Right-of-Way Initial

Nebraska Extension PSEP Author

12/19/2019 Added

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This Nebraska Extension training helps applicators become certified to earn their state license to safely apply restricted use pesticides.

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[00:00:01.512](upbeat music)
[00:00:16.660]Hello, I'm Greg Pucket, extension assistant
[00:00:19.410]for the Pesticide Safety Education Program
[00:00:21.910]with Nebraska Extension.
[00:00:24.000]Welcome to the Initial Training
[00:00:25.540]for the Right of Way Pest Control category.
[00:00:28.590]This training will help you prepare
[00:00:30.500]for the Right of Way Applicator Certification exam
[00:00:33.370]administered by the Nebraska Department of Agriculture.
[00:00:37.340]Some of the goals of right-of-way vegetation control
[00:00:40.120]are to increase motorist safety,
[00:00:42.480]remove vegetation hazards, and prevent damage to roadways.
[00:00:47.210]This training presents a variety of topics
[00:00:49.560]from Extension experts and Weed Authority employees.
[00:00:53.830]We hope you were able to purchase and study
[00:00:55.940]the right-of-way training manual before watching this video.
[00:00:59.710]Please feel free to follow along
[00:01:01.740]with the learning objectives for each chapter
[00:01:03.820]in your manual as they are covered.
[00:01:06.520]The ability to satisfy all the learning objectives presented
[00:01:09.700]is the key to passing the Right of Way category exam.
[00:01:14.400]The learning objectives displayed on the screen
[00:01:16.560]are found in the Introduction chapter, or chapter one.
[00:01:20.628](upbeat music)
[00:01:24.060]Hi, I'm Frank Bright, an Extension Assistant
[00:01:26.950]with the Pesticide Safety Education Program.
[00:01:29.460]Today I'm gonna give you a quick introduction
[00:01:31.790]to the right-of-way chapters.
[00:01:35.390]Rights-of-way have many different examples of rights-of-way.
[00:01:39.870]Here are the different types that we cover.
[00:01:42.820]The federal, state, county, township highways and roads
[00:01:47.810]are some of the more common ones that you'll see.
[00:01:50.390]You need to make sure to take care of the rights-of-way
[00:01:53.080]around utility lines, pipelines, public airports, railroads.
[00:01:58.650]Public surface drainage systems are one of the tricky ones
[00:02:02.840]just because you have to watch for water contamination.
[00:02:07.510]Bicycle, hiking, bridle, snowmobile and other public paths
[00:02:11.790]are also considered parts of the right-of-way.
[00:02:16.170]So, one of the things that is important
[00:02:18.890]to the right-of-way is rights-of-way pests are defined
[00:02:23.110]as any living organism which diminishes safety,
[00:02:26.710]utility, attractiveness, and/or effectiveness
[00:02:30.620]of a right-of-way.
[00:02:31.770]This is crucial in understanding the goal
[00:02:34.310]of maintaining rights-of-way.
[00:02:37.220]We'll also talk about, later in this, public relations,
[00:02:40.150]because it's an important aspect to right-of-way
[00:02:43.180]and because it's such a visible application area,
[00:02:47.210]you need to be aware of
[00:02:48.770]many different things with public relations.
[00:02:51.540]It can be a controversial topic.
[00:02:53.020]Some people don't like pesticides being sprayed,
[00:02:55.760]so you have to be able to put them at ease
[00:02:58.330]and answer some of the questions that they have.
[00:03:00.710]So, one of the quick things that we discuss
[00:03:03.300]is a good neighbor policy.
[00:03:04.920]You need to be aware of your neighboring fields,
[00:03:07.710]bodies of waters, come with the answers
[00:03:09.790]to all the different questions
[00:03:11.380]and be ready to deal with the public in certain situations.
[00:03:15.772](upbeat music)
[00:03:23.840]The learning objectives for chapter two:
[00:03:26.110]Principles of Vegetation Management and Control
[00:03:29.190]are as shown.
[00:03:30.740]Please follow along in the manual as they are discussed.
[00:03:34.285](upbeat music)
[00:03:36.750]Hi, I'm Amit Jhala,
[00:03:38.550]an Extension Weed Management Specialist
[00:03:41.100]in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
[00:03:44.170]on main campus at UNL.
[00:03:47.610]Today, I'm going to discuss about chapter number two
[00:03:50.650]in your manual.
[00:03:51.920]It is about Principles of Vegetation Management
[00:03:57.860]and Control with special reference to right-of-way.
[00:04:02.930]At the end of this presentation, you should able
[00:04:05.310]to understand how to use vegetation management practices
[00:04:08.720]in different right-of-way situations,
[00:04:11.780]goals of a planned vegetation management program,
[00:04:15.030]benefits of vegetation management program
[00:04:18.580]with special references to right-of-way,
[00:04:20.830]and I will also explain
[00:04:22.590]how to use integrated pest management practices
[00:04:26.290]that you can adopt for vegetation management
[00:04:29.030]in right-of-way.
[00:04:31.600]What should be included in a planned rights-of-way
[00:04:34.810]control program so at the end of this presentation
[00:04:37.470]you should able to understand all this
[00:04:39.688]important points which are listed here.
[00:04:43.860]First of all, it is extremely important to conduct
[00:04:47.720]a survey before you plan vegetation management
[00:04:51.350]in right-of-way situations.
[00:04:52.880]This is because when you conduct a survey,
[00:04:55.800]you will able to understand which are the species present
[00:04:59.260]in the right-of-way.
[00:05:01.080]Special terrain features, whether the surface is slopey
[00:05:04.620]or no and depending on that, you can end up
[00:05:06.980]the different management practices.
[00:05:10.080]Third one is localized areas requiring special attention.
[00:05:13.880]For example, if right-of-ways near to any school
[00:05:16.670]or any home, and accordingly you may need to change
[00:05:19.700]your management practices.
[00:05:21.910]The fourth one is height and density of plant species,
[00:05:24.890]which is also very important because if, for example,
[00:05:27.750]if you are going to adopt a chemical method
[00:05:31.120]for controlling vegetation then your plant height
[00:05:34.540]should be less than about six inch.
[00:05:37.980]Then the herbicides will work better so it also
[00:05:41.500]depends on height and density of plant species,
[00:05:43.740]so it is important to understand by conducting
[00:05:46.190]a survey about all this different information.
[00:05:50.190]And the last one is proximity of sensitive areas,
[00:05:52.960]which is also very important because it is important
[00:05:55.890]to understand whether the right-of-way is near
[00:05:58.080]to any tree or sensitive crop or plant species.
[00:06:01.760]So accordingly, we may need
[00:06:03.320]to change our management practices.
[00:06:05.720]So, these are all important aspects,
[00:06:08.290]which is important to understand and this is something
[00:06:10.980]we can only understand by conducting a survey
[00:06:13.850]before adopting management practices for right-of-way.
[00:06:18.180]Now in next slide, I'm going to discuss
[00:06:20.400]vegetation management practices
[00:06:21.970]in different rights-of-way situations.
[00:06:25.030]These are all best examples of right-of-way
[00:06:27.920]and if you will notice that all these are permanent
[00:06:31.030]structures that requires continuous attention
[00:06:33.780]around the year for vegetation management.
[00:06:36.030]For example, whether it is public roads and roadsides,
[00:06:39.073]whether it is electric transformer stations
[00:06:42.100]and utility lines or pipelines,
[00:06:44.280]or vegetation control surrounding railroads
[00:06:47.840]or even in drainage systems.
[00:06:50.620]So these are all best examples of right-of-way
[00:06:54.650]where continuous vegetation management is required.
[00:06:59.830]These are some benefits of a planned vegetation management
[00:07:02.960]program in right-of-way situation.
[00:07:05.450]There are some other benefits but here,
[00:07:07.860]because of the limitation of time,
[00:07:09.430]I am explaining these are the best examples
[00:07:12.900]of benefits of planned vegetation management program.
[00:07:16.290]For example, when we adopt a very good vegetation
[00:07:19.460]management program, it helps us to increase
[00:07:23.800]the public acceptance and safety, fewer complaints,
[00:07:28.530]improved public relations, reduce maintenance cost,
[00:07:32.490]less damage to structures and facilities
[00:07:34.870]because vegetation if you do not control,
[00:07:37.300]it can create some problems and later on
[00:07:40.040]you have to spend a lot of energy and dollar
[00:07:43.850]to control them.
[00:07:45.320]As well as reduce erosion and water pollution,
[00:07:48.830]which is also important especially surrounding
[00:07:51.700]the drainage and ditch areas.
[00:07:55.460]Better control of poisonous plants because sometimes
[00:07:58.187]if you don't control poisonous plants,
[00:08:00.090]then it can also affect the surrounding vegetation.
[00:08:03.500]Better utilization of manpower and equipment,
[00:08:06.710]improved cost planning and control.
[00:08:09.250]So these are all some of the best examples of benefits
[00:08:13.420]of vegetation management program in right-of-way.
[00:08:18.160]These are some important aspects of planning right-of-way.
[00:08:21.340]Number one we have to understand the location and design
[00:08:24.580]of the right-of-way, where actually we are going to conduct
[00:08:27.300]vegetation management program.
[00:08:29.050]The second point is cover establishment,
[00:08:31.561]which are our plants for cover establishment.
[00:08:35.370]What species we are going to use for cover
[00:08:38.260]that can reduce the erosion control.
[00:08:40.880]As well as it can also provide better drainage.
[00:08:44.960]All these are the four main aspects
[00:08:47.530]that have to considered before you start planning
[00:08:50.940]vegetation management on the right-of-way situation.
[00:08:58.120]Integrated pest management includes different
[00:09:01.150]management approach that is recommended to adopt
[00:09:05.600]before you start planning any vegetation management program.
[00:09:09.160]For example, if you want to control weeds,
[00:09:11.400]then you don't need to rely only on chemicals
[00:09:14.460]but you also have to adopt some other management approaches.
[00:09:17.600]For example, mechanical control, when weeds are too tall,
[00:09:20.970]herbicides will not be very effective so at that time,
[00:09:23.410]you have to adopt mechanical control like mowing
[00:09:26.630]will be a better option and you can use herbicides
[00:09:30.730]to control vegetation when weeds are less than plant height.
[00:09:37.850]And to adopt best integrated management practices,
[00:09:41.400]there are certain relevant practices you have to adopt.
[00:09:46.370]Number one is scouting, which is very important.
[00:09:49.180]As we discussed, just like we scout the field
[00:09:51.550]whether the weeds are present or not and then we decide
[00:09:54.330]whether we should apply herbicides or not.
[00:09:56.370]So same concept would apply here
[00:09:58.660]when it comes to vegetation management
[00:10:00.920]in right-of-way situations,
[00:10:02.220]so scouting is very much important.
[00:10:04.460]The second point here is making site inventories and maps
[00:10:09.690]which is important because for right-of-way it is not only
[00:10:13.660]we are not talking only about one or two fields.
[00:10:16.231]It could be across the state.
[00:10:18.540]For example, if you want to control vegetation management
[00:10:21.910]near the roadsides, it's not only one or two roads
[00:10:24.630]but there are multiple roads so it is important to make
[00:10:27.120]a map of which management approach you are going to use
[00:10:30.680]in which road, for example.
[00:10:33.050]The third one is using thresholds.
[00:10:36.090]Because you are not able to achieve 100% vegetation control
[00:10:40.710]so what should be your threshold, at what time
[00:10:43.100]you have to go and implement your vegetation control program
[00:10:46.820]which is also important to understand.
[00:10:48.840]The last one is developing program
[00:10:50.600]with fewer adverse side effects.
[00:10:52.680]So sometimes if you rely too much on one single technique
[00:10:56.440]that is not IPM, so in IPM the overall concept is to use
[00:11:01.220]multiple techniques so the vegetation will not be purged
[00:11:06.570]by any single technique.
[00:11:08.118]That's why you have to develop the program which has
[00:11:11.848]minimum or no side effects.
[00:11:14.909](upbeat music)
[00:11:22.490]The learning objectives for chapter three: Pesticides
[00:11:25.810]are as follows.
[00:11:27.290]If you get lost, refer to your manual
[00:11:29.290]to find the corresponding information.
[00:11:32.140](upbeat music)
[00:11:35.870]My name is John Lindquist.
[00:11:36.820]I'm a professor of Agronomy in the Department
[00:11:38.510]of Agronomy and Horticulture here at UNL.
[00:11:40.750]I'm a weed scientist by training and I'm gonna talk today
[00:11:43.060]about chapter three: Pesticides, or herbicide classification
[00:11:46.780]and mode of action.
[00:11:49.960]We use a number of different pesticides in agriculture
[00:11:52.770]in general, including insecticides, fungicides,
[00:11:57.310]and mostly these are used to control insects and fungi
[00:12:00.430]that are plant-pathogenic to plants.
[00:12:04.060]And we use herbicides primarily in rights-of-way
[00:12:09.110]kinds of situations.
[00:12:10.070]That'd be your primary pesticide used.
[00:12:12.120]And then there are growth regulators which are used
[00:12:15.210]primarily to manage the vegetative growth of plants,
[00:12:18.050]either to slow their growth or to increase the rate
[00:12:21.880]of senescence of plants.
[00:12:23.280]And it's important to distinguish growth regulators
[00:12:26.240]from the growth-regulating class of herbicides
[00:12:29.470]that are commonly used in rights-of-way.
[00:12:32.260]Everything that I'm gonna talk about from here on forward
[00:12:34.250]are gonna be essentially classification of herbicides.
[00:12:37.940]So we can classify herbicides in a number of ways.
[00:12:40.010]Based on the way that they're used,
[00:12:42.970]or how that they're applied,
[00:12:44.760]the activity that they have within a plant,
[00:12:47.190]the time of their application, their mobility within plants,
[00:12:50.270]and by mode of action.
[00:12:52.380]We'll go through all of these as time comes on here.
[00:12:55.730]Some important herbicides characteristics to know
[00:12:58.490]include herbicides name,
[00:13:00.030]their spectrum or their selectivity,
[00:13:02.530]the way that they're applied,
[00:13:04.010]their mobility within plants again,
[00:13:05.790]their persistence primarily in soil,
[00:13:08.340]and then again their mode of action.
[00:13:11.860]Important chemical properties to know about herbicides
[00:13:14.540]is it's important to know that when you buy a jug
[00:13:16.450]of herbicide that the active ingredient, the actual stuff
[00:13:20.420]that kills the plant in that jug, is a relatively small
[00:13:23.580]component of what is in there.
[00:13:25.230]And the rest of the stuff that's in there,
[00:13:26.730]we call the formulation.
[00:13:28.610]So the active ingredient is essentially that biologically
[00:13:31.920]active portion of the herbicide.
[00:13:34.040]And sometimes we use the term acid equivalent,
[00:13:36.200]which is essentially the portion of the formulation
[00:13:38.810]that could be converted back to that parent acid.
[00:13:41.420]It's just an important way that we actually talk about
[00:13:43.840]active ingredients sometimes.
[00:13:46.020]So these active ingredients,
[00:13:47.100]there are generally three names that are used.
[00:13:49.678]The full chemical name, which very few of us would
[00:13:52.540]really know or understand anything about
[00:13:54.440]unless we're an organic chemist.
[00:13:56.170]It's typically very long here.
[00:13:58.390]This 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid,
[00:14:05.380]typically then the common name, triclopyr,
[00:14:08.010]for this particular product, is a shortened version
[00:14:10.560]of this full chemical name.
[00:14:12.020]And knowing that common chemical name is very important
[00:14:14.710]because it tells us what class of herbicides it belongs to
[00:14:17.710]and ultimately what mechanism of action is,
[00:14:20.060]which can be important for managing herbicide resistance.
[00:14:23.088]And then of course there's the trade name,
[00:14:25.500]which this particular product is Garlon 4.
[00:14:28.770]Now the thing is is that this common chemical name,
[00:14:32.800]triclopyr, may actually be a common product
[00:14:36.090]in many different trade names.
[00:14:37.600]So that knowing just Garlon 4 isn't necessarily
[00:14:42.400]all that we need to know.
[00:14:45.580]Other ways we classify is by spectrum or selectivity.
[00:14:48.630]So is this product used primarily in a crop,
[00:14:51.670]so is it a corn herbicide or is it a soybean herbicide.
[00:14:54.530]Or do we use it as a woody brush control type of thing.
[00:14:57.560]That's the spectrum.
[00:15:00.249]Or we can classify by selectivity, which some herbicides
[00:15:04.200]are primarily, broad lead control herbicides,
[00:15:08.000]some herbicides only control grasses here.
[00:15:12.440]They're selective by what kinds of plants
[00:15:14.660]they actually control.
[00:15:15.810]And some herbicides are non-selective, like glyphosate,
[00:15:18.500]which will essentially kill every plant that's out there.
[00:15:21.473]So it's important to classify in these ways too.
[00:15:25.870]We can classify by application method,
[00:15:27.840]so the common ways we do this is to call it a foliar
[00:15:30.650]or a post-emergence applied herbicide
[00:15:33.840]versus a soil-applied herbicide.
[00:15:35.930]So this individual down over here is applying
[00:15:39.900]a post-emergence or a foliar-applied product
[00:15:42.130]to standing vegetation to control that vegetation.
[00:15:45.880]This one is a little bit tricky.
[00:15:46.990]This individual's applying to a living turf grass
[00:15:50.500]but the herbicide will do nothing to the turf grass
[00:15:54.070]and actually what it's being used for is a pre-emerge
[00:15:56.810]to control the weeds that have not yet emerged
[00:16:00.300]until later on.
[00:16:01.840]And then this is the classic way
[00:16:03.430]that pre-emerge herbicides are used
[00:16:05.030]in agricultural settings.
[00:16:06.520]To apply directly to soil.
[00:16:08.320]And PPI over here stands for pre-plant incorporated,
[00:16:11.620]which typically is only used in agriculture.
[00:16:15.490]We can classify by mobility.
[00:16:17.179]It's important to know whether a herbicide
[00:16:18.900]is systemic or contact.
[00:16:20.810]Here's a little experiment
[00:16:21.820]that one of my colleagues did recently.
[00:16:24.509]These soybean plants, grown in pots, were treated
[00:16:28.490]with one single droplet of the herbicide on one leaf
[00:16:32.730]for each plant in the pot.
[00:16:36.350]This pot on the left was treated with 2,4-D.
[00:16:40.290]And this pot on the right was treated with Buctril,
[00:16:43.180]which is a contact-type herbicide.
[00:16:44.820]And you can see
[00:16:45.890]that this is where the application actually occurred
[00:16:48.530]and the only tissues that are affected
[00:16:50.330]by that herbicide is that which it made contact.
[00:16:54.010]Whereas these plants that were applied with 2,4-D,
[00:16:56.390]again one droplet on one leaf, obviously the entire plant
[00:16:59.630]is affected and so it's clearly a systemic herbicide,
[00:17:02.430]2,4-D is, whereas Buctril is not.
[00:17:04.940]And knowing this is important because, very clearly,
[00:17:08.080]you would not wanna use a contact-type herbicide
[00:17:10.180]to control perennial plants because you might kill off
[00:17:13.380]all the top vegetation but if there are
[00:17:15.300]any growing points below ground, they're going to come back.
[00:17:19.320]Here's another way of looking at this mobility issue.
[00:17:22.307]Some herbicides are translocated only, or move in the plant
[00:17:27.750]only through the phloem, which is essentially the sugars
[00:17:30.020]that are produced during photosynthesis in the leaves.
[00:17:33.440]So that means that the herbicide would travel
[00:17:36.270]from the leaves to the growing point of the plant.
[00:17:39.530]Some herbicides are only translocated in the xylem,
[00:17:42.500]which means essentially they're going to be taken up
[00:17:44.190]by roots and will move up in the plant.
[00:17:46.420]And some herbicides can be translocated both
[00:17:48.345]in the xylem and the phloem.
[00:17:50.387]And clearly for control of perennial plants,
[00:17:53.194]these kinds of herbicides are the ones we want.
[00:17:56.730]Atrazine is an interesting example because it is typically
[00:18:00.680]a soil-applied product, which means that when it's taken up
[00:18:04.010]it's taken up through the roots and it goes up into
[00:18:06.210]the living plant.
[00:18:07.370]However, sometimes Atrazine is tank-mixed with other
[00:18:10.240]herbicides and applied post-emergence in which case,
[00:18:13.420]it actually functioned as a contact-type herbicide.
[00:18:18.770]We can classify by soil persistence.
[00:18:21.090]How long is that herbicide survive in the soil?
[00:18:26.390]A product like glyphosate, or Roundup, is commonly touted
[00:18:30.970]as being very safe because when it comes into contact
[00:18:33.730]with soil, it is immediately bound to that soil
[00:18:36.050]and no longer has any activity as a phytotoxic product.
[00:18:41.160]Whereas Tordon is a commonly used herbicide in pastures
[00:18:45.370]and range and for woody brush control kinds of things.
[00:18:49.310]Is a product, that depending on soil, may last in the soil
[00:18:52.930]for as many as five years.
[00:18:54.920]And that's important to know because if you're trying
[00:18:58.180]to apply this product to an area to remove vegetation
[00:19:02.240]that's standing there, but then want to come back
[00:19:04.030]and plant something else later on, you need to now how long
[00:19:06.910]that product is gonna be in the soil.
[00:19:09.820]We can also classify by mode of action.
[00:19:12.185]I like to think of mode of action as being everything
[00:19:15.030]that occurs with the herbicide
[00:19:17.350]from the time that it's taken up into the plant
[00:19:19.570]until plant death.
[00:19:20.990]You have from absorption of the herbicide into the tissues
[00:19:26.000]to the translocation or the movement of the herbicide
[00:19:28.620]within the plant.
[00:19:29.620]And then the accumulation of the product
[00:19:32.300]at the site of action.
[00:19:33.940]And then the mechanism of action, which is important
[00:19:36.740]again to know when we're talking about management
[00:19:39.010]for herbicide resistance.
[00:19:41.530]So this site of action is essentially where that toxicity
[00:19:44.680]occurs at the cellular level.
[00:19:46.360]Knowing that can be important.
[00:19:47.960]And then the mechanism of action, as I mentioned,
[00:19:50.160]is the actual biochemical or biophysical process
[00:19:52.920]is inhibited by the herbicide.
[00:19:56.540]We need to know that in order to manage resistance.
[00:20:00.500]Things to know about mode of action.
[00:20:02.170]We talked about mobility.
[00:20:03.440]We needed to know how mobile that product is.
[00:20:06.150]It's also important to know which tissues are affected
[00:20:09.910]with the plant and then, what kinds of injury symptoms
[00:20:13.060]does this particular herbicide cause because
[00:20:16.140]we can then use that to diagnose herbicide injury
[00:20:19.330]of plants that maybe we didn't want to actually control.
[00:20:23.210]Then that mechanism of action, we ultimately need to know
[00:20:26.310]how that herbicide works physiologically to kill the plants
[00:20:30.746]because, as I mentioned again, we want to be able
[00:20:32.830]to rotate mechanisms of action so that we don't
[00:20:37.442]facilitate the evolution of herbicide resistance
[00:20:41.470]in our weedy plants.
[00:20:44.280]One way to get considerable information
[00:20:46.770]about mechanisms of action is to go to this website here.
[00:20:51.820]These first seven pages, seven to 10,
[00:20:54.640]contain excellent information
[00:20:55.990]on classification of herbicides by mode of action.
[00:20:59.550]It's very useful for identifying what kinds of herbicides
[00:21:02.870]might I wanna use to rotate mechanism of action
[00:21:05.350]so that I don't facilitate
[00:21:09.640]the evolution of herbicide resistance.
[00:21:11.487](upbeat music)
[00:21:18.310]Chapter four: Application Equipment
[00:21:20.800]includes these learning objectives.
[00:21:23.415](upbeat music)
[00:21:30.240]Welcome, my name is Greg Kruger.
[00:21:31.950]I'm the Cropping Systems Specialist at the West Central
[00:21:34.210]Research and Extension Center in North Platte.
[00:21:36.120]Today's I'm gonna be talking a little bit about
[00:21:37.890]pesticide application equipment.
[00:21:39.680]Spraying systems are very complex pieces of equipment,
[00:21:44.180]or can be very simple pieces of equipment,
[00:21:46.500]but most sprayers have a lot of similarities.
[00:21:51.250]You may see sprayers that are self-propelled, tractor
[00:21:54.310]or vehicle-mounted sprayers.
[00:21:57.100]Those can be driven off of PTOs
[00:21:58.820]or off of other electrical equipment.
[00:22:03.040]And then you may see backpack or hand sprayers,
[00:22:06.470]even those little sprayers that you pick up from
[00:22:08.360]a home and garden or farm store
[00:22:12.040]could fall into this category.
[00:22:14.240]All sprayers are gonna have a few similar components.
[00:22:17.950]Those being the tank, the pump, nozzle or nozzles,
[00:22:22.190]hoses and occasionally on most of our sprayers,
[00:22:25.940]you're gonna see different types of gauges.
[00:22:29.840]The diagram here depicts a type of sprayer
[00:22:33.850]that one might see.
[00:22:36.310]It's got all the common components
[00:22:37.840]that we just talked about.
[00:22:39.820]The first thing we wanna mention is the tank.
[00:22:42.720]The tank is gonna be used for carrying
[00:22:46.560]that liquid spray solution and this is where we're gonna
[00:22:48.600]add the products and that's gonna carry that liquid
[00:22:52.690]until we're ready to make that application.
[00:22:56.500]The next thing we wanna talk about is the pump.
[00:22:58.470]The pump is gonna be used to deliver the fluid
[00:23:00.750]to the nozzles or to agitate the system
[00:23:05.820]so that we get a good spray solution.
[00:23:10.210]The pressure gauges are gonna be used to maintain
[00:23:14.460]or to check the pressure that we have on our sprayer system.
[00:23:18.130]And it's gonna give us an indication
[00:23:19.717]of what we may need to do to properly calibrate.
[00:23:25.330]You can see on this diagram, the agitator's at the bottom
[00:23:28.410]of the spray tank and that agitator's gonna be
[00:23:32.870]used to circulate or to somehow mix that spray solution.
[00:23:37.818]Every sprayer has a little bit different agitator,
[00:23:41.050]so don't be surprised if yours is a little different
[00:23:43.790]than the ones depicted here.
[00:23:45.680]However it's gonna serve a similar purpose
[00:23:48.040]in that that agitator's gonna be used
[00:23:50.540]to make sure that we've got a uniform spray solution
[00:23:54.360]both before and during the application.
[00:23:58.406]The next thing we wanna talk just briefly about
[00:24:02.200]are the strainers.
[00:24:03.820]You can see on this diagram, there's a strainer inline
[00:24:08.280]and there's also a strainer
[00:24:09.710]back by the shut-off valve,
[00:24:12.050]between the shut-off valve and the pump.
[00:24:14.520]Sprayers, you may see only one strainer,
[00:24:17.860]you may see sprayers with six to eight strainers,
[00:24:20.420]depending on how a particular sprayer's set up.
[00:24:23.480]These strainers serve the purpose of filtering
[00:24:26.640]that spray solution and keeping foreign matter
[00:24:29.940]from going through our nozzles.
[00:24:33.570]The next thing that we have are our lines.
[00:24:35.840]You can see on this sprayer, we have an agitation line
[00:24:38.340]that's recirculating that spray solution back into the tank,
[00:24:41.530]as well as the hose lines headed to the spray boom.
[00:24:47.170]We've got our spray boom here.
[00:24:49.770]This particular diagram shows two nozzles
[00:24:53.220]on that spray boom.
[00:24:54.099]On any particular spray boom, you may see multiple
[00:24:57.510]different materials and each of those materials
[00:25:00.390]are gonna serve the same function of delivering
[00:25:03.160]that fluid to the nozzle tip.
[00:25:05.130]However, cleaning and things like that could be slightly
[00:25:08.050]different depending on what type of hoses
[00:25:10.870]and booms that we have.
[00:25:15.630]The next thing we have that we're showing here
[00:25:18.330]are the shut-off valves and the circulation valves.
[00:25:21.740]Any sprayer is gonna have some type of control valves
[00:25:26.090]that are gonna control when and where the liquid sprays
[00:25:29.250]move from the tank through the lines and to the boom.
[00:25:34.580]Lastly, we have the nozzles.
[00:25:36.810]On the next slide, we're gonna show just exactly what
[00:25:39.300]those nozzles look like.
[00:25:40.950]Here's a breakdown of the nozzle.
[00:25:43.320]You can see we've got that nozzle body.
[00:25:45.910]That nozzle body is gonna screw into the spray boom.
[00:25:51.960]Behind that we'll have a strainer.
[00:25:53.430]That strainer is our last filtration system before
[00:25:57.480]that spray solution gets to the nozzle tip.
[00:25:59.710]So it's our last chance to make sure
[00:26:01.010]that we don't plug that nozzle.
[00:26:03.470]Behind that, we're gonna have a nozzle cap
[00:26:05.790]and that cap is gonna hold that nozzle tip into place.
[00:26:09.420]The nozzle tips can be quite variable
[00:26:11.590]and we'll talk about that in a moment.
[00:26:14.670]The whole purpose of the nozzle is to convert
[00:26:16.860]the spray liquid or spray mixture into spray droplets.
[00:26:21.360]At ideal pressures, we're gonna see droplet formation
[00:26:24.380]occur near or at the nozzle tip with the goal of getting
[00:26:27.980]a uniform spray pattern and uniform droplet size.
[00:26:33.550]Keep in mind that low pressure equals larger droplets.
[00:26:37.020]High pressure equals smaller droplets.
[00:26:39.150]This is important both in terms of maintaining efficacy
[00:26:42.520]as well as making sure that we don't have
[00:26:44.410]a lot of off-target movement.
[00:26:48.660]For nozzle selection, materials are important.
[00:26:51.346]We'll see a variety of different nozzle materials,
[00:26:55.010]the oldest of those on the market is the brass
[00:26:58.030]and you won't see those coated on a particular nozzle tip.
[00:27:01.510]Second type is a polymer.
[00:27:03.040]You can see the nozzle we have here
[00:27:05.888]is a polymer-based nozzle.
[00:27:07.914]It's basically a hardened plastic.
[00:27:10.660]And these are gonna be probably
[00:27:11.980]the most common in most situations.
[00:27:15.010]We also have stainless steel nozzle tips.
[00:27:17.850]If you can see this little nozzle here.
[00:27:19.980]We've got a stainless steel tip.
[00:27:21.940]These are very common,
[00:27:23.150]particularly in our old flat fan nozzles.
[00:27:27.370]We also have a hardened stainless steel and a ceramic.
[00:27:34.380]In order that we have them here, you'll see the cheapest
[00:27:37.170]and least durable to the most expensive and most durable.
[00:27:40.560]This will vary a little bit, nozzle by nozzle
[00:27:43.150]and certain nozzles are available
[00:27:44.790]in some forms and not others.
[00:27:47.800]Here, we're just depicting
[00:27:49.570]several different types of nozzles.
[00:27:52.017]All of these may have a place
[00:27:56.671]in your particular application.
[00:27:59.450]The oldest, like we said, of the nozzle types
[00:28:02.020]is up in the top right-hand corner.
[00:28:05.110]That is our flat fan nozzle.
[00:28:07.570]Those are hydraulic nozzles which are gonna produce
[00:28:10.250]a flat fan as the name would imply.
[00:28:14.070]These particular nozzles are gonna be the most common
[00:28:17.060]in most situations.
[00:28:19.750]Going to the left of that that you can see,
[00:28:22.430]we've got our flat fan tapered edge.
[00:28:25.800]These are gonna be a broadcast nozzle,
[00:28:28.410]as opposed to the one next to it,
[00:28:30.500]which is a banding-type nozzle.
[00:28:32.620]Both of these nozzles are very good at producing
[00:28:36.560]uniform spray qualities, but the one thing we run into
[00:28:39.240]is they often produce a lot of fines.
[00:28:41.730]Now, below that you'll see two hollow cones in the middle.
[00:28:46.090]A hollow cone and a solid cone nozzle.
[00:28:48.800]These two cone nozzles are very common for particularly
[00:28:54.080]unique applications such as fruits and vegetables,
[00:29:01.700]ornamentals, right-of-ways
[00:29:04.330]and particularly forestry-type applications.
[00:29:07.720]So these two nozzles will be common.
[00:29:11.520]Below that we have an off-center nozzle.
[00:29:15.750]These are gonna be used to direct a spray pattern
[00:29:18.360]in a particular direction.
[00:29:20.030]If we have trees that we're working around
[00:29:23.486]or roadside edges that we're working around,
[00:29:26.120]these nozzles have some advantage.
[00:29:29.110]And then lastly in the bottom right-hand corner,
[00:29:33.960]you can see our flood nozzles.
[00:29:35.500]Those flood nozzles are gonna be used to deliver
[00:29:39.710]high spray volumes particularly
[00:29:42.260]and they do produce very few fines but often have
[00:29:46.160]very large droplets.
[00:29:48.644]So may not be the best choice for efficacy purposes
[00:29:51.780]in every situation.
[00:29:53.350]However, they do provide a lot of flexibility for us.
[00:29:57.630]Every nozzle's gonna have a little bit of labeling on it.
[00:30:01.730]That labeling is gonna give information to that applicator
[00:30:04.920]of what to expect.
[00:30:06.670]For this particular example,
[00:30:08.160]you can see we've got the nozzle type,
[00:30:10.090]which is an XR nozzle,
[00:30:11.810]the brand name, the nozzle spray angle.
[00:30:16.330]We can see we've got 110 degree nozzle here.
[00:30:19.760]The second set of numbers on that bottom row
[00:30:22.860]is gonna give us an indication of the orifice size.
[00:30:25.650]This particular nozzle is a red nozzle.
[00:30:28.630]You can see that it's a .4 gallon per minute nozzle.
[00:30:31.730]At 40 PSI using water.
[00:30:34.570]The next letter that, that V,
[00:30:35.950]is telling us it's a visi-flow.
[00:30:37.780]Like we said, this is a red nozzle.
[00:30:39.650]Any red nozzle that's using the visi-flow system would
[00:30:42.330]be .4 gallons per minute.
[00:30:44.240]And then lastly is the material type
[00:30:46.630]and this one is depicting a stainless steel material.
[00:30:50.910]Now, real briefly to wrap things up, every spray application
[00:30:55.424]should go through a brief checklist.
[00:30:58.150]We've provided this for your convenience.
[00:31:01.410]Before spraying, always make sure that you rinse that tank.
[00:31:05.020]Rinsing the tank is important because we wanna make sure
[00:31:07.290]that we get all the previous materials
[00:31:10.520]from the previous application out of that sprayer,
[00:31:12.830]so that we don't have carryover
[00:31:14.390]or tank contamination problems.
[00:31:17.200]The second thing: check your nozzles.
[00:31:18.970]Make sure that you've got a uniform pattern
[00:31:20.960]and those nozzles aren't plugged.
[00:31:24.160]They aren't worn or they are functioning
[00:31:28.470]the way we expect them to be.
[00:31:31.050]Check the sprayer over closely for leaks.
[00:31:33.300]A lot of times, especially if a sprayer hasn't been
[00:31:36.590]used in a while, those valves and joints may have
[00:31:42.231]leaks in them so check your sprayer for leaks.
[00:31:45.520]Set the boom height.
[00:31:47.300]Before you get spraying, this is an opportunity
[00:31:49.220]to make sure that the boom height is where you think it is.
[00:31:52.012]One of the biggest ways to manage off-target movement
[00:31:56.210]is having the proper boom height.
[00:31:58.610]And then lastly before you take off spraying,
[00:32:01.070]make sure you calibrate the sprayer.
[00:32:03.670]During the application, make sure that you check
[00:32:05.690]the pressure gauge and tachometer, making sure
[00:32:08.320]that we have the pressure that we think we do
[00:32:11.010]and the application speed that we think we do
[00:32:13.010]is critical for making sure that we apply
[00:32:15.500]the amount of product that we think we're applying.
[00:32:18.170]So making sure that these are right on is very important
[00:32:22.250]to our application.
[00:32:23.740]Also while making the application,
[00:32:25.620]periodically check your nozzle patterns to make sure
[00:32:28.150]that we don't have plugged nozzles or damaged nozzles
[00:32:31.440]during the application.
[00:32:32.960]And lastly, during your application, make sure you check
[00:32:35.818]fittings and valves occasionally during the application.
[00:32:40.780]These can break or leak and we wanna correct that
[00:32:43.640]as quickly as possible.
[00:32:47.120]Lastly, after spraying, make sure you once again
[00:32:49.340]flush the system and rinse.
[00:32:51.740]Every product has a little bit different recommendations
[00:32:55.070]for how to clean the tank and clean the sprayer.
[00:32:57.850]So make sure you check that product label
[00:32:59.850]and make sure that you follow the directions
[00:33:02.439]that's best for the product that you're applying.
[00:33:05.008](upbeat music)
[00:33:11.500]Chapter five covers Calibration
[00:33:13.560]and contains these learning objectives.
[00:33:16.366](upbeat music)
[00:33:23.680]I'm Rob Schultz from the Hall County Weed Control
[00:33:25.900]and we're here today to talk about calibration
[00:33:28.310]of spray equipment and why it's important
[00:33:31.330]and some steps we can go through to calibrate
[00:33:34.280]our equipment properly to get the right amount of
[00:33:38.930]pesticide out on the ground, out on your target.
[00:33:43.260]We're gonna be lookin' at three different rigs today,
[00:33:46.580]spray equipment rigs today.
[00:33:49.060]One is a boom sprayer with spray tips on it.
[00:33:53.560]And another is boomless nozzle spray equipment.
[00:33:58.070]The next one is pump-up sprayer.
[00:34:01.900]So we'll be lookin' at these three different types
[00:34:04.760]of spray equipment and calibrating them.
[00:34:07.910]Okay now I've changed into my PPE,
[00:34:10.700]personal protective equipment, to do some calibration
[00:34:14.450]out here on a piece of spray equipment.
[00:34:16.680]Some of the tools that you need to calibrate spray equipment
[00:34:21.760]are a measuring device, some paint or marking flags,
[00:34:27.040]a spray tip tester, a bucket, ounce container that measures
[00:34:33.730]in ounces, a stop watch, a calculator,
[00:34:39.070]and even a manufacturer's guide that tells you
[00:34:42.940]a little about the tips you might using
[00:34:45.560]or tips that may be needed for the output that you might
[00:34:49.560]wanna run because you might wanna run 10 gallons per acre
[00:34:52.880]in some applications or in other applications,
[00:34:55.966]you might need to run 40 or 50 gallons per acre.
[00:34:59.230]So in that case, just increasing pressure
[00:35:02.770]will not get you that output.
[00:35:05.810]If you need to increase your output that much,
[00:35:08.570]then you need to change spray tips
[00:35:11.240]or go to a bigger boomless nozzle or something on that sort.
[00:35:15.920]Just pressure alone will not increase your output that much.
[00:35:19.690]One of the first things you need to do is figuring speed.
[00:35:23.220]So the formula that I like to use is speed equals distance
[00:35:28.500]in feet times 60 divided by the time in seconds times 88.
[00:35:37.350]So I just measure out 88 feet
[00:35:41.350]and then I calculate in seconds
[00:35:44.470]the time it takes me to go 88 feet.
[00:35:48.560]And that'll figure out your miles per hour on then.
[00:35:51.766]There are many calibration formulas out there to use.
[00:35:57.000]The one that I kinda like to use is gallons per acre
[00:36:02.780]equals the gallons per minute times 5940
[00:36:08.700]divided by miles per hour
[00:36:11.950]times the width of your spray operation.
[00:36:18.890]First things first, like we said before, was figuring out
[00:36:23.140]the speed in miles per hour.
[00:36:25.930]And the width of your spray booms,
[00:36:29.680]how many inches you're taking in the spray width.
[00:36:34.010]And then we're figuring out the gallons per minute
[00:36:36.390]and you can plug all this in and then you know exactly
[00:36:39.980]how may gallons per acre you are doing
[00:36:42.670]with a particular load and so you know
[00:36:45.978]how many acres you're doing
[00:36:48.700]and then how much product to put in the tank
[00:36:54.300]for the application.
[00:36:57.490]We will start up the motor and we will do some calibration
[00:37:02.580]on the tips here and do some testing.
[00:37:06.750]At this rate here, it's gonna give you gallons per minute
[00:37:12.090]on this McKenzie spray tip tester.
[00:37:15.810]We're gonna be measuring the gallons per minute
[00:37:18.630]on some of these tips to see that.
[00:37:22.760]Now we've moved over to our right-of-way application,
[00:37:27.900]boomless nozzles.
[00:37:29.030]There's three different size nozzles
[00:37:30.730]on this particular piece of spray equipment.
[00:37:35.330]This is a very popular piece of equipment
[00:37:38.500]with these nozzles.
[00:37:39.333]So we'll be calibrating probably the bottom one there.
[00:37:42.440]It's a boom-buster 110.
[00:37:47.360]We still need the bucket to catch the product in, the water.
[00:37:54.570]We're gonna measure it out in ounces.
[00:37:56.880]We're gonna need a stop watch to calculate it.
[00:38:00.930]I think we should be able to go for about 30 seconds on that
[00:38:04.480]and we need our calculator.
[00:38:06.660]And we will be again using the gallons per acre formula
[00:38:12.080]but we're gonna figure gallons per minute.
[00:38:16.814]The gallons per acre is the gallons per minute times 5940
[00:38:21.108]divided by your miles per hour times your width.
[00:38:29.095]We'll be starting this machine up
[00:38:31.080]and doin' a little calibration on it.
[00:38:34.530]Now we have caught the spray mixture or the water
[00:38:38.550]in this particular instance.
[00:38:41.040]For 20 seconds.
[00:38:42.957](water pouring)
[00:38:48.700]We're measuring it out in fluid ounces.
[00:38:52.290]And it is 64 ounces per 20 seconds.
[00:38:58.050]If you take that times three, you come up with 192 ounces.
[00:39:06.140]And if you divide that by 128,
[00:39:09.020]you come up with 1.5 gallons per minute.
[00:39:14.320]That's when we are needing that for our formula,
[00:39:18.010]our gallons per acre formula.
[00:39:21.460]Then the other part of our formula is the spray width.
[00:39:27.960]We measured that out and we're taking a 12-foot spray width
[00:39:32.950]there, which is 12 times 12 is 144 inches.
[00:39:36.950]And you need that in inches
[00:39:38.550]in your gallons per acre formula.
[00:39:42.580]Gallons per minute figured up to be 1.5.
[00:39:47.400]And so on the bottom side of your formula,
[00:39:49.360]you went five miles an hour, which we figured that out
[00:39:53.300]by our speed formula.
[00:39:57.240]Your 144 inches in width.
[00:39:59.890]And so when we divide that 8910 by 720
[00:40:04.470]that gives us 12.37 gallons per acre
[00:40:10.590]we are putting down with this particular boom.
[00:40:13.770]So we know that this 300-gallon tank will do 24.25 acres
[00:40:24.200]along the roadside spraying with this particular nozzle.
[00:40:29.890]Now you know how to do it on the one.
[00:40:33.300]You go back and you do it on the other two nozzles
[00:40:36.130]and continue on calibrating those
[00:40:40.260]and get your appropriate gallons per acre
[00:40:43.500]for those particular nozzles.
[00:40:46.010]So the next tool we're gonna calibrate here
[00:40:48.640]is a hand sprayer and this can be a backpack sprayer.
[00:40:53.280]This formula can be used for a hand sprayer off of a truck.
[00:40:59.760]Many different things it can be used for.
[00:41:03.040]One of the first things we're going to do
[00:41:05.270]is measure off
[00:41:07.000]an 18 and a half feet by 18 and a half feet square.
[00:41:13.680]Then we will be spraying that out and recording our time.
[00:41:20.450]Then we will come back and catch that amount in time
[00:41:26.960]in the ounce container.
[00:41:31.700]And that will tell us gallons per acre
[00:41:34.350]that we are putting down with our hand sprayer.
[00:41:39.360]It took me 55 seconds to spray
[00:41:43.050]this 18 and a half by 18 and a half square.
[00:41:46.370]Now we'll catch this water for 55 seconds
[00:41:50.950]and see what we come up with for gallons per acre
[00:41:54.530]out of this hand sprayer.
[00:41:56.780]This methodology works because the test area,
[00:41:59.590]18.5 square feet, is 1/128th of an acre.
[00:42:06.310]A U.S. gallon is 128 fluid ounces.
[00:42:10.340]So the fluid ounces of spray required to test
[00:42:12.800]the treat area, therefore is equivalent to the gallons
[00:42:15.620]of spray output that would be applied to a full acre,
[00:42:20.350]provided the operator maintains a consistent pattern
[00:42:23.820]of spray output and spray coverage.
[00:42:26.970]So figuring up we did 24 ounces out of that 55 seconds.
[00:42:32.460]That means I'm putting on 24 gallons per acre.
[00:42:35.920]Then you would know that, and go back and figure
[00:42:39.960]how many acres or tenths of an acre,
[00:42:43.860]that you're gonna do with this particular hand sprayer.
[00:42:47.180]Then you'll be able to figure out how many ounces
[00:42:50.150]of herbicide or insecticide to put in
[00:42:53.610]this particular hand sprayer.
[00:42:56.140]In conclusion, here today we have calibrated
[00:42:59.070]these three pieces of equipment to do some spraying with.
[00:43:03.522]In the long run, calibration is very important
[00:43:06.240]just to get the proper amount of herbicide out there
[00:43:09.870]or insecticide, whatever product you might be using.
[00:43:14.920]If you under-apply, you could be creating a resistance
[00:43:18.930]in a weed or something like that.
[00:43:21.740]If you over-apply a herbicide, you're puttin' out
[00:43:24.410]too many dollars per acre out there.
[00:43:30.170]Creating equipment that works properly
[00:43:33.930]and puts out the proper amount of herbicide or insecticide
[00:43:36.950]or whatever product you might be using is very beneficial.
[00:43:43.360]Calibration is a great thing to do.
[00:43:47.400]If not every year,
[00:43:50.210]if not maybe even two or three times a year,
[00:43:52.730]depending on if you do repairs on your equipment
[00:43:56.970]and that type of thing, new tips, new pumps, various things,
[00:44:03.040]recalibration would be a great thing to do to make sure
[00:44:06.050]you're still putting out the proper gallons per acre
[00:44:09.150]that you would like to put out.
[00:44:10.780]Then you would know exactly how many gallons per acre
[00:44:14.840]you're putting out and how many acres that tank fill
[00:44:18.710]will do so you know exactly how much herbicide,
[00:44:23.760]insecticide, whatever, to put into that tank
[00:44:27.597]to get that rate you need out on the targeted area
[00:44:33.190]that you would like to cover.
[00:44:34.866](upbeat music)
[00:44:42.170]Weeds and these corresponding learning objectives
[00:44:44.610]are covered in chapter six.
[00:44:46.751](upbeat music)
[00:44:54.910]I'm Chris Proctor.
[00:44:55.760]I'm a Weed Management Extension Educator
[00:44:57.920]at the University of Nebraska.
[00:44:59.240]We're gonna talk about weeds and right-of-way situations.
[00:45:04.240]So to begin, I think it's important to define what a weed is
[00:45:07.800]if we're gonna try to control 'em.
[00:45:08.810]It's important to know what it is we're trying to control.
[00:45:12.290]A general definition of a weed
[00:45:13.710]would be a plant that's out of place,
[00:45:15.230]so if you think about managed landscapes,
[00:45:17.930]anything that we're doin' to manage a landscape,
[00:45:21.540]any plant that's in that landscape
[00:45:24.770]that isn't serving a purpose would be considered a weed,
[00:45:29.500]so it could be something
[00:45:31.600]that's costing economic value to a landscape.
[00:45:34.900]So, in a right-of-way situation,
[00:45:37.370]having trees grow in your right-of-way
[00:45:40.100]is gonna cause issues.
[00:45:41.100]And so a tree could be a weed in a right-of-way situation.
[00:45:44.770]Could be an aesthetic look, could be something that causes
[00:45:48.470]a safety issue, so having tall grass grow up
[00:45:50.920]in your right-of-way, not good for traffic
[00:45:54.640]pulling on and off the shoulder safely.
[00:45:59.300]Thinking about a weed, it's really anything,
[00:46:01.380]any type of plant that's in your landscape
[00:46:04.460]that isn't serving a specific purpose
[00:46:07.550]would be considered a weed.
[00:46:09.474]When we're thinking about weed species,
[00:46:11.660]there's two big categories that often get discussed.
[00:46:14.820]There's monocots and dicots.
[00:46:16.990]In general terms, a monocot would be considered
[00:46:19.850]a grass weed species.
[00:46:21.010]So then all the grasses are monocots.
[00:46:24.140]Often we call the dicots broad-leaf weeds.
[00:46:26.930]So anything that would be thought of as a broad leaf
[00:46:30.780]would be a dicot.
[00:46:31.960]So these are weeds, as they emerge they have two cotyledons
[00:46:35.480]and that's where the word dicot comes from.
[00:46:37.200]Where a grass has a single cotyledon
[00:46:39.030]so that's that first leaf shape that emerges on the plant.
[00:46:42.290]That would be a monocot, so again monocots are grasses.
[00:46:45.380]Dicots are what we call broad leaves.
[00:46:47.220]To further categorize weeds, it's easy,
[00:46:51.410]it helps us to identify weeds if we give 'em
[00:46:53.540]different categories often.
[00:46:54.980]So understanding their life cycle is another important
[00:46:57.650]piece of weed identification,
[00:46:59.010]understanding how to manage them properly.
[00:47:01.510]When we think about weed life cycles, those are broken down
[00:47:04.730]into different categories.
[00:47:06.670]There's annuals, biennials and perennials.
[00:47:11.110]When we talk about annuals, those are either winter annuals,
[00:47:15.640]so those are weeds that would emerge in the fall.
[00:47:18.430]They would over winter and then they would flower
[00:47:22.050]sometime in the spring and set seed in the spring.
[00:47:24.320]Where a summer annual is also a weed that completes
[00:47:27.980]its life cycle in one season,
[00:47:30.190]but it would germinate in the spring
[00:47:32.560]and then later in the fall, it would set flower
[00:47:36.350]and produce seed in the fall.
[00:47:38.580]A biennial is a plant that takes two seasons
[00:47:41.810]to complete its life cycle.
[00:47:43.660]An annual is only a single season,
[00:47:45.160]biennial would be two seasons.
[00:47:47.020]So with a biennial, it'll produce seed in the fall.
[00:47:50.480]That seed will sit dormant over the winter
[00:47:53.410]and would germinate in the spring
[00:47:55.110]and for that first season,
[00:47:56.210]it'll just be vegetatively growing.
[00:47:59.290]At the end of that season,
[00:48:00.400]it'll go dormant for that next winter.
[00:48:02.850]Then when it comes out of dormancy the next spring,
[00:48:05.990]then it becomes reproductive.
[00:48:07.320]So then it'll produce seed that following year,
[00:48:09.510]that second year and the seed will then
[00:48:12.310]start the life cycle over again.
[00:48:14.760]The third type of life cycle that we talk about
[00:48:17.180]would be a perennial.
[00:48:18.080]This is any type of plant that takes two or more years,
[00:48:21.560]or grows for two or more consecutive years.
[00:48:25.650]This is a plant that might be vegetative in the first year
[00:48:28.470]but then it'll continue in subsequent years
[00:48:31.480]to produce seed and propagate that way.
[00:48:37.890]Trees are an obvious example of a perennial
[00:48:40.690]where they're multi-year, they have multiple years
[00:48:44.370]in their life cycle.
[00:48:45.570]Another category of weeds would be noxious weeds.
[00:48:49.290]These are weeds that the state of Nebraska has specifically
[00:48:52.860]designated as needing to be controlled.
[00:48:56.170]If you're a land owner, it's your legal responsibility
[00:48:59.570]to ensure that these weeds are controlled on your land.
[00:49:02.768]In Nebraska now, we have 12 noxious weeds on the list.
[00:49:06.340]This list changes, so it's important that you go
[00:49:08.970]to the Nebraska Department of Agriculture website
[00:49:12.510]and check that list frequently, as these weeds will change.
[00:49:15.950]There's often new weeds that are added to this list
[00:49:19.090]and you need to make sure that you can easily identify
[00:49:21.720]these weeds so that if you're out in your landscape,
[00:49:24.990]you can identify them and make sure that they're controlled.
[00:49:28.884]The 12 noxious weeds for Nebraska that need to be managed
[00:49:32.240]are Canada Thistle, Leafy Spurge,
[00:49:37.300]Musk Thistle, Plumeless Thistle,
[00:49:41.987]Purple Loosestrife, Spotted and Diffuse Knapweeds,
[00:49:48.019]Saltcedar, Phragmites,
[00:49:52.774]Sericea Lespedeza, Japanese Knotweed,
[00:49:57.080]Bohemian Knotweed, and Giant Knotweed.
[00:50:01.735]It's important to understand what weeds you have
[00:50:04.830]in your landscape, understanding their life cycle
[00:50:07.287]and their biology, helps with identification,
[00:50:10.480]particularly paying attention to the noxious weeds.
[00:50:14.200]Those are the weeds that are identified
[00:50:15.680]by the state of Nebraska that are required to be controlled.
[00:50:20.200]Just focus in on these things and understand and identify
[00:50:23.570]and that'll go a long way in terms of helping to control
[00:50:26.250]and manage these weeds.
[00:50:27.617](upbeat music)
[00:50:34.810]More discussion on vegetation management is covered
[00:50:37.590]in chapter seven.
[00:50:39.140]Remember that these learning objectives are found
[00:50:41.250]in chapter seven of the manual for you to follow along.
[00:50:44.830](upbeat music)
[00:50:48.070]Today I'm going to discuss chapter number seven
[00:50:51.130]which is all about vegetation management in rights-of-way.
[00:50:56.320]At the end of this presentation,
[00:50:57.990]you should able to understand different tools being used
[00:51:02.210]for managing vegetation in rights-of-way,
[00:51:05.490]advantages and limitations of vegetation management
[00:51:08.480]by using burning or mowing type of methods,
[00:51:13.430]factors that has been used for selecting herbicides
[00:51:17.060]that can be used for vegetation management,
[00:51:20.590]physiological processes that affects the performance
[00:51:23.435]of herbicides that you select for vegetation management,
[00:51:27.420]and methods of herbicide application.
[00:51:30.750]Now, I will go through all these different five
[00:51:34.790]learning objectives one by one in detail.
[00:51:40.030]Before that, I just want to give you some permanent
[00:51:44.290]structures which are the best examples where vegetation
[00:51:47.910]management is needed throughout the year.
[00:51:50.730]For example, public roads and roadsides that requires
[00:51:54.090]continuous vegetation management because if you don't
[00:51:57.940]manage vegetation near or surrounding the roadsides
[00:52:02.560]or railroads or drainage systems,
[00:52:05.470]then it can interfere with our normal operations.
[00:52:10.010]So therefore, these are the best permanent structures
[00:52:13.080]where vegetation management is required throughout the year.
[00:52:16.380]And now I'm going to discuss which are the different tools
[00:52:20.770]for managing vegetation in rights-of-way situations.
[00:52:24.730]For example, number one which is very commonly used
[00:52:28.150]vegetation management method is by hand-weeding
[00:52:32.320]or you can say by hand labor.
[00:52:34.500]Number one is cutting, so cutting brush off at the ground
[00:52:39.870]is successful if re-sprouting is prevented.
[00:52:43.190]Basically the idea is you will cut the root system
[00:52:46.680]of the plant and then it will only work
[00:52:49.920]only for annual weeds
[00:52:51.680]or if you have some very light vegetation.
[00:52:55.580]So cutting method will not work if you have
[00:52:57.930]a well-established tree in the right-of-way because
[00:53:02.240]for that you cannot easily pull it off
[00:53:04.940]by using some shovel or some other equipment.
[00:53:09.100]For that, you may need to have some other methods.
[00:53:12.370]For example, girdling.
[00:53:14.460]So what is girdling?
[00:53:16.160]The process of cutting a ring around a woody plant
[00:53:20.430]through the bark and cambium layer to inhibit the movement
[00:53:23.750]of water and nutrients is known as girdling.
[00:53:26.725]As shown here in this first photograph, you have to cut
[00:53:31.490]a ring surrounding the woody plant
[00:53:34.050]and the whole idea of making this ring
[00:53:36.210]is you can block the movement of water
[00:53:39.450]as well as nutrients in the tree species
[00:53:41.980]and that's why eventually the plant will die.
[00:53:45.720]And it is most effective during the summer months
[00:53:48.790]because when the majority of movement of water
[00:53:52.260]and nutrients will take place in the tree species
[00:53:54.750]so the best time to put the ring,
[00:53:56.910]or the process known as girdling,
[00:53:59.020]is to do it during the summertime.
[00:54:01.340]And again, it will work only
[00:54:03.090]when it's a relatively small-sized tree.
[00:54:06.750]And if you want to manage very large-sized trees,
[00:54:10.390]the process known as grubbing, where you can use
[00:54:13.710]a grubbing hoe or a shovel to dig enough of the root system
[00:54:17.920]out of the soil to kill the plant.
[00:54:19.920]Basically, this is again will work only
[00:54:22.660]when you have a relatively small-sized tree.
[00:54:25.220]It can also control a very large-sized tree but for that,
[00:54:28.870]you have to use bulldozer or some very heavy equipment
[00:54:34.350]to cut the big trees along with the root systems
[00:54:39.390]so they do not re-sprout.
[00:54:41.350]As shown here in the second photograph, you can use
[00:54:44.130]a bulldozer-type of structure for vegetation management
[00:54:48.050]or just for pulling out the trees
[00:54:50.590]from the right-of-way areas.
[00:54:53.210]These are the different three methods where hand labor,
[00:54:57.060]or hand weeding can be useful for vegetation management
[00:55:00.530]in rights-of-way situations.
[00:55:04.520]Some other tools have also been used.
[00:55:06.197]For example, burning, so the idea is you can burn
[00:55:09.610]the vegetation surrounding the permanent structures
[00:55:13.780]like roadsides or railway roads where burning can be used
[00:55:18.270]or you should say prescribed burning can be used
[00:55:21.120]as a vegetation management tool.
[00:55:23.450]It can control the burning, is an effective means
[00:55:25.880]of controlling weeds and woody vegetation.
[00:55:28.740]The idea is it can also return the nutrients to the soil.
[00:55:32.100]However, there are some limitations of burning.
[00:55:35.670]For example, it is a costly management tool.
[00:55:39.860]It creates smoke and traffic hazard along the roadways.
[00:55:44.390]Sometimes you have to block the traffic to make sure
[00:55:47.540]you are not hurting anybody or ongoing traffic
[00:55:50.500]with your prescribed burning.
[00:55:53.350]It may also pose a fire hazard to adjacent vegetation.
[00:55:56.960]Sometimes your idea is to just burn the limited area
[00:56:00.500]but then once you put the fire on, it can also catch
[00:56:04.070]the nearby vegetation especially when they're dry enough
[00:56:07.400]they can easily catch the fire.
[00:56:08.980]So you may have to be really careful when you use
[00:56:11.800]burning as a tool for vegetation management.
[00:56:14.910]The last one is also a permit is required from
[00:56:17.300]local authority to make sure you are taking permit
[00:56:21.285]from local county or some other government authority
[00:56:26.870]for this burning, so it may delay the process
[00:56:28.970]and it may require some paperwork before you start
[00:56:32.650]burning as a vegetation management tool,
[00:56:35.320]especially on roadside or railway roads.
[00:56:40.010]Mowing is a very traditional method
[00:56:42.370]for vegetation management on permanent structures.
[00:56:48.750]It gives uniform turf appearance so it looks beautiful
[00:56:51.840]when you do mowing because the vegetation will look
[00:56:56.170]very nice and pleasant to see.
[00:56:59.000]However, there are some limitations of mowing.
[00:57:03.390]Number one is it is difficult to control
[00:57:05.770]herbaceous perennials by simply cutting the top growth.
[00:57:10.320]Mowing will work only when you have limited
[00:57:13.289]or small size weeds are present
[00:57:15.740]or only for herbaceous plant species.
[00:57:18.680]It will not work for relatively large-sized trees
[00:57:22.330]because then those are very difficult to mow
[00:57:24.670]by using your equipment.
[00:57:26.970]And it is also a time-consuming and costly process
[00:57:30.360]because only one time mowing will not help.
[00:57:33.160]You have to do it three to four times throughout the year.
[00:57:37.470]It requires more manpower and it will add up more cost
[00:57:42.310]in your overall vegetation management program.
[00:57:44.930]These are the advantages and limitations of using mowing
[00:57:48.930]as a tool for vegetation management in rights-of-way.
[00:57:55.790]Herbicides have been used most commonly for vegetation
[00:57:58.680]management, not only in rights-of-way but also in crops
[00:58:02.520]and some other situations.
[00:58:04.808]We are going to discuss now which are the factors
[00:58:07.880]you have to consider before you select a herbicide
[00:58:11.530]for vegetation management with special reference
[00:58:14.020]to vegetation management in rights-of-way.
[00:58:17.290]Number one is type of herbicides.
[00:58:20.740]If your vegetation is already existing,
[00:58:23.360]then you have to use the foliar active herbicide
[00:58:27.500]compared with the residual herbicide that you can use
[00:58:30.540]when you want to apply herbicide on the soil to prevent
[00:58:35.510]the further emergence of weed or some other vegetation
[00:58:39.490]in the right-of-way.
[00:58:40.323]There are different type of herbicides available
[00:58:42.890]and you have to choose depending on what your needs are.
[00:58:47.610]Length of control:
[00:58:48.720]each herbicide can provide different type of control
[00:58:51.930]so you may need to consider
[00:58:54.470]how long the herbicide will provide activity
[00:58:58.740]in your vegetation management program.
[00:59:01.270]The third one is climatic factors,
[00:59:03.010]which is also an important factor to consider
[00:59:05.430]when you use a herbicide because, for example,
[00:59:08.830]if you use a residual herbicide,
[00:59:11.320]so when you apply a residual herbicide on the soil,
[00:59:14.370]it requires some level of moisture to activate,
[00:59:17.010]so make sure there is some level of either rainfall
[00:59:21.540]or irrigation is available
[00:59:23.200]within couple weeks of applying residual herbicides.
[00:59:26.190]Otherwise, the performance of that herbicide may reduce
[00:59:30.440]so this type of climatic factors, including temperature
[00:59:33.780]and relative humidity and some other things like
[00:59:37.580]rainfall can also affect the herbicide performance.
[00:59:40.560]So you have to keep in mind that
[00:59:42.450]climatic factors is also an important aspect.
[00:59:45.800]The next one is soil type, which is again very important,
[00:59:49.790]especially when you want to use a residual herbicide
[00:59:54.240]for your vegetation management program
[00:59:56.240]because when you have sandy soil,
[00:59:59.770]then you may need to use different type of herbicides
[01:00:03.145]that will have relatively less mobility in the soil
[01:00:05.920]compared with heavy black soil where herbicide residues
[01:00:09.760]can bind with the organic soil particles.
[01:00:14.590]Type of soil is also important when you select herbicide
[01:00:17.950]for your overall vegetation management program.
[01:00:21.290]And area to be treated because it will definitely
[01:00:24.489]affect the cost of the herbicide and area to be treated
[01:00:28.370]so you have to consider cost of the herbicide
[01:00:31.110]as well as how much area you are going to treat
[01:00:34.060]by using foliar herbicides.
[01:00:35.860]These are all some major important factors
[01:00:39.730]that you have to consider before you select herbicide
[01:00:42.660]for vegetation management in rights-of-way.
[01:00:48.710]Now there are a few physiological processes that plays
[01:00:52.130]an important role for weed control by using herbicides.
[01:00:58.440]Number one is herbicide absorption.
[01:01:00.960]Second one is herbicide translocation.
[01:01:02.980]And the third one is herbicide metabolism
[01:01:05.720]within the plant system.
[01:01:08.130]Now I'm going to discuss herbicide absorption,
[01:01:11.040]which is also known as uptake of the herbicide.
[01:01:14.960]Herbicides must penetrate leaf surface.
[01:01:17.210]When you apply herbicide on the vegetation,
[01:01:20.460]the herbicide should be able to penetrate the leaf surface
[01:01:23.810]and it is not an easy process
[01:01:26.050]because there are some barriers
[01:01:27.590]to the absorption of that herbicide.
[01:01:29.660]For example, cuticle, cell wall, cell membrane.
[01:01:33.810]These are the best examples that act as a barrier
[01:01:37.000]for the herbicide movement
[01:01:38.540]and there are some adjuvants available in the marketplace
[01:01:42.610]and that's why majority of foliar active herbicides
[01:01:46.040]are applied with adjuvants.
[01:01:49.090]So when I say adjuvants,
[01:01:50.310]some of the commonly used adjuvants are ammonium sulfate,
[01:01:53.740]crop oil concentrates, or methylated seed oils.
[01:01:57.640]So these are very commonly used adjuvants that can improve
[01:02:01.090]the penetration of herbicide
[01:02:03.297]and it will improve the overall absorption of the herbicide
[01:02:07.280]and then herbicide would able to enter in the plant system
[01:02:10.550]and then it will inhibit the normal physiological process
[01:02:14.120]of the plant, depending on which herbicide it is.
[01:02:18.520]And foliar active herbicides are absorbed through foliage,
[01:02:22.680]bud and stem.
[01:02:24.270]When you apply residual herbicides, for example,
[01:02:29.670]some of the residual herbicides you apply on the soil,
[01:02:32.530]they are absorbed through the shoots, stem,
[01:02:35.200]roots or even seeds of the vegetation or weed species.
[01:02:40.930]This was all about herbicide absorption.
[01:02:43.580]Now I'm going to discuss about translocation,
[01:02:46.320]which is movement of the herbicide.
[01:02:48.140]Once herbicide will enter in the plant species
[01:02:51.180]then it will move within the plant species
[01:02:53.800]and that is known as the process
[01:02:55.310]of translocation of herbicide.
[01:02:57.750]Herbicide translocation is necessary to move
[01:03:00.200]the active ingredient to the location
[01:03:02.090]where it can inhibit the plant systems.
[01:03:05.000]Each herbicide works differently.
[01:03:06.770]For example, if you are using lipocide,
[01:03:08.930]then lipocide will inhibit the EPSPS enzyme.
[01:03:12.620]So lipocide needs to translocate within the plant system
[01:03:18.050]and then it will target the EPSPS enzyme
[01:03:21.380]and then it will block the normal physiological process
[01:03:24.230]of the vegetation
[01:03:25.340]and that is how it will be killed eventually.
[01:03:28.990]Contact herbicides move little in the plant
[01:03:31.250]while systemic herbicide move upward or downward.
[01:03:33.910]So for example, some contact herbicides such as paraquat,
[01:03:37.790]which is a contact herbicide,
[01:03:39.140]and it will not move too much inside the plant species.
[01:03:42.870]So it will only burn the area out where herbicide will
[01:03:46.520]actually touch the vegetation surface.
[01:03:50.380]Compared with some other herbicides like glyphosate or 2,4-D
[01:03:53.430]or dicamba, those are translocate type of herbicides.
[01:03:56.870]Once you apply on the plant species,
[01:03:59.100]they will be translocated throughout the plant system.
[01:04:04.030]It can translocate from root or shoot or even translocate
[01:04:07.880]throughout the plant system.
[01:04:09.190]They are known as systemic
[01:04:10.400]or translocate type of herbicides.
[01:04:15.660]And the last one is metabolism.
[01:04:18.070]Certain herbicides are much more rapidly degraded
[01:04:20.490]or metabolized by plant species.
[01:04:22.950]That's why in several cases, some herbicides are selective.
[01:04:27.400]For example, when you apply atrazine for example
[01:04:30.583]a very commonly used herbicide in corn field.
[01:04:34.330]Atrazine, when you apply, so corn plant has ability
[01:04:37.260]to metabolize atrazine very quickly and that's why
[01:04:40.380]it is selective to corn but it will kill weed species
[01:04:44.200]because weeds cannot metabolize atrazine very well.
[01:04:49.150]These are some examples where physiological processes
[01:04:52.510]can also affect the herbicide performance.
[01:04:58.380]Now I want to discuss with you
[01:04:59.760]about type of different herbicides.
[01:05:01.930]Number one is contact herbicides.
[01:05:03.950]As I discussed, there are some herbicides
[01:05:06.010]which are contact type of activity.
[01:05:08.140]For example, paraquat or Cobra or Ultra Blazer
[01:05:12.000]type of herbicides are contact herbicides.
[01:05:14.880]You have to make sure you are using enough spray volume
[01:05:21.120]to provide enough coverage on the vegetation
[01:05:23.890]so it will come in contact with the herbicide
[01:05:28.150]and then it will provide an opportunity
[01:05:30.240]to kill that vegetation.
[01:05:32.130]So those are contact type of herbicides.
[01:05:34.490]Another one is translocated type of herbicides, for example
[01:05:37.660]glyphosate or 2,4-D or dicamba.
[01:05:40.220]Those are translocated type of herbicides.
[01:05:42.410]Once you apply them, it will enter through the cuticle
[01:05:46.740]of the foliage and they have ability to move upward
[01:05:49.700]or downward depending on the herbicide
[01:05:51.820]and then they will translocate throughout the plant system
[01:05:55.170]and that's why,
[01:05:56.150]especially for controlling perennial vegetation,
[01:05:59.824]perennial type of plants or trees,
[01:06:02.280]we have to use the translocated type of herbicides
[01:06:05.330]compared with contact herbicide
[01:06:06.880]because translocated herbicides have ability
[01:06:09.620]even to reach up to the root system of the vegetation
[01:06:12.830]and that's why it will able to provide effective control
[01:06:15.930]compared with the contact herbicides.
[01:06:19.540]Herbicides have been classified
[01:06:21.379]by Weed Science Society of America
[01:06:24.820]based on their mode of action.
[01:06:27.990]There are different 26 groups where herbicides
[01:06:31.300]have been classified, depending on which type of inhibition
[01:06:35.400]they will provide.
[01:06:36.510]Some of the examples are ALS inhibiting herbicides,
[01:06:40.250]ACCASE inhibiting herbicides, EPSPS inhibiting herbicides,
[01:06:44.740]for example glyphosate.
[01:06:46.530]They have been classified differently,
[01:06:49.550]in different categories.
[01:06:51.230]I'm not going to too much detail.
[01:06:52.960]If you want to see this herbicide classification chart,
[01:06:57.090]it is also available on our website
[01:06:59.950]or it is also available on crop watch website.
[01:07:02.970]So you may need to download this.
[01:07:05.020]That will give you some information
[01:07:06.480]about herbicide classification based on the mode of action.
[01:07:12.320]Methods of herbicide application.
[01:07:15.810]Foliar herbicide application.
[01:07:17.640]There are two different type of herbicides.
[01:07:19.780]Number one is when you apply those herbicides
[01:07:23.060]when vegetation is there and you apply them foliar.
[01:07:27.310]So they are known as foliar active herbicides.
[01:07:30.410]Some very commonly used foliar active herbicides
[01:07:32.960]are for example glyphosate, paraquat, those are all
[01:07:36.280]foliar active herbicides
[01:07:37.820]and they have no or limited residual activity.
[01:07:41.900]For example, glyphosate has no residual activity
[01:07:44.330]compared with dicamaba which is also a foliar active
[01:07:48.120]herbicide but it has some limited residual activity.
[01:07:53.410]Most effective when applied to actively growing plants.
[01:07:57.330]Make sure when you apply foliar active herbicides
[01:07:59.820]like glyphosate or 2,4-D or dicamba or paraquat,
[01:08:03.600]you may need to make sure those vegetation
[01:08:05.760]is actively growing and they are not under any stress
[01:08:10.470]because when plants are under stress,
[01:08:12.610]herbicide performance can be reduced.
[01:08:15.893]You have to apply when temperature
[01:08:17.490]is somewhere between 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
[01:08:20.870]Sometimes, you may not have a very ideal temperature,
[01:08:24.860]for example, when you want to apply those foliar active
[01:08:28.060]herbicides in the fall or in the early spring,
[01:08:31.120]when temperature might not be that high.
[01:08:33.420]But the minimum temperature for activity
[01:08:36.360]of foliar active herbicides is 50 degree Fahrenheit.
[01:08:39.280]So do not apply herbicides when you do not have
[01:08:43.860]at least 50 degrees Fahrenheit temperature
[01:08:46.180]during the daytime.
[01:08:47.720]That is the minimum requirement.
[01:08:53.090]You have to use adjuvants
[01:08:54.760]when you apply foliar active herbicides.
[01:08:57.100]As I told you before, some of the best adjuvants
[01:08:59.407]are ammonium sulfate, crop oil concentrate or
[01:09:02.340]methylated seed oil.
[01:09:04.870]Depending on herbicide you may need to use those adjuvants.
[01:09:07.750]For example, if it is glyphosate, you may need to use
[01:09:10.850]ammonium sulfate along with a non-ionic surfactant
[01:09:14.430]when you use them compared with when use some product
[01:09:17.500]like glucosinate, for example Liberty,
[01:09:20.600]we have to use ammonium sulfate as an adjuvant
[01:09:23.420]and it will improve the performance of that herbicide
[01:09:26.880]when you use adjuvants because it will improve
[01:09:29.540]the absorption of that herbicide within the vegetation.
[01:09:34.360]Effectiveness of the foliar active herbicide may reduce
[01:09:37.340]when rain falls after application.
[01:09:40.760]Each herbicide has different rain-fast period,
[01:09:44.530]so you have to make sure there is no prediction of rainfall,
[01:09:48.220]at least for a few hours when you apply herbicide.
[01:09:51.650]And again, each herbicide has different rain-fast period.
[01:09:55.270]For example, if it is dicamba, then dicamba has about
[01:09:58.280]four to five hours of rain-fast period depending on product
[01:10:01.880]compared with glyphosate.
[01:10:04.300]Measure of glyphosate permanence held less than an hour
[01:10:08.750]of rain-fast period.
[01:10:09.720]So you also have to keep that in mind.
[01:10:14.150]Another type of herbicide is soil applied herbicides.
[01:10:17.410]They are generally applied on the soil.
[01:10:20.430]They have different range of residual activity,
[01:10:22.870]depending on the product.
[01:10:24.860]Very commonly applied on non-crop areas
[01:10:27.200]such as electric transformer stations
[01:10:29.490]where very long time residual activity is needed
[01:10:32.290]so residual herbicides,
[01:10:34.830]also known as soil applied herbicides, are commonly used
[01:10:37.757]for vegetation management in rights-of-way.
[01:10:42.280]So now I want to discuss with you about different methods
[01:10:45.100]that you can use for vegetation management
[01:10:47.670]or how different methods of herbicides
[01:10:50.230]that you can use for vegetation management.
[01:10:52.740]Number one is basal-bark herbicide application
[01:10:56.540]to control the brush and trees
[01:10:58.310]up to five inches in diameter,
[01:10:59.900]so this method will not work if you want to control
[01:11:03.220]a very big tree, but it can work very well
[01:11:06.230]if you want to control a tree up to five inches in diameter.
[01:11:09.940]As shown in this figure, you can apply this herbicide
[01:11:15.570]lower 18 inches of the stem.
[01:11:17.510]For example here in this photograph, where the herbicide
[01:11:20.140]is applied on this stem of the tree.
[01:11:24.600]When you apply this herbicide made
[01:11:26.160]with the oil-soluble herbicides
[01:11:28.070]in a carrier of diesel oil or kerosene
[01:11:31.010]is commonly used when you apply this type of herbicide.
[01:11:35.510]The next method of herbicide application
[01:11:37.350]is cut surface herbicide application.
[01:11:40.600]It is effective for controlling woody spaces.
[01:11:42.960]For example in this photo, when you want to prevent
[01:11:47.240]the re-sprout of woody species like this tree,
[01:11:50.790]you can apply when plants have thick bark
[01:11:53.460]and more than five inches in diameter particularly.
[01:11:56.600]And you can also use a special injection equipment
[01:12:00.160]that can inject the herbicide inside this cut surface.
[01:12:05.428]Generally, one to three inches around the trunk
[01:12:08.110]as shown in this figure is useful
[01:12:10.520]for this type of method of herbicide application.
[01:12:14.330]So this was all about using different methods
[01:12:17.750]for controlling vegetation in rights-of-way.
[01:12:20.970]Thank you very much.
[01:12:22.284](upbeat music)
[01:12:29.510]Chapter eight deals with minimizing non-target exposure.
[01:12:33.070]After studying this chapter,
[01:12:34.710]you should be able to satisfy these learning objectives.
[01:12:38.059](upbeat music)
[01:12:43.890]One thing about weed control,
[01:12:46.570]integrated pest management's really important
[01:12:48.580]so using as many different mechanisms of weed control
[01:12:52.090]as possible is critical for effective weed control,
[01:12:56.138]especially over time.
[01:12:59.650]Certainly, the use of herbicides is a critical component
[01:13:03.830]of right-of-way weed control
[01:13:05.970]and there's a few things to consider
[01:13:07.680]when thinking about herbicide applications
[01:13:10.880]in a right-of-way setting.
[01:13:13.840]A few things we wanna try to avoid.
[01:13:16.090]Drift, so herbicide drift or off-target movement
[01:13:19.860]is one that's really important to pay attention to.
[01:13:25.160]You wanna make sure
[01:13:25.993]that any application you make is on target.
[01:13:30.440]So the ideal situation is 100% of what you apply
[01:13:34.310]only targets the weeds that you're hoping to control.
[01:13:39.630]But inevitably, environmental conditions
[01:13:42.750]and things outside of our control will often lead
[01:13:45.690]to herbicide applications moving off-target
[01:13:49.330]and impacting plants outside of our target zone.
[01:13:54.900]When we think about drift,
[01:13:55.820]there's really two types of drift that occur.
[01:13:58.610]There's particle drift, that's when the spray droplets
[01:14:01.480]that are being applied physically move off-target.
[01:14:06.440]There's also vapor drift.
[01:14:09.080]There's the potential for some herbicide chemistries
[01:14:11.870]to volatilize into gas and then that gas or that vapor
[01:14:16.284]then can move off-target and damage plants
[01:14:20.900]that are off-target as well.
[01:14:23.130]There's a number of things
[01:14:23.963]that we need to pay attention to to minimize
[01:14:26.320]the off-target movement or the drift of our herbicides.
[01:14:30.420]Things that can lead to drift
[01:14:33.040]or the movement of pesticides off-target,
[01:14:37.562]there's a number of them.
[01:14:39.660]So when you're making an application,
[01:14:41.440]there's some things you need to pay attention to.
[01:14:43.380]A big one is wind speed.
[01:14:45.320]So the higher the wind speed, the more likely
[01:14:48.040]that those particles are gonna be blown off-target.
[01:14:51.940]Another one is nozzle selection.
[01:14:54.180]Most pesticide labels, especially newer pesticide labels,
[01:14:58.090]are distinguishing the type of nozzles that are required
[01:15:02.130]for an effective application
[01:15:03.389]for that particular herbicide or pesticide.
[01:15:06.210]Selecting the proper nozzle for the application
[01:15:08.580]is really important.
[01:15:10.460]Along with nozzle selection, paying attention
[01:15:13.430]to the application rate so the higher the application rate,
[01:15:19.000]typically the larger the droplet size is.
[01:15:22.130]And the larger the droplet size, so using a nozzle
[01:15:24.650]of an application rate that increases droplet sizes
[01:15:27.480]is gonna reduce off-target movement or drift.
[01:15:31.350]Another factor that influences droplet size
[01:15:34.070]would be pressure.
[01:15:34.903]Making sure that the pressure setting
[01:15:38.110]on your spray equipment is within the recommended range
[01:15:43.560]for the nozzle type that you selected.
[01:15:45.400]And the lower the pressure, the larger the droplet size
[01:15:49.030]and the less likelihood that off-target drift
[01:15:51.630]is gonna occur.
[01:15:53.970]Finally, boom height.
[01:15:55.500]So when you think about a spray boom,
[01:15:57.910]the higher the boom is off the target plant
[01:16:02.070]or the target site,
[01:16:04.020]the higher the likelihood that drift can occur.
[01:16:06.683]You want that boom height to be as low as possible
[01:16:09.900]while still getting adequate coverage with the boom.
[01:16:13.200]When thinking about drift, we mention a number of things
[01:16:16.740]that can influence drift or increase the likelihood
[01:16:20.620]that drift will occur.
[01:16:22.600]When paying attention to drift,
[01:16:24.048]wind speed is really critical
[01:16:25.760]and the way to ensure that the wind speed is within
[01:16:28.220]the range that you want it to be,
[01:16:30.250]so ideally 10 miles an hour or less would be an ideal range.
[01:16:36.510]But again, pay attention to the nozzles.
[01:16:38.010]Pay attention to the labels.
[01:16:39.640]They may have specific requirements for wind speed.
[01:16:42.290]But measuring wind speed with a wind meter,
[01:16:44.530]so this is an example of a wind meter.
[01:16:46.180]You can get anything similar to this
[01:16:48.680]that would measure wind speed.
[01:16:50.300]And you wanna measure this at the height of application.
[01:16:53.360]Being 30 feet in the air isn't gonna do you any good.
[01:16:56.750]You wanna be down at the height
[01:16:58.020]that you're spray application is being made.
[01:17:00.010]So if you're using a boom,
[01:17:01.430]down at boom height would be important.
[01:17:03.250]If you're using a spray nozzle,
[01:17:06.230]again at the height of application.
[01:17:07.830]A wind meter is really critical to ensure
[01:17:10.480]that you're within the wind requirements
[01:17:13.290]for making a a good application to reduce drift.
[01:17:16.100]And nozzle selection.
[01:17:17.320]There's a number of different types of nozzles
[01:17:18.920]available on the market.
[01:17:21.080]They're gonna depend on the product that you're applying
[01:17:25.020]as well as wanting to select as large a droplet size
[01:17:30.940]as possible while still getting good efficacy.
[01:17:33.420]So again, that depends on the product,
[01:17:35.230]that depends on the label, that depends on the application.
[01:17:37.988]Nozzle selection can be really critical though
[01:17:40.300]in terms of reducing off-target movement or drift.
[01:17:44.490]Weather conditions can play a big factor
[01:17:46.460]in off-target movement.
[01:17:48.460]We discussed the influence of wind
[01:17:51.170]on particle movement or drift.
[01:17:54.420]Another potential factor that can influence drift,
[01:17:57.670]or off-target movement, would be a weather inversion,
[01:18:00.680]or temperature inversion rather.
[01:18:03.010]So that's where you have a cool air layer
[01:18:05.700]trapped below a warm air layer.
[01:18:08.920]So this is usually in the evening or in the morning
[01:18:12.660]just as the sun is setting or just as the sun is coming up.
[01:18:16.240]When you have really low wind conditions,
[01:18:18.110]so usually less than three miles an hour.
[01:18:21.690]These conditions can occur
[01:18:22.850]and what happens is the micro spray particles can get
[01:18:27.570]trapped in that air layer or even these volatile gases
[01:18:31.020]can get trapped in that air layer and then they can travel
[01:18:34.150]a long distance horizontal to the surface
[01:18:36.980]'cause there's no air mixing, dispersing these particles.
[01:18:40.160]So they can travel a long distance and then resettle
[01:18:42.260]off-target onto another crop or plant
[01:18:46.260]that you don't want to control.
[01:18:48.660]So that's another situation where you need to pay attention
[01:18:51.130]to your application to make sure
[01:18:52.160]you're not applying during an inversion.
[01:18:55.220]Rain can be another factor
[01:18:56.740]that could influence off-target movement.
[01:18:58.840]So we've talked about drift to this point.
[01:19:00.980]But another factor to think about would be runoff.
[01:19:05.400]Again, this is paying attention
[01:19:06.580]to the products that you're applying.
[01:19:08.490]Different herbicides are
[01:19:09.690]gonna have different characteristics.
[01:19:11.950]Some are gonna be more water soluble than others.
[01:19:15.610]Some are gonna bind more tightly to soil particles.
[01:19:18.420]The ones that tightly bind to soil particles,
[01:19:23.190]if the soil is carried off-site with a heavy rainfall event
[01:19:26.870]and you have runoff, that herbicide can then
[01:19:29.570]move off-target with the soil particles.
[01:19:33.320]Another situation, though, is if you have
[01:19:35.160]a really water soluble herbicide
[01:19:36.770]and you get a lot of rainfall within close proximity
[01:19:39.550]to your application, all that herbicide can be washed off
[01:19:43.070]your target site and moved to an off-target site as well.
[01:19:50.100]Leaching is also related to this idea.
[01:19:53.200]Again it has a lot to do with the chemistry
[01:19:55.310]of the herbicides and so understanding the products
[01:19:57.250]that you're applying and the environmental conditions
[01:20:01.100]that are occurring during and after application.
[01:20:05.120]So if you have a highly water soluble product like atrazine
[01:20:10.100]or dicamba for example, those tends to leach more readily
[01:20:14.440]because they're solubilizing the water
[01:20:17.424]and as that water moves through the soil profile,
[01:20:20.150]they can leach right out of that root zone
[01:20:22.270]and into the groundwater below
[01:20:24.630]if those conditions are right.
[01:20:27.200]Something like Roundup or glyphosate for example,
[01:20:29.850]that tends to bind really tightly to soil particles.
[01:20:32.210]So leaching is much less of an issue
[01:20:35.500]with a product like that.
[01:20:37.490]Continue with the theme of off-target movement,
[01:20:39.850]another potential situation where you can have
[01:20:43.380]an herbicide application or pesticide application
[01:20:45.970]to a site that wasn't desirable is tank contamination.
[01:20:49.840]So if you don't carefully clean out your spray tank
[01:20:52.530]or your spray booms and nozzles and screens,
[01:20:55.180]you don't use proper clean-out procedures,
[01:20:57.370]there can be a residual herbicide or pesticide left
[01:21:01.459]in that tank so when you go to mix your next product
[01:21:04.750]and apply, you can have leftover herbicide
[01:21:07.820]from your previous application.
[01:21:10.150]And if you switch products in that situation,
[01:21:12.541]you could potentially be spraying a site
[01:21:16.030]that you don't want that herbicide applied to
[01:21:17.700]and you could cause off-target damage
[01:21:20.870]or application in that instance.
[01:21:23.452]Paying attention to potential areas of tank contamination
[01:21:27.860]and the best way to do that is to really pay attention
[01:21:29.950]to your clean-out procedure.
[01:21:33.120]Many of the new labels now are very specific
[01:21:35.780]about tank clean-out procedures.
[01:21:38.970]They list in detailed fashion all the different requirements
[01:21:43.300]to properly clean out a tank.
[01:21:45.180]Some of the things to really
[01:21:46.040]pay attention to is rinsing multiple times.
[01:21:49.520]Single rinse is rarely enough.
[01:21:52.160]You need multiple rinses of that tank.
[01:21:55.250]Water's good.
[01:21:56.360]Usually something like an ammonium solution
[01:21:59.530]or a commercial tank cleaner is often much better
[01:22:02.540]in terms of cleaning out the tank.
[01:22:04.270]Paying attention to end caps on a boom,
[01:22:06.320]places where pesticides can accumulate,
[01:22:10.510]especially if you're using a granular
[01:22:12.955]or a water dispersible type product
[01:22:15.700]where that can accumulate in parts of the boom,
[01:22:19.710]making sure those are fully cleaned out and rinsed.
[01:22:22.540]Pulling off your caps, making sure your nozzles are rinsed.
[01:22:26.100]Your screens, sometimes your screens can accumulate product.
[01:22:31.380]Kinda going through that sprayer
[01:22:32.670]and really paying attention,
[01:22:33.600]making sure its fully cleaned out is really important.
[01:22:36.630]As you transition from one product to another
[01:22:38.780]and you switch application sites,
[01:22:40.300]you're not spraying in an off-target manner.
[01:22:45.015]And the last thing to consider is when you're done
[01:22:46.700]with an application
[01:22:47.570]and you still have product left in the tank,
[01:22:50.499]what do you do with it.
[01:22:51.332]As you're cleaning your tank and you're filling with water,
[01:22:55.290]how do you dispose of that rinsate.
[01:22:58.300]The best way to dispose of a rinsate
[01:22:59.710]is to apply it to a site that its labeled for.
[01:23:03.561]An on-site, on-target application according to the label
[01:23:08.530]would be the best way to dispose of any rinsate.
[01:23:12.400]Making sure that you have the ability
[01:23:14.540]to spray it on-target to a labeled site and labeled weed.
[01:23:20.440]That would be your best bet
[01:23:21.650]in terms of disposing a rinsate.
[01:23:23.680]You can capture it and store it.
[01:23:26.160]There's different ways then you can dispose of that rinsate
[01:23:29.469]but those are one, much more expensive
[01:23:31.780]and much more challenging ways
[01:23:33.900]to manage rinsate or leftover product.
[01:23:37.130]So it's important to remember when working with pesticides,
[01:23:40.510]personal protective equipment is really important
[01:23:42.830]so any time you're working and changing nozzles,
[01:23:45.430]mixing or loading,
[01:23:46.840]making an application where you might come into contact
[01:23:49.120]with those pesticides to make sure
[01:23:50.720]you're using the appropriate PPE,
[01:23:52.952]so reference the label to know what that is.
[01:23:56.014]And just pay attention when you're making application.
[01:23:58.400]Pay attention to the environmental conditions
[01:24:00.670]that could lead to off-target movement.
[01:24:02.290]Pay attention to all the different factors
[01:24:05.010]that we can do to minimize drift,
[01:24:07.000]minimize off-target movement so that our applications
[01:24:09.140]are as effective as possible
[01:24:12.050]and we minimize any environmental impacts
[01:24:15.700]to off-target sites.
[01:24:17.417](upbeat music)
[01:24:24.610]Chapter nine focuses on public relations
[01:24:27.180]in regard to right-of-way applications.
[01:24:30.135]The learning objectives for chapter nine
[01:24:31.630]are displayed on the screen.
[01:24:33.994](upbeat music)
[01:24:37.890]As I discussed in chapter one,
[01:24:39.260]we're gonna talk a little bit more about public relations.
[01:24:42.180]Right-of-way applications are highly visible topic
[01:24:45.720]and so it's one of those that
[01:24:47.390]public relations is a big part of this
[01:24:50.010]because some people could be unease by you spraying
[01:24:53.930]and it's always good to ease those tensions best we can.
[01:24:58.180]So professionalism is one of the main topics
[01:25:01.270]that we stress for this.
[01:25:04.130]Be considerate of public concerns.
[01:25:05.860]Many people have different concerns
[01:25:07.670]regarding different aspects of the application.
[01:25:11.230]They might have an area that they really want
[01:25:13.830]to keep aesthetically pleasing near your application site.
[01:25:17.730]And so you have to be aware of that is a concern of theirs
[01:25:21.820]and so you need to take extra precaution
[01:25:23.930]when spraying around theirs.
[01:25:26.720]You need to be knowledgeable and informative.
[01:25:29.240]Knowing your product, knowing your procedures again helps
[01:25:33.030]alleviate any concerns that the public has
[01:25:36.060]when they see you out making the appropriate applications
[01:25:39.010]where you're supposed to be.
[01:25:40.470]They may not always be aware of what's going on
[01:25:44.220]and so if you can put them at ease,
[01:25:46.610]that creates a better public relations situation
[01:25:49.600]for all applicators across the board.
[01:25:52.770]Like I said, be extra careful with applications.
[01:25:55.450]It's again a highly visible area
[01:25:57.470]so we don't want to make undue mistakes
[01:26:00.640]that could've been easily avoided by paying extra attention.
[01:26:05.480]Carelessness.
[01:26:07.120]It is possible to follow all label instructions
[01:26:10.270]and still be careless.
[01:26:13.090]So these are some tips that you need to follow
[01:26:16.550]when making applications to not become careless.
[01:26:21.960]Familiarize yourself with the area before the application.
[01:26:25.500]You don't wanna have an application area
[01:26:27.840]that has had rainfall and is muddy
[01:26:30.070]but you don't realize it til you get out further into one
[01:26:33.140]and then you're tearing up the landscape
[01:26:35.090]because it's muddy and your application equipment
[01:26:38.240]is causing damage to it.
[01:26:40.870]Take all possible steps to avoid drift.
[01:26:43.580]This is a big one,
[01:26:44.720]especially in the right-of-way application
[01:26:46.780]where some of our applications are butting up
[01:26:49.100]against fields, houses, all manner of different things.
[01:26:52.570]We need to make sure that the drift potential
[01:26:55.460]is as low as possible so that we don't accidentally
[01:26:59.820]cause damage to somebody else's property
[01:27:02.020]that is unintended consequence of our application.
[01:27:07.170]Using the proper equipment and product for the job.
[01:27:10.430]We'll talk about brownout a little bit later, but it's again
[01:27:12.850]one of those aesthetic things that people like
[01:27:15.150]the way things look and you, as an applicator, like to see
[01:27:19.010]the dead pests that is there
[01:27:21.620]so you know that your product's working.
[01:27:23.030]You having an effective treatment,
[01:27:24.900]but not everybody is as keen
[01:27:26.860]to see these brown spots as we are.
[01:27:29.800]It's one of those things
[01:27:30.730]you just have to be aware of to not do.
[01:27:34.160]Regularly check and maintain your equipment.
[01:27:36.940]This helps to avoid extra spills, leaks, seepage,
[01:27:41.090]any of that type of stuff that could be avoided
[01:27:43.410]by continuing the maintenance of your equipment
[01:27:46.260]so that it's in the best possible shape
[01:27:47.860]when making applications as possible.
[01:27:51.330]And always wearing the proper protective equipment
[01:27:54.010]not only protects you, but it also helps just promote
[01:27:57.500]a very good public relations image so that they see that
[01:28:02.130]you're doing everything proper that you need to be doing
[01:28:05.240]for an application.
[01:28:08.480]Some areas of concern when making these.
[01:28:12.290]Drainage systems.
[01:28:13.960]One thing that we're always concerned about
[01:28:15.570]is water contamination and so drainage systems,
[01:28:19.010]the appropriate pesticides for the appropriate conditions.
[01:28:22.140]Just because a drainage area that you're spraying
[01:28:25.400]does not have water currently doesn't mean that
[01:28:27.920]it wasn't designed for water to flow through
[01:28:30.710]and so it can easily transfer
[01:28:32.640]some of those pesticide residues down
[01:28:34.980]when water does get in there.
[01:28:36.280]So make sure you're using the appropriate pesticide
[01:28:39.090]for the location and the conditions.
[01:28:41.670]If its gonna rain later, maybe try something different
[01:28:45.160]with a different type of chemical.
[01:28:47.850]Grazing, especially with rights-of-way, like I said,
[01:28:50.820]where butted up against different types of property.
[01:28:53.630]Sometimes people have animals that graze.
[01:28:56.150]They'll stick their head through a fence
[01:28:57.530]and start chewing on some contaminated food for them.
[01:29:01.080]So you have to be really considerate and aware
[01:29:04.270]of the different areas that you're spraying
[01:29:06.300]in correlation to potential grazing.
[01:29:09.630]We don't want any sort of accidental death or harm
[01:29:13.300]to come to anybody's livestock from something like this.
[01:29:17.410]Again, the physical damage.
[01:29:19.080]Make sure that you are aware of the conditions
[01:29:21.170]that you're spraying in so you're not gonna cause
[01:29:22.870]any physical damage.
[01:29:24.040]If you have to go over somebody's gate
[01:29:26.730]to get to some power lines or to get to a waterway
[01:29:29.750]or something like that, that you respect their property
[01:29:32.230]and you don't damage it and cause problems with that person.
[01:29:37.710]Contamination, like we talked about, the animals,
[01:29:40.340]spreading disease could be a potential if you're spraying
[01:29:43.340]from one site and you go from one grazing pasture
[01:29:46.810]of one animal to another one, you could potentially cause
[01:29:50.440]contamination so be aware of what you're doing
[01:29:52.980]and know that that is a potential risk
[01:29:55.520]and take all the precautions that you possibly can.
[01:29:58.760]Again brown-out.
[01:30:00.160]It's one of those things that we have to be aware of.
[01:30:02.860]Some people like their aesthetics very well
[01:30:06.130]and having brown is not an acceptable way
[01:30:09.980]to have their landscape displayed
[01:30:13.400]and so just because the brown represents a good kill
[01:30:17.210]on our part doesn't mean that it's acceptable to somebody
[01:30:21.020]that has to deal with it.
[01:30:22.540]So use appropriate chemicals in that situation,
[01:30:27.040]so you know that you're doing the best that you can
[01:30:30.047]to solve the solution and keep the public happy.
[01:30:34.450]Here are just a few must-have items
[01:30:36.620]when you're making pesticide applications.
[01:30:39.030]Having the label on hand is always a requirement.
[01:30:43.640]The safety data sheets again is a requirement
[01:30:46.340]that makes everything just infinitely easier
[01:30:49.590]to have all of this stuff on hand
[01:30:52.110]so that when somebody comes and asks you a question,
[01:30:55.960]what are you spraying?
[01:30:56.910]Why are you spraying here?
[01:30:58.390]What is this gonna do?
[01:30:59.870]Are my cattle gonna be impacted?
[01:31:02.080]Do I need to worry about contamination of water?
[01:31:05.090]With all of these things in hand, you'll be able to answer
[01:31:08.440]the public's questions and help put some of their concerns
[01:31:10.970]about this at ease.
[01:31:14.030]Again, a quick to-do list on applications.
[01:31:17.380]Have any product information, the full label,
[01:31:21.100]any other requirements, say if there's an endangered species
[01:31:25.530]in the area, make sure to have that information
[01:31:27.860]kicking around so that you can say
[01:31:29.890]that you're doing your due diligence and checking to see
[01:31:32.890]if there's any endangered species so that you're not
[01:31:35.910]out of regulations with spraying for them.
[01:31:39.600]Respond to any inquiries.
[01:31:41.050]They again might be questioning what's going on
[01:31:43.940]and so they wanna know what is going on
[01:31:46.640]and if you can provide 'em with more information
[01:31:49.160]and answer all their questions in a professional manner,
[01:31:53.400]it helps put all of their worries at ease
[01:31:56.370]or at least eases some of their worries
[01:31:59.850]so that they are in a lot better place when dealing
[01:32:03.230]with pesticide applications.
[01:32:05.113](upbeat music)
[01:32:12.330]Laws and regulations are covered in chapter 10.
[01:32:15.230]Remember that these learning objectives
[01:32:17.010]are found in chapter 10 of the manual
[01:32:19.280]for you to follow along.
[01:32:21.507](upbeat music)
[01:32:25.890]Hi, my name's Trevor Johnson
[01:32:27.290]with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture
[01:32:29.220]and today I'm gonna give you a brief overview
[01:32:31.100]of the laws and regulations
[01:32:32.520]in the right-of-way category seven.
[01:32:36.780]First, I'll go over when you need a license.
[01:32:40.100]You need to have a pesticide applicator license
[01:32:42.300]any time you're applying restricted use pesticides
[01:32:44.880]in the right-of-way category.
[01:32:47.120]These licenses would fall under two different types,
[01:32:49.730]commercial and noncommercial.
[01:32:53.690]A commercial license is for someone who's applying
[01:32:56.080]to the property of another for hire or compensation
[01:32:59.370]and includes a $90 licensing fee.
[01:33:02.270]A noncommercial license is for people applying to property
[01:33:05.330]owned or directly controlled by their employer.
[01:33:08.520]They must update this employment information
[01:33:11.190]with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture
[01:33:13.450]and there's no fee.
[01:33:14.700]This would include Department of Roads employees,
[01:33:18.660]government employees or even commercial groundskeepers.
[01:33:24.450]I'll briefly go over the 60-day exemption from licensing.
[01:33:28.140]This is a provision in our law that allows a new applicator
[01:33:31.580]a period of 60 days to study
[01:33:33.530]for the Department of Agriculture exams.
[01:33:36.240]It's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
[01:33:38.850]In order to qualify,
[01:33:39.750]you can never have been licensed previously.
[01:33:42.850]You must receive and document training from your supervisor
[01:33:46.820]who would have to be a currently licensed applicator.
[01:33:49.810]And you must submit an application
[01:33:51.330]to the Department of Agriculture within 10 days
[01:33:53.490]of your first pesticide application.
[01:33:57.730]I'll go over some of the recordkeeping requirements
[01:33:59.780]for this category.
[01:34:01.390]It is not required to keep records
[01:34:03.140]of generally used pesticide applications
[01:34:05.180]in the right-of-way category.
[01:34:06.600]However, it's always recommended to protect yourself
[01:34:09.950]as well as your employer.
[01:34:12.064]It is required to keep all records
[01:34:14.720]of restricted use pesticide applications.
[01:34:18.100]So those records must be recorded
[01:34:19.810]within 48 hours of the pesticide application.
[01:34:22.820]They must be maintained for three years
[01:34:24.770]and they must be provided
[01:34:25.840]to the Nebraska Department of Agriculture upon request.
[01:34:30.150]Here is a list of all the required items for recordkeeping.
[01:34:34.300]I don't expect you to memorize these now.
[01:34:36.370]They can be found on our website,
[01:34:38.620]but I would like to point out one of the most important ones
[01:34:41.010]is the method of disposal.
[01:34:43.570]It's always important to let us know what you did
[01:34:46.480]with the product that was leftover
[01:34:47.760]after the job was completed.
[01:34:50.030]I find that a lot of applicators frequently forget that item
[01:34:52.810]when they're including their recordkeeping.
[01:34:57.720]Now I'll briefly go over some of the label requirements.
[01:35:00.670]There's a statement on every pesticide label
[01:35:02.590]approved by the EPA that it is a violation of federal law
[01:35:05.920]to use this product in a manner inconsistent
[01:35:08.460]with its labeling.
[01:35:09.860]And it is you, the applicator's responsibility
[01:35:12.620]to read and comply with all label directions.
[01:35:17.910]Here we have two products,
[01:35:19.650]both contain the active ingredient glyphosate.
[01:35:22.320]One of these products is not going to be allowed
[01:35:25.650]on right-of-way sites.
[01:35:27.200]It's actually only approved for aquatic areas.
[01:35:29.460]It's really important
[01:35:30.293]that you read through the label completely.
[01:35:32.140]Make sure the site you're applying to is listed on the label
[01:35:35.530]and that you comply
[01:35:36.460]with any other requirements found within.
[01:35:41.660]As far as right-of-way sites are concerned,
[01:35:43.310]it actually encompasses a fairly broad spectrum of land.
[01:35:47.170]Can be anything from roadsides, parking lots, driveways,
[01:35:50.580]power substations, fence lines or railroads.
[01:35:54.520]This is certainly not a complete list.
[01:35:56.140]If you have any questions about the sites
[01:35:58.830]that you're applying to and whether those are legal
[01:36:00.760]within the right-of-way category,
[01:36:02.350]please give the Department of Agriculture a call.
[01:36:07.130]Now we'll go over some of the language found on labels.
[01:36:10.310]There is mandatory language such as must or do or do not.
[01:36:15.300]This is legally enforceable language.
[01:36:18.000]It would be things such as applicators and other handlers
[01:36:20.850]must wear long sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes plus socks,
[01:36:25.320]and protective eyewear.
[01:36:27.560]Then there's also suggestive language.
[01:36:30.390]This is not going to be legally enforceable,
[01:36:32.170]however it's always recommended to follow
[01:36:34.060]any suggestive language found on the label.
[01:36:36.640]This would be statements such as should or may.
[01:36:40.120]For example, users should wash hands before eating,
[01:36:43.120]drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.
[01:36:47.130]I think we can all agree that it's certainly
[01:36:49.870]a good recommendation to do those things.
[01:36:54.090]And now we'll go over pesticide disposal.
[01:36:57.160]So the best legal method of disposing of a pesticide
[01:36:59.840]is to apply it on a label-approved site
[01:37:02.040]at a label-approved rate.
[01:37:04.076]Keep in mind that rinse water,
[01:37:05.960]when you're cleaning out your tanks,
[01:37:07.230]is considered a waste pesticide
[01:37:09.440]and should be treated as such.
[01:37:12.210]Always consult the label
[01:37:13.350]for any specific disposal information
[01:37:16.510]and if you have any questions, feel free to give
[01:37:18.720]the Department of Environmental Quality a call
[01:37:22.460]and they could answer any questions concerning disposal.
[01:37:26.430]That's all I have for you today.
[01:37:27.710]Thank for listening.
[01:37:28.620]And always remember, the label is the law.
[01:37:31.369](upbeat music)
[01:37:38.890]We have heard a lot of valuable information
[01:37:40.830]on a variety of topics today.
[01:37:43.100]We hope that this information helps you make
[01:37:45.110]informed decisions as a right-of-way pesticide applicator.
[01:37:48.880]Proper identification of vegetation,
[01:37:51.490]integrated pest management
[01:37:53.270]and safe, effective pesticide applications
[01:37:56.330]will all contribute to successful right-of-way pest control
[01:37:59.900]and will foster the public's confidence in your work.
[01:38:02.820]Thank you.
[01:38:04.070](upbeat music)

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