Turfgrass Identification

Luqi Li Author

08/04/2020 Added

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Dr. Luqi Li - Turfgrass Identification

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[00:00:02.522](upbeat music)
[00:00:26.640]Hello, this is Dr. Luqi Li.
[00:00:29.080]Today I'll be talking about turf grass identification.
[00:00:34.420]The most obvious components of grass plants are the leaves
[00:00:38.430]that are occur alternatively
[00:00:40.540]on opposite sides of each shoot.
[00:00:43.840]The lower portion of the leaf,
[00:00:45.770]called the sheath,
[00:00:47.160]is tightly rolled or folded
[00:00:49.440]around the main axil out of the shoot.
[00:00:52.600]While the upper proportion, the leaf blade,
[00:00:55.230]is relatively flat and extended outward
[00:00:58.430]at an angle from the sheath.
[00:01:02.200]At the junction of the blade and the sheath
[00:01:04.380]on the inner side of the leaf is the ligule.
[00:01:08.020]Ligules are either membranous or hairy structure,
[00:01:12.750]varying in size and shape.
[00:01:17.010]Opposite the ligule,
[00:01:18.560]on the outer sides of the leaf,
[00:01:20.560]is a light green or whitish band called the collar
[00:01:24.580]which varies among grass species.
[00:01:29.160]In some grasses, the base of the leaf blade
[00:01:32.130]extended into two claw-like structures called auricles.
[00:01:39.427]The ligule, collar, and auricles
[00:01:42.760]are important features in distinguishing
[00:01:45.840]different turf grass species.
[00:01:49.200]Another important feature for turf grass identification
[00:01:52.720]is whether the plant has a rhizome or a stolon.
[00:01:57.160]Rhizome grow below the surface of ground
[00:02:00.240]and give rise to new shoots at their terminal and nodes.
[00:02:04.690]Adventitious roots may also develop from the nodes.
[00:02:08.910]Likewise, the stolon produce new shoots,
[00:02:11.840]adventitious roots,
[00:02:13.300]however, they differ from rhizome in the way
[00:02:15.970]that they grow along the surface of the ground.
[00:02:23.640]Now we're going to dig deeper and look at more characters
[00:02:27.350]in detail about how to identify turf grass.
[00:02:33.490]So, first we look at vernation.
[00:02:35.820]Vernation is the arrangement of young leaves
[00:02:38.420]in a leaf bud before it opens.
[00:02:42.320]There are two types of vernation in grass.
[00:02:45.290]They're either folded or rolled.
[00:02:50.240]A good example of a folded vernation
[00:02:52.600]will be any bluegrasses.
[00:02:54.912]A rolled vernation will be bentgrass,
[00:02:57.580]such as creeping bentgrass.
[00:02:59.825]But we will go into more details
[00:03:02.160]when we look at each individual turf grass plants.
[00:03:06.890]There's three types of leaf tips.
[00:03:09.620]They're pointed, rounded, or boat-shaped.
[00:03:14.550]You will find boat-shaped leaf tips on all bull grasses.
[00:03:19.990]Next up, we have leaf surface.
[00:03:22.200]They're either smooth or rigid,
[00:03:25.400]and either flat or folded.
[00:03:32.860]There are three types of auricles,
[00:03:35.150]either long, short, or absent
[00:03:38.210]as the illustration show here.
[00:03:42.210]Bull grasses have entirely absent auricle.
[00:03:47.130]And tall fescue auricles are short and blunt,
[00:03:51.180]whereas the annual ryegrass has long and pointed auricles
[00:03:55.770]just like the one demonstrated on the left.
[00:04:00.050]There are three types of collars,
[00:04:02.470]either wide and continuous,
[00:04:04.480]wide and discontinuous,
[00:04:07.180]you see there's a break between the two side.
[00:04:12.190]And there's also narrow collars, but continuous.
[00:04:19.440]In general, there are three types of ligules.
[00:04:22.913]There are ligules with small hairs
[00:04:26.900]or they're membranous and smooth,
[00:04:29.730]or membranous and jagged.
[00:04:34.860]Now we're looking at some actual turf grass
[00:04:37.113]growing in the greenhouse.
[00:04:39.410]Most turf grass we found in the field are mowed,
[00:04:43.000]which will cause them to lose many characters.
[00:04:46.350]So one good way of help you ID turf grass
[00:04:50.120]is actually grow them the pot
[00:04:52.850]so that they can grow taller
[00:04:54.970]and develop more characters.
[00:04:59.530]This is Kentucky bluegrass.
[00:05:01.040]Kentucky bluegrass is a cool season grass
[00:05:03.950]that is rhizomatous,
[00:05:06.319]meaning that it produce a rhizome.
[00:05:08.920]Kentucky bluegrass has a folded vernation.
[00:05:12.260]It has a very short membranous ligule,
[00:05:15.697].2 to .6 millimeter long.
[00:05:18.472]Auricles are absent.
[00:05:21.440]It has broad and divided collar.
[00:05:25.040]The leaf blade is V-shape or flat,
[00:05:29.570]parallel-sided, smooth on both surfaces.
[00:05:33.680]And it has boat-shaped tips.
[00:05:37.010]Kentucky bluegrass is widely used for lawns,
[00:05:40.220]golf turf, athletic fields,
[00:05:42.730]and other general purpose turfs.
[00:05:47.540]Annual bluegrass is widely distributed
[00:05:49.890]as a winter annual in both cool and warm season turfs.
[00:05:54.390]Annual bluegrass has a folded vernation,
[00:05:57.740]membranous ligule that's .8 to three millimeter long,
[00:06:01.910]and is pointed.
[00:06:05.290]The auricles are absent.
[00:06:07.960]It has a broad and divided collar.
[00:06:11.090]The leaf blades are flat or boat-shaped
[00:06:14.640]that are two to three millimeters wide.
[00:06:18.110]The leaf blade, parallel-sided,
[00:06:21.000]while slightly tapering towards the boat-shaped tip.
[00:06:24.710]It is smooth on both sides of the leaf surface.
[00:06:30.000]Annual bluegrass can form inflorescences
[00:06:32.470]that are more open panicles
[00:06:34.763]with the seed head appearing
[00:06:36.840]throughout most of the growing season,
[00:06:39.310]but particularly abundant
[00:06:41.240]during early spring to mid-spring.
[00:06:47.730]This is tall fescue.
[00:06:49.550]Tall fescue has a coarse texture, bunch-type grass
[00:06:53.500]that is considered good lawn and utility turf.
[00:06:56.780]Tall fescue has a rolled vernation,
[00:06:59.570]a membranous ligule,
[00:07:01.060]0.4 to 1.2 millimeter long.
[00:07:04.410]It has short, blunt, and pubescent auricles,
[00:07:09.050]meaning you can find small hair-like structure
[00:07:12.710]on the auricles.
[00:07:14.910]Its collar is broad and divided
[00:07:17.900]with short hairs on margins.
[00:07:22.780]Leaf blade, five to 10 millimeter wide.
[00:07:26.210]It has a flat, stiff, ridged upper leaf surface,
[00:07:30.755]and a smooth, somewhat glossy under leaf surface.
[00:07:36.140]Tall fescue has a serrated leaf margin.
[00:07:43.780]This is perennial ryegrass.
[00:07:45.350]Perennial ryegrass is a cool season grass
[00:07:48.030]that is a bunch-type grass,
[00:07:50.080]meaning it does not produce rhizome or stolon.
[00:07:55.080]The perennial ryegrass may behave as an annual,
[00:07:57.900]short-lived perennial, or a true perennial
[00:08:00.850]depending on the environmental conditions.
[00:08:04.230]Perennial ryegrass has a folded vernation,
[00:08:07.310]a membranous ligule that's 0.5 to two millimeter long.
[00:08:12.830]It has small, soft and curled-like auricles
[00:08:17.720]just like the specimens displayed here.
[00:08:23.520]Its collars are round and divided.
[00:08:26.550]It has a flat leaf blade two to five millimeters wide
[00:08:30.630]that has ridges on the adaxial surface,
[00:08:34.000]glossy on the abaxial surface.
[00:08:40.890]This is creeping bentgrass.
[00:08:42.620]Creeping bentgrass is a fine textured,
[00:08:45.280]stoloniferous species
[00:08:47.400]that is commonly used on golf course putting greens.
[00:08:52.320]Creeping bentgrass has a rolled vernation.
[00:08:56.000]It has a membranous ligule
[00:08:58.090]that's .6 to three millimeter long.
[00:09:01.020]Its auricles are absent.
[00:09:04.039]It has a narrow to broad collar.
[00:09:08.230]The leaf blades are flat,
[00:09:10.410]two to three millimeter wide.
[00:09:12.690]And it's ridged on the upper leaf surface
[00:09:16.790]and smooth on the lower leaf surface.
[00:09:20.430]The creeping bentgrass you see here
[00:09:23.080]has been growing in this pot for over four weeks now.
[00:09:27.570]It does not look like those lower mowed
[00:09:30.480]creeping bentgrass on the putting green,
[00:09:32.920]but by growing it taller,
[00:09:34.690]it help us to identify it.
[00:09:38.040]This is Buffalo grass.
[00:09:39.930]Buffalo grass is a fine-textured
[00:09:42.320]grayish-green, stoloniferous species.
[00:09:45.600]Buffalo grass has a rolled vernation.
[00:09:48.601]Its ligule has hairs that are 0.5 to one millimeter long.
[00:09:54.250]The auricles are absent.
[00:09:57.010]It has a broad and continuous collar
[00:10:00.270]with long hairs.
[00:10:02.600]Buffalo grass leaf blades are flat
[00:10:05.090]one to three millimeters wide with long hairs.
[00:10:11.090]Buffalo grass is a dioecious plant,
[00:10:13.730]meaning that it has the male and female reproductive organ
[00:10:18.050]in separate individual plants.
[00:10:21.970]Buffalo grass is considered a low input turf grass
[00:10:25.910]once established.
[00:10:31.350]This is Zoysia grass.
[00:10:33.095]Zoysia grass is a medium textured, warm season grass
[00:10:36.810]that spreads by stolon and rhizome.
[00:10:41.130]Zoysia grass has a rolled vernation,
[00:10:44.990]same to all warm season grass.
[00:10:48.620]Zoysia grass has a ligule with hair.
[00:10:52.530]The auricle is absent.
[00:10:53.990]It has a broad and continuous collar with long hairs.
[00:10:58.860]The leaf blades of Zoysia grass are flat,
[00:11:01.910]when fully hydrated up to five millimeter wide,
[00:11:05.780]smooth and open with sparse hairs.
[00:11:15.935]Bermuda grass is a warm season grass.
[00:11:18.840]It has folded vernation,
[00:11:22.150]a ligule with hair that's two to five millimeter long.
[00:11:26.690]Absent auricles.
[00:11:28.180]Narrow and continuous collar
[00:11:30.620]that is hairy on the margins.
[00:11:33.770]It has flat leaf blade,
[00:11:35.333]1.5 to four millimeter wide,
[00:11:38.690]either smooth or hairy on both surfaces,
[00:11:42.920]tapered towards the tip.
[00:11:45.890]Bermuda grass is a fast-growing warm season grass
[00:11:49.010]that's spread by both stolon and rhizome.
[00:11:52.640]However, Bermuda grass is sensitive to cold temperature.
[00:11:58.597](upbeat music)

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Turfgrass Identification

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