Glyphosate Alternatives For Terminating Cereal Rye Cover Crop, 2020 Virtual Weed Management Field Day at South Central Ag Lab

Amit Jhala Author

07/13/2020 Added

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[00:00:00.547](bright music)
[00:00:06.552]Hello everyone, my name's Jose de Sanctis,
[00:00:08.510]and I'm a master student here
[00:00:09.670]at University of Nebraska-Lincoln
[00:00:10.970]and under Dr. Ahamad, Mazbuhal supervision.
[00:00:12.740]And today I'm here to present on my research projects,
[00:00:15.470]the glyphosate alternatives for cereal rye control
[00:00:18.540]at different termination times.
[00:00:20.770]So, everyone know that cover crops
[00:00:22.630]can be very beneficial for your crops.
[00:00:24.430]They can improve soil health,
[00:00:26.410]they can reduce soil compaction, reduce iron erosion,
[00:00:30.130]and they're also considered
[00:00:31.320]a control technique for weed control.
[00:00:34.231]During their early season,
[00:00:35.710]cover crops can outgrow the weeds,
[00:00:37.500]and by outgrowing them they end up suppressing the weeds.
[00:00:40.490]It's also important to remember
[00:00:42.210]that the amount of weed suppression for the cover crops
[00:00:44.970]is directly related to amount of biomass
[00:00:46.337]that's being produced by them.
[00:00:48.840]In other words, they more your cover crop grows,
[00:00:50.980]the more weed suppression you're gonna get out of them.
[00:00:53.695]And now I'll just walk you to my plots.
[00:00:57.260]Behind me we do have the untreated check
[00:00:59.780]with no cover crops on it.
[00:01:01.640]So you can pretty much see some soybeans
[00:01:04.147]and a lot of weeds in it.
[00:01:05.670]We do have a lot of foxtails, palmer amaranth,
[00:01:08.330]and lambsquarters in this area.
[00:01:10.550]And we do expect a significant weed reduction
[00:01:12.930]from this treatment.
[00:01:15.930]Now we're standing in front of the no herbs site,
[00:01:18.327]no termination time cover crop plot.
[00:01:22.650]And what this is, we just want to check
[00:01:24.990]how the soybean reacts with the cover crop competition,
[00:01:28.920]so we're gonna leave this cereal rye
[00:01:30.180]throughout the whole season.
[00:01:32.040]One good thing that we can check in here
[00:01:34.490]is there's almost no weeds.
[00:01:36.200]Remember, we did not spray any pre herbicides on it,
[00:01:39.340]and you can barely see any weeds.
[00:01:41.587]Any weeds that emerged in this scenario
[00:01:44.690]are gonna be very stunted
[00:01:46.930]and very unlikely to produce any seeds.
[00:01:50.800]Now we have to no cover with pre herbicides applied plot.
[00:01:55.300]So the pre is starting to break now,
[00:01:57.940]we'll probably ended spraying
[00:01:59.710]some post herbicides early next week.
[00:02:02.380]We do see a good soybean stem and good weed control as well.
[00:02:08.700]Now behind me we have the pre plus no termination timing,
[00:02:13.560]so we're looking at a pre plus cover crop interaction
[00:02:18.810]for weed emergency.
[00:02:20.910]As you can see, there's no weeds at all in here.
[00:02:24.390]So we do have a very good weed control, however,
[00:02:27.130]again we're not gonna terminate those cover crops
[00:02:29.160]just to see how they compete with the soybeans.
[00:02:31.878]So we do expect a significant yield loss as well
[00:02:34.940]from the cereal rye and soybean competition.
[00:02:38.585]In this plot behind me, we have the termination timing
[00:02:41.530]15 days before planting soybeans,
[00:02:44.200]and we terminate them with Roundup Ready or glyphosate
[00:02:47.290]at 32 fluid ounces per acre dose.
[00:02:50.300]As you can see, there's basically no trace
[00:02:53.360]of any cover crops ever existing in this area.
[00:02:55.622]And since it's been over a month, we sprayed pre's
[00:02:59.910]all the weeds are starting to break through that.
[00:03:03.020]So again, we do need to spray
[00:03:04.300]some post herbicides in this area
[00:03:05.790]but it's just for you to see how bad weeds can get
[00:03:09.600]once the pre herbicide effect is no longer effective.
[00:03:15.430]Now we're standing in front of
[00:03:16.610]the planting day termination timing,
[00:03:19.190]so this cover crop was terminated
[00:03:21.700]the same day the soybean was planted
[00:03:23.630]with Roundup Ready or glyphosate,
[00:03:25.980]and here you can see a lot of residue from the cover crop.
[00:03:29.099]and one interesting thing about the glyphosate,
[00:03:31.650]it's such a good grass killer
[00:03:33.440]that it knocked down all the cover crop.
[00:03:35.460]So if you compare later on with the other herbicides,
[00:03:39.040]they're gonna be standing while with glyphosate
[00:03:41.240]they're gonna be knocked down.
[00:03:43.140]And a good comparison as well
[00:03:45.670]is to remember the last plot I just showed you,
[00:03:48.690]which was the glyphosate at 15 days before planting.
[00:03:51.890]You can see a lot of weeds growing there
[00:03:53.540]because the pre is no longer effective in this area.
[00:03:57.307]This area where I'm standing,
[00:03:59.220]it received the same herbicide treatment,
[00:04:02.190]and you can barely see any weeds.
[00:04:05.500]It's hard to find any
[00:04:09.300]and that's all due to the fact
[00:04:11.120]of cover crop's weed suppression in this area.
[00:04:15.914]Now I'm standing in front of
[00:04:17.330]the Select Max termination herbicide.
[00:04:20.290]Remember, this area was treated with pre herbicides
[00:04:23.820]with Fierce XLT at planting day.
[00:04:26.760]And also, the cover crops were terminated
[00:04:29.160]15 days before planting with Select Max
[00:04:32.250]at 16 fluid ounces per acre.
[00:04:35.480]There's a decent amount of cover crop control,
[00:04:37.930]especially because they're pretty small.
[00:04:39.810]But you do see some cereal rye escaped here and there.
[00:04:44.487]Again, based on the results from last year,
[00:04:47.940]Select Max was not great herbicide
[00:04:51.750]for controlling cereal rye as a cover crop.
[00:04:55.310]Behind me we have Select Max sprayed at planting day,
[00:04:58.830]again, at 16 fluid ounces per acre.
[00:05:01.480]And now you can clearly see that we had a lot
[00:05:03.850]of escapes from the cereal rye.
[00:05:06.280]So we do see a lot of living plants between the dead ones,
[00:05:10.310]and that's because Select Max, again,
[00:05:12.470]did not provide ?? Control of cover crop.
[00:05:15.630]And the further you delay that application,
[00:05:17.840]the worse it's gonna look just because
[00:05:20.747]unfortunately was not a very good one.
[00:05:23.750]It is very good on other grasses however.
[00:05:25.560]You do control a lot of foxtails with it,
[00:05:27.290]we can barely see any.
[00:05:28.750]But for cereal rye as a cover crop, was not the best option.
[00:05:32.990]Finally, this is Select Max sprayed 15 days
[00:05:37.220]after planting soybeans.
[00:05:39.070]You can see they as cover crops pretty high,
[00:05:42.470]again, this is not great control of cover crops
[00:05:45.170]quite the opposite actually.
[00:05:46.370]So we do expect a significant yield loss from the soybeans
[00:05:49.740]in this specific treatment.
[00:05:53.060]Behind me now, we have Fusion I sprayed 15 days
[00:05:55.990]before planting soybeans at 24 fluid ounces per acre,
[00:05:59.820]and Fusion's an excellent grass control
[00:06:01.817]especially because it has two active ingredients
[00:06:06.284]as grass killers.
[00:06:07.117]So in here of course we have a great control
[00:06:10.640]especially because it was early in the season
[00:06:12.450]so the cover crop was pretty small as well.
[00:06:15.590]Now we have Fusion sprayed at planting day of soybeans.
[00:06:18.702]Again, that's a great grass killer herbicide.
[00:06:23.400]We do have some escapes from cereal rye here and there
[00:06:26.270]but nothing that would cause
[00:06:27.570]any yield penalties for the soybeans.
[00:06:30.180]And what's interesting to realize, again,
[00:06:33.392]is that whenever you spray with grass killers,
[00:06:36.330]it doesn't knock down the cereal rye.
[00:06:38.640]So we have all this standing cover
[00:06:41.320]which is likely to provide a better shading for soil,
[00:06:44.220]therefore, suppressing even more weeds
[00:06:46.710]throughout the whole season.
[00:06:49.430]Finally, we have Fusion at 15 days after planting soybeans.
[00:06:53.410]Again, that's a great herbicide
[00:06:55.190]for controlling the cereal rye and it is actually dead.
[00:06:58.627]As you can see here, the growing point is dying.
[00:07:01.490]But we do have a great stand
[00:07:04.180]and a lot of biomass being produced here,
[00:07:06.300]so we might have some yield penalties
[00:07:08.470]from this late termination timing.
[00:07:11.760]Now I just presented the most significant plots
[00:07:14.010]from this researcher here,
[00:07:16.290]and I'm just going to go through
[00:07:17.500]some of the final considerations regarding this project.
[00:07:20.550]So it is the second year that we're running it,
[00:07:22.560]so we do have some preliminary results about it.
[00:07:26.130]First of all, the first termination timing,
[00:07:28.560]15 days before planting soybeans,
[00:07:30.850]cereal rye produced about 450 pounds of biomass per acre
[00:07:35.090]which is well below what the recommendation is,
[00:07:38.210]which is about 3500 pounds per acre for weed suppression.
[00:07:42.758]When we terminated the cover crop at planting day,
[00:07:46.060]we did obtain about 2000 pounds
[00:07:49.410]of cereal rye biomass per acre,
[00:07:51.910]which is great.
[00:07:52.743]It's excellent.
[00:07:54.928]We start to see a significant weeds suppression
[00:07:57.610]by this cover crop at this point.
[00:07:59.810]Finally, when we terminated the cover crop
[00:08:01.910]15 days after planting the soybeans,
[00:08:04.860]we obtained about 4000 pounds
[00:08:07.140]of cereal rye biomass per acre,
[00:08:09.530]which is a big amount of cover crop.
[00:08:11.710]It does result in a huge amount of weed suppression as well.
[00:08:18.810]Now regarding the soybean yields,
[00:08:21.061]from last year's actually we did have a slight increase
[00:08:25.440]on the yields as we terminated
[00:08:27.410]the cover crop later in the season.
[00:08:29.740]It's also important to remember
[00:08:31.100]that we had a severe hailstorm here in this area
[00:08:34.030]that probably resulted in about 50% of yield penalties
[00:08:38.720]based on our calculations,
[00:08:40.560]so take that in mind once I start talking
[00:08:42.670]of all the yields here.
[00:08:44.070]So for the earliest termination timing,
[00:08:46.300]which was 15 days before planting soybeans,
[00:08:49.210]the yields for the soybean were around 18 bushels per acre.
[00:08:53.890]Following by the planting day termination timing,
[00:08:57.490]which was about 25 bushels per acre.
[00:09:00.350]And finally in the following latest termination timing,
[00:09:04.100]which as was 15 days after planting soybeans,
[00:09:06.680]we observed 30 bushels per acre on average
[00:09:09.650]for all this research site.
[00:09:13.460]Some differences between last year and this year
[00:09:15.610]that might also result
[00:09:17.840]in some differences in soybeans yields,
[00:09:19.940]last year we had a very wet and rainy early season,
[00:09:23.800]so we didn't have any problems of with water availability
[00:09:26.570]therefore soybean and cereal rye was able to grow along
[00:09:31.051]and coexisting with each other
[00:09:33.210]with no significant competition.
[00:09:35.430]This year however, we experienced a dry early season
[00:09:39.990]and this might result in some yield penalties
[00:09:42.520]such as for the soybeans.
[00:09:44.510]So we're very curious and anxious to see
[00:09:47.080]how this play out in this area.
[00:09:49.300]Also one thing that might have played a factor in it,
[00:09:53.030]is just because with the latest termination timing
[00:09:56.640]due to some inappropriate weather conditions.
[00:09:59.460]It was very windy here at a time,
[00:10:01.480]we had to delay our application so instead of 15 days
[00:10:04.490]we ended up spraying it with 20 days
[00:10:06.730]after planting soybeans which might result
[00:10:10.530]in some more competition and more cereal rye growth
[00:10:13.940]which at this point was not very beneficial for the beans.
[00:10:17.460]Again, we are curious to see
[00:10:19.040]the result play out in this growing season.

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Glyphosate Alternatives For Terminating Cereal Rye Cover Crop, 2020 Virtual Weed Management Field Day at South Central Ag Lab

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