600 gallons of ethanol
[00:06:28.100]compared to corn where you could produce 200 or 250.
[00:06:32.480]In addition,
[00:06:33.460]we could use sweet sorghum for cellulosic ethanol
[00:06:36.250]because it's high biomass,
[00:06:38.070]the plant reaches up to 12 or 15 feet tall.
[00:06:41.750]And it's also here we use the A3 system
[00:06:45.450]so we don't have any seed produced on the head of the plant.
[00:06:49.770]All what we need is high biomass.
[00:06:51.890]High biomass, thicker stalk.
[00:06:54.790]So you could, when you crush it,
[00:06:56.600]you have so much juice in it
[00:06:58.860]to produce higher ethanol per acre.
[00:07:01.450]So with also with the sweet sorghum,
[00:07:04.530]we select for brown midrib.
[00:07:06.260]With brown midrib you have less lignin.
[00:07:08.630]Less lignin, more cellulose and hemicellulose
[00:07:12.447]and that will translate to higher sugar production.
[00:07:16.560]The second major crop I work with here at the university,
[00:07:21.900]I'm responsible for is millet.
[00:07:24.692]Pennisetum Americanum.
[00:07:28.340]Millet also came from Africa, It's very drought tolerant.
[00:07:32.040]It's more drought tolerant than sorghum.
[00:07:35.990]In Africa they plant the seed when the soil temperature
[00:07:38.800]is about 40 degrees celsius.
[00:07:41.710]So it's very heat and drought tolerant.
[00:07:46.313]As you see in here, this is the head of the millet.
[00:07:49.210]It's a cross pollinated crop,
[00:07:51.520]so we have to, if we are going to cross it,
[00:07:54.900]we have to bag the head first.
[00:07:58.490]Even though it's still, it's a cross pollinated crop
[00:08:01.020]it tolerate inbreeding so much.
[00:08:03.760]So as you see in here, the stigma come out first
[00:08:08.069]and then
[00:08:09.380]after three days, the anther start shedding.
[00:08:14.350]And it will take about three days for the anther
[00:08:16.790]to go from the top to the bottom.
[00:08:18.920]So you could self it if you want.
[00:08:21.988]In the meantime, you could cross it to a different parent.
[00:08:25.960]So the same head, you will have several crosses in it.
[00:08:29.010]And also you have selfing of the millet.
[00:08:32.010]Millet uses is for, this is a grain type.
[00:08:34.920]We select for short type,
[00:08:37.290]we select for brown midrib.
[00:08:40.410]We select for higher yield.
[00:08:43.470]So most of that grain type, used for bird feed or animal
[00:08:48.110]or human food.
[00:08:50.160]The seed, it's very rich in Omega-3 fatty acid.
[00:08:54.380]So it's very super food, they call it millet.
[00:08:57.910]But unfortunately here it's an orphan crop.
[00:09:01.200]Nobody use it here for human food.
[00:09:03.960]Except if you go to the health store, you could find millet.
[00:09:07.920]Millet flour or millet grain.
[00:09:10.230]So, that's of the grain type,
[00:09:12.370]we also have ornamental, like you see in here.
[00:09:16.580]You seen it around Lincoln and other places.
[00:09:19.300]So that's,
[00:09:21.030]we select for different colors
[00:09:23.150]and then you could plant it outside.
[00:09:24.770]It's an annual crop and they will give you beautiful plants.
[00:09:29.300]So in addition to the grain type,
[00:09:32.080]we also have the forage type that's in the front in here.
[00:09:37.200]And in the same thing in sorghum, like in sorghum,
[00:09:40.200]we select for brown midrib in forage type,
[00:09:43.310]and we select for higher yield.
[00:09:46.020]Millet as a forage is more nutritious
[00:09:50.500]than sorghum and corn.
[00:09:52.540]So it's a very nutritious crop
[00:09:54.100]and it doesn't have any toxicity
[00:09:56.360]even when you graze the animal at early stages.
[00:09:59.890]So it's very good crop for as a grain type
[00:10:03.460]and also as a forage and a feed type.
[00:10:07.119]In addition to the grain type,
[00:10:10.825]forage type,
[00:10:11.870]ornamental type,
[00:10:13.550]we have a sweet stem millet.
[00:10:15.680]It also has sugar in the stem
[00:10:19.040]but it doesn't have as much juice as sorghum,
[00:10:22.060]but also we could use the stem
[00:10:25.210]to produce bioenergy or biofuel like in sorghum.
[00:10:31.180]We have a male sterile sorghum,
[00:10:34.770]the A1, we crossed it.
[00:10:37.760]And then after you cross it you put the bag on it.
[00:10:40.250]See this one here, that's a male sterile.
[00:10:43.990]This one here.
[00:10:45.100]Doesn't have any anther or pollen shedding.
[00:10:50.250]So that's ready for crossing.
[00:10:52.630]You take pollen from a different plant you put in here,
[00:10:55.800]you put the bag on it,
[00:10:56.633]you write the information, you are ready to go.
[00:11:00.449](upbeat music)

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University of Nebraska Sorghum Breeding Program

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