Kriging Analysis of Composting and Conductive Treated Manure to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria
Asha Mani, Noelle Atieno Mware, Xu Li
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08/01/2020
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Antibiotics are commonly used in the livestock industry to prevent disease and promote growth. Antimicrobials are then excreted into manure, which when applied to the land, can spread antimicrobial resistant bacteria through the environment. Manure management practices, such as stockpiling, are important ways to reduce transport of AMR bacteria in the environment, before land application. The objective of this study was to determine the heating profile of composting and conductive concrete in beef cattle manure management.
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- [00:00:00.749]Hello. My name is Asha Mani, and today I will be discussing a kriging analysis
- [00:00:04.576]of composting and conductive concrete treated manure to reduce antimicrobial
- [00:00:08.136]resistant bacteria.
- [00:00:09.559]Antibiotics are commonly used in the livestock industry to promote growth and preemptively
- [00:00:13.194]prevent diseases from spreading. The presence of antimicrobials in livestock
- [00:00:16.845]manure puts a selective pressure on the bacteria in the manure. This causes
- [00:00:20.655]antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes to proliferate.
- [00:00:23.724]The presence of antimicrobials in a clinical setting is harmful to health outcomes,
- [00:00:27.043]increasing the incidence of infection and severity of illness, as well as decreasing
- [00:00:30.914]the effectiveness of existing treatments.
- [00:00:33.163]Land application of livestock manure can transport these bacteria and genes through
- [00:00:36.824]the environment. The presence of antibiotics in manure applied to the land increases
- [00:00:40.820]the incidence of antibiotic resistant genes in human pathogens.
- [00:00:44.173]Manure management practices are an important way to reduce the transport of
- [00:00:47.535]antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the environment.
- [00:00:50.951]The Environmental Protection Agency requires Class B treated manure to be heated
- [00:00:54.698]to 40 degrees Celsius for 120 hours, and 55 degrees Celsius for 4 hours
- [00:00:59.960]within that period.
- [00:01:01.282]What proportion of the pile has been heated to this criteria has a significant
- [00:01:04.452]effect on the efficacy of the treatment. However, the EPA standards do not specify
- [00:01:08.855]a quantity or location of temperature measurements to be taken.
- [00:01:12.735]The objective of this study was to determine the heating profile
- [00:01:15.365]of composting and conductive concrete in beef cattle manure management.
- [00:01:21.393]For the composting experimental setup, Two compost piles and two stockpiles
- [00:01:25.333]were built outdoors at the USDA Meat Animal Research Center. Compost piles
- [00:01:29.479]comprised of a 60:40 ratio of beef cattle pen scrapings and ground corn stalks.
- [00:01:33.655]The thermocouple temperatures were recorded from December 14, 2017 to May 8, 2018.
- [00:01:39.910]Compost piles were turned twice, after the temperature fell below 50 degrees Celsius.
- [00:01:44.121]Piles were monitored for 141 days. Eight thermocouples were placed in the
- [00:01:48.287]western side of the profile of the pile, at the locations shown in Figure 1.
- [00:01:53.540]The conductive concrete trials were set up in a hoop house at the University of
- [00:01:56.661]Nebraska- Lincoln. Each trial had a heated and unheated slab.
- [00:02:01.342]Ten thermocouples were placed within each manure pile. The target surface temperature
- [00:02:05.792]was set to 65 degrees Celsius. Pile temperature was monitored for 15 days.
- [00:02:12.352]Data from the thermocouples was analyzed to determine the duration that temperature
- [00:02:15.802]over 40 and 55 degrees Celsius were maintained in accordance with the EPA standards.
- [00:02:22.389]Kriging analysis was used to generate heat profiles of the full manure piles.
- [00:02:26.210]These plots show the duration that the temperature of the pile remained above
- [00:02:28.881]40 and 55 degrees Celsius, using a thermal scale.
- [00:02:32.236]As you can see here, the stockpile on day 7 maintained the standard temperatures
- [00:02:36.093]for less time than the compost pile.
- [00:02:38.673]For the conductive concrete, the pile on the unheated slab never achieved
- [00:02:41.777]40 or 55 degrees Celsius.
- [00:02:45.689]Table 2 shows the range of sustained durations of 40 and 55 degrees Celsius
- [00:02:49.739]throughout the heated concrete manure pile.
- [00:02:52.005]The EPA standard requires manure to be heated for 40 degrees for 120 consecutive
- [00:02:56.745]hours. The kriged data for heated concrete shows that no kriged point in the pile met
- [00:03:01.041]this criteria. The maximum duration in a 5 day period was 94 hours.
- [00:03:05.230]The point in the pile that maintained 40 degrees Celsius for the least time in a
- [00:03:08.699]5 day period reached the threshold for 33.54 hours.
- [00:03:12.727]All points in the pile met the 55 degrees Celsius requirement – all maintained
- [00:03:16.947]55 degrees Celsius for at least 23.88 hours in a 5 day period,
- [00:03:21.656]when the minimum required is 4 hours.
- [00:03:26.149]Several conclusions can be drawn from the data that was collected.
- [00:03:30.855]Comparing the composting to the stockpile,
- [00:03:33.114]composting effectively increased the manure temperature over a longer duration,
- [00:03:36.394]compared to the stockpiling.
- [00:03:38.028]Composting achieved 40 degrees Celsius for over 15 hours during Day 7 of monitoring
- [00:03:42.802]the pile.
- [00:03:43.917]Additionally, the maximum duration of 120 hours was observed over a 5 consecutive day
- [00:03:48.377]period at 55 degrees Celsius in the composting pile,
- [00:03:51.330]compared to the stockpiling which did not achieve this.
- [00:03:55.144]In the conductive concrete, heated conductive concrete causes the manure to
- [00:03:59.182]experience significantly higher temperatures than unheated manure.
- [00:04:02.786]The longer duration was attained at the bottom of the heated pile for both 40 and 55
- [00:04:07.141]degrees Celsius temperature analyses compared to the top of the pile, indicating that the
- [00:04:10.990]distribution was not totally even.
- [00:04:13.399]The Class B time-temperature criteria of achieving 40 degrees Celsius for 120 hours
- [00:04:17.643]was not achieved with kriged data from the heated concrete pile.
- [00:04:21.987]In the future studies modifying the kriging analysis to be more representative of the
- [00:04:26.677]exact heating profile of the data would be important.
- [00:04:29.375]In this data analysis, not all of the heating profile data generated by this
- [00:04:33.608]seemed to accurately reflect the known data points.
- [00:04:36.265]The temperatures of the thermocouples appear as outliers rather than as the core data points
- [00:04:40.492]and some of the kriged values are lower than would be expected based on the known
- [00:04:44.092]data gathered by the thermocouples.
- [00:04:46.575]Additionaly, it would be useful to determine the correlation between kriged temperature
- [00:04:50.391]profiles and the antimicrobial resistant bacteria reduction.
- [00:04:54.573]I would like to acknowledge that my work was supported by the National Science Foundation
- [00:04:57.955]and the University of Nebraska Civil Engineering department.
- [00:05:00.654]I'll take any questions now.
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