PSEP Public Health Recertification

Nebraska Extension Author

11/18/2019 Added

7 Plays

Description

Public health topics to become recertified for pesticide use: ticks, mosquitoes, spray calibration, fogging.

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[00:00:01.509](upbeat music)
[00:00:17.070]Hello, and welcome to
[00:00:18.050]the Public Health Recertification Training.
[00:00:20.630]This category is one that is visible
[00:00:22.660]to many individuals and can come under plenty of scrutiny.
[00:00:26.830]We have put together a variety of experts and professionals
[00:00:29.750]to help explain some important aspects of this category.
[00:00:33.280]Please pay attention as the topic is being discussed
[00:00:35.810]and think about how
[00:00:36.643]you can possibly implement these strategies
[00:00:38.950]in your public health applications.
[00:00:50.000]Hello, I'm Robert Cortinas,
[00:00:51.210]Assistant Professor of Practice,
[00:00:52.460]in the School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
[00:00:54.830]at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln,
[00:00:56.640]and what I'm walking along here right now
[00:00:58.970]is what we would call an edge, or an ecotone,
[00:01:01.520]and this is the kind of habitat that ticks prefer
[00:01:04.930]when they're looking for hosts.
[00:01:06.620]They'll get on this kind of vegetation here
[00:01:08.420]that's a little bit high off of the ground,
[00:01:10.280]people are walking along trails
[00:01:11.710]and they make themselves exposed to those ticks
[00:01:14.073]that are looking for a blood meal.
[00:01:16.930]But what I'd like to talk to you about today
[00:01:18.800]is an update on some of the tick research
[00:01:21.630]that we've been conducting in our laboratory,
[00:01:25.120]particularly in concern with the Lone Star tick.
[00:01:28.740]The scientific name of this tick is, Amblyomma americanum
[00:01:32.470]and the tick started showing up in Nebraska
[00:01:34.580]sometime around 1989 down in Richardson County,
[00:01:37.410]which is in the extreme Southeast portion of the state.
[00:01:40.200]Since then the tick has progressed its distribution.
[00:01:43.960]We find it all the way from South Central Nebraska
[00:01:46.500]up towards and north of Omaha.
[00:01:50.320]This tick is,
[00:01:51.490]once when it sets up shop within a particular location,
[00:01:54.410]it becomes the predominant tick.
[00:01:56.480]And we have been seeing very major changes
[00:01:59.370]in the populations, not only throughout the state,
[00:02:02.410]but also locally where we had
[00:02:03.790]identified the tick originally.
[00:02:07.120]The reason this tick is of concern
[00:02:08.940]is because of it's a vector of, not only tularemia,
[00:02:12.170]which is a zoonotic disease,
[00:02:14.190]but also it's the most important vector
[00:02:16.250]for the organisms that cause ehrlichiosis in humans.
[00:02:20.440]These two pathogens are Ehrlichia chaffeensis,
[00:02:23.590]as well as Ehrlichia ewingii.
[00:02:26.490]Our work has demonstrated
[00:02:28.510]that ticks that we have collected in the state
[00:02:31.000]are indeed carrying these pathogens
[00:02:33.470]and the predominant reservoir for this pathogen
[00:02:36.850]is the white-tailed deer.
[00:02:39.650]Work that we've also conducted with white-tailed deer
[00:02:42.150]demonstrate that the pathogen is found in Nebraska deer.
[00:02:46.940]So the most common, and most predominant tick in the state,
[00:02:49.840]is the American dog tick.
[00:02:51.260]It's known as, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
[00:02:53.960]It's also what people commonly refer to as the wood tick.
[00:02:58.320]But in areas in Southeast Nebraska,
[00:03:01.310]where we've done some of our work,
[00:03:03.310]the Lone Star tick is now the predominant tick.
[00:03:05.900]Once a tick sets up shop in a location
[00:03:08.520]it essentially outnumbers American dog ticks considerably.
[00:03:14.145]The Lone Star tick has a little bit different activity
[00:03:17.620]when looking for hosts.
[00:03:19.548]It's a little bit more active compared to the,
[00:03:22.620]to Dermacentor variabilis.
[00:03:26.440]Whereas Dermacentor variabilis
[00:03:28.160]typically will be found on the edges of vegetation
[00:03:31.530]waiting for a host to walk by,
[00:03:34.210]if you stand around in an appropriate location,
[00:03:37.920]whether you're on a trail or in a forest,
[00:03:40.910]you will attract Amblyomma americanum to you.
[00:03:44.550]So it's of concern to, even if you're standing around,
[00:03:47.980]to at least check yourself for these ticks
[00:03:50.230]because of their very highly aggressive nature.
[00:03:53.690]Another key feature that's different about this tick
[00:03:56.290]is that as far as Dermacentor variabilis are concerned
[00:04:00.220]only the adults are a risk to humans.
[00:04:04.750]Because of their long mouth parts, Amblyomma americanum,
[00:04:08.910]all stages of that tick will feed on humans.
[00:04:11.720]We're talking not only about the adults,
[00:04:13.770]but as well as the nymphs and the larvae,
[00:04:16.080]which are extremely small.
[00:04:18.740]Both larvae and nymphs are about the size,
[00:04:21.330]if not smaller, then a sesame seed,
[00:04:23.500]and this leads to a problem
[00:04:25.730]because a lot of individuals who get exposed to these ticks
[00:04:29.220]believe that they are actually being infested by
[00:04:33.180]what we call the blacklegged or deer tick,
[00:04:35.860]and in fact it's, it's Lone Star ticks.
[00:04:40.160]As far as we know we have not found
[00:04:42.230]any established populations of the blacklegged,
[00:04:44.630]or deer tick, in Nebraska,
[00:04:46.910]although we have had some introductions of the tick
[00:04:49.690]in various places.
[00:04:51.200]But the important thing to note here
[00:04:53.310]is we do not have any areas that we know of
[00:04:56.360]where the tick has been established.
[00:04:58.560]There are several issues with the Lone Start tick.
[00:05:01.500]First of all it's just their very large mouth parts.
[00:05:04.020]Their mouth parts are so large
[00:05:05.910]that they can actually introduce
[00:05:08.800]just pathogens that are in the soil deep into wounds
[00:05:11.550]and create abscesses and other problems.
[00:05:14.830]Even, you could even have inflammation
[00:05:17.030]and infection of muscle tissue
[00:05:18.960]that's how deep these bites can be.
[00:05:22.230]Another concern is obviously some of the disease pathogens
[00:05:25.180]that are being transmitted by this tick
[00:05:27.680]and we've already touched a little bit on ehrlichiosis.
[00:05:32.460]Lone Star ticks are also a pathogen for tularemia,
[00:05:35.210]which is a zoonotic agent,
[00:05:37.020]it's caused by what we call,
[00:05:38.820]by the bacterium called, Francisella tularensis.
[00:05:41.730]And even though this organism can be transmitted
[00:05:43.840]in a variety of ways, for example,
[00:05:45.930]touching a carcass that's been infected
[00:05:47.670]by that pathogen.
[00:05:49.410]Tick transmission is another,
[00:05:51.530]and pretty important way, by which the organism gets access
[00:05:54.750]to humans as well as domestic animals.
[00:05:57.720]If caught early enough, again,
[00:05:59.070]this organism can also be treated with antibiotics.
[00:06:03.770]Lone Star ticks are also important
[00:06:05.560]for a variety of other lesser known organisms,
[00:06:09.460]but two viruses of concern have emerged
[00:06:12.880]that are disconcerting because of the high mortality rates
[00:06:17.570]that have been seen.
[00:06:19.050]The first one is what we call Heartland virus.
[00:06:21.440]Luckily prevalence of this virus in ticks
[00:06:25.620]is extremely rare.
[00:06:27.930]But it is disconcerting that we're seeing this virus
[00:06:31.030]so close to Nebraska.
[00:06:33.560]Another viral pathogen that was described
[00:06:36.060]is Bourbon virus.
[00:06:38.100]This virus caused the death of an individual
[00:06:41.080]in Bourbon County, Kansas.
[00:06:43.040]Again, this pathogen seems to be extremely rare,
[00:06:46.140]but the consequences seem to be very dire.
[00:06:50.140]The important thing about tick-borne diseases
[00:06:53.310]is being able to reduce the risk of tick bites.
[00:06:58.650]So it's very critical
[00:06:59.880]that after you've been out in the field
[00:07:02.180]to inspect yourself and remove any ticks
[00:07:04.330]that may be attached.
[00:07:06.880]Another important thing to do
[00:07:08.040]is to take measures to ensure
[00:07:10.800]that you're not being exposed to ticks.
[00:07:12.670]That may include chemical barriers for example,
[00:07:15.080]using DEET, or IR3535,
[00:07:19.290]maybe even treating clothes with Permethrin.
[00:07:22.420]Another important thing may be to create physical barriers.
[00:07:25.230]For example, putting your socks over your long pants.
[00:07:28.260]There's nothing, you may not look great,
[00:07:30.290]but believe me it's better to not look great
[00:07:33.010]then to acquire one of these tick-borne pathogens.
[00:07:36.380]Another important thing to note
[00:07:37.930]is that once you've removed the tick
[00:07:39.530]make sure you save that tick.
[00:07:41.090]It doesn't matter what kind of alcohol you put it in,
[00:07:44.020]if it's Isopropyl, or otherwise rubbing alcohol, or ethanol,
[00:07:47.940]the important thing is to save that tick,
[00:07:50.180]hold onto it for at least two weeks,
[00:07:52.120]and if you start to develop any signs, or symptoms,
[00:07:55.460]that are, that appear to be related
[00:07:58.060]to some tick-borne pathogen,
[00:07:59.660]to be able to turn those over to your physician,
[00:08:02.430]or to, send 'em to our,
[00:08:05.050]to the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Lab,
[00:08:07.630]in order to test them for any pathogens.
[00:08:18.540]Hello again, we're gonna be touching on a few
[00:08:21.090]mosquito-borne diseases.
[00:08:23.290]And the first one I'd like to start off with
[00:08:25.210]is West Nile Virus.
[00:08:27.680]West Nile Virus is an arthropod-borne virus.
[00:08:31.290]And what that means is that it's transmitted
[00:08:34.050]by an arthropod, in this case, it's a mosquito.
[00:08:37.610]Some interesting little facts
[00:08:39.160]to remember about West Nile
[00:08:40.480]is that West Nile Virus is a virus
[00:08:42.330]that's maintained by birds as well as mosquitoes.
[00:08:47.930]And the two most important mosquitoes in Nebraska,
[00:08:51.100]and in the United States,
[00:08:52.620]for transmitting West Nile Virus,
[00:08:55.040]to those birds, as well as mammalian hosts,
[00:08:58.240]are Culex pipiens as well as Culex tarsalis.
[00:09:04.030]Humans and horses can sometimes end up
[00:09:06.540]being bit by mosquitoes and when they do
[00:09:09.300]some of those individuals can get pretty sick,
[00:09:11.600]that's why West Nile is a concern.
[00:09:14.390]And definitely this is the most important
[00:09:17.290]mosquito-borne disease in the state.
[00:09:20.790]A little history on West Nile Virus.
[00:09:22.360]It was first described in 1937
[00:09:24.900]in the West Nile province of Uganda,
[00:09:28.210]that's how it derived it's name.
[00:09:30.160]And it kinda spread through Asia and Europe,
[00:09:34.170]rest of Africa, and then in 1999
[00:09:36.570]it showed up in New York City.
[00:09:38.890]Subsequent to that in 2002,
[00:09:41.980]the first cases of West Nile Virus were shown
[00:09:45.830]in birds and horses as well as humans.
[00:09:49.200]Today it is the most frequently reported,
[00:09:51.240]and most important mosquito-borne disease
[00:09:54.360]in the state as well as in the High Plains.
[00:09:58.230]As far as mosquito's are concerned
[00:09:59.800]at least 60 species of mosquitoes
[00:10:02.550]have been found with the West Nile Virus.
[00:10:06.450]Those include mosquitoes in the genus Culex, Aedes,
[00:10:10.310]Psorophora, as well as Anopheles.
[00:10:13.100]However, not all mosquitoes are able to transmit the virus.
[00:10:16.810]And we know that Culex mosquitoes,
[00:10:20.010]for example, Culex pipiens, and Culex tarsalis,
[00:10:23.300]play an important role
[00:10:24.810]in transmitting the virus among birds.
[00:10:29.990]Now Culex pipiens is the Northern house mosquito
[00:10:32.630]and it is the primary vector for the virus
[00:10:35.170]in the United States.
[00:10:36.520]It's also a very important vector in urban areas.
[00:10:40.620]This mosquito is a standing water,
[00:10:43.440]or an artificial container, breading mosquito.
[00:10:46.500]Essentially it's associated
[00:10:47.640]with these waters that sit around
[00:10:49.520]and have high-organic content.
[00:10:52.420]A method of strategy of decreasing the risk
[00:10:55.210]for West Nile Virus is to reduce mosquito numbers
[00:10:58.230]and that's why it's always suggested
[00:11:00.590]to inform home owners to be able to
[00:11:03.890]get rid of things around the peridomestic habitat,
[00:11:07.057]the peridomestic environment,
[00:11:09.330]of things that can contain water.
[00:11:13.030]Also other things to be aware of are, for example,
[00:11:16.850]broken septic systems, lagoons,
[00:11:20.140]and other kinds of pools where water becomes stagnant
[00:11:25.300]and has high organic matter,
[00:11:26.530]those are great breeding areas for this mosquito.
[00:11:32.060]The other important mosquito for us in Nebraska,
[00:11:34.570]and in the Western United States, is Culex tarsalis.
[00:11:37.560]This is the Western encephalitis mosquito.
[00:11:40.330]And indeed it is the most important vector in our state.
[00:11:43.670]It's associated with irrigated agricultural lands
[00:11:47.260]in Central and Western Nebraska.
[00:11:49.610]And where the female likes to lay her eggs
[00:11:52.430]will be in those permanent and temporary ground water pools
[00:11:57.050]that remain kind of stagnant for a little period,
[00:11:59.940]but do have high organic matter.
[00:12:04.170]Now the majority of individuals, of humans,
[00:12:07.790]that become infected with the virus,
[00:12:09.820]do not demonstrate clinical signs,
[00:12:11.780]they don't have any clinical symptoms.
[00:12:13.980]And when they do show clinical symptoms,
[00:12:16.352]approximately 20% of people who do get infected,
[00:12:19.890]they tend to be very mild.
[00:12:21.350]Some people will just say, well,
[00:12:22.640]I have some kind of a summer cold,
[00:12:24.470]that's all that's going on.
[00:12:26.110]Usually those symptoms occur
[00:12:27.800]three to 14 days following that mosquito bite,
[00:12:30.940]and in most people generally last five days, or so,
[00:12:36.060]but there will be some individuals,
[00:12:38.060]healthy individuals, that will have those symptoms
[00:12:40.640]for two weeks.
[00:12:42.520]So symptoms include: fever; headache; body aches;
[00:12:45.870]nausea; vomiting; swollen lymph nodes;
[00:12:48.500]and occasionally a skin rash
[00:12:50.600]that appears on the trunk.
[00:12:52.860]The next virus I'd like to discuss is Zika virus.
[00:12:56.463]Zika virus is the most recent mosquito-borne virus
[00:12:59.030]to enter the United States.
[00:13:00.890]It's transmitted primarily by two mosquitoes,
[00:13:04.850]Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
[00:13:08.180]Humans are the only vertebrate host for this virus.
[00:13:11.770]There is no animal reservoir.
[00:13:14.570]And finally the strangest fact about this virus
[00:13:20.080]is that this is an arthropod-borne virus
[00:13:22.050]that can also be transmitted sexually
[00:13:24.540]among human partners.
[00:13:29.090]The two mosquitoes that are associated
[00:13:30.580]with Zika transmission are
[00:13:32.450]the Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
[00:13:36.110]This mosquito is associated with tropical,
[00:13:39.610]and subtropical climates.
[00:13:41.130]It's only found in the Southern United States,
[00:13:43.640]but what makes it the primary vector
[00:13:45.490]is that this is a mosquito that has evolved with humans.
[00:13:48.660]It preferentially feeds on people
[00:13:51.160]and so it makes it the most important factor
[00:13:53.340]particularly because this is a virus
[00:13:55.010]that's maintained by people.
[00:13:58.137]Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito,
[00:14:00.380]the ones associated particularly with the fire trade,
[00:14:03.980]can be found in, in more Northern latitudes,
[00:14:08.200]that it does have a broader temperature range.
[00:14:11.360]It can tolerate cooler temperatures,
[00:14:13.820]more so than Aedes Aegypti.
[00:14:16.280]There have been cases where we have found
[00:14:18.920]Aedes albopictus here in Nebraska,
[00:14:22.260]but again these are populations
[00:14:23.440]that are extremely sparse,
[00:14:24.810]and they seem to come and go,
[00:14:26.060]don't seem to be well-established.
[00:14:29.188]But the reason why these mosquitoes
[00:14:32.750]tend to be secondary vectors
[00:14:34.800]is that they will preferentially feed on animals
[00:14:37.790]as well as people.
[00:14:39.180]So they don't, and they're not associated necessarily
[00:14:42.390]with human habitats.
[00:14:44.070]So all though they may play a role
[00:14:46.010]they're not as important of a vector
[00:14:48.630]as Aedes aegypti, which is pretty much
[00:14:51.710]a mosquito of humans.
[00:14:55.360]The concern with Zika virus
[00:14:57.070]is individuals, females who are pregnant,
[00:15:01.670]being exposed to Zika virus while they have a fetus.
[00:15:06.420]And because that has been associated with birth defects,
[00:15:09.650]as well as other complications during that pregnancy.
[00:15:12.790]The one that most individuals are aware of,
[00:15:15.520]most people are aware of,
[00:15:16.390]because it took a lot of talk on the media,
[00:15:20.240]is this phenomenon called microcephaly,
[00:15:22.660]which essentially a reduction in the cranium
[00:15:25.825]as well as the brain.
[00:15:28.380]But there are other things that have been demonstrated
[00:15:30.610]that can happen with infection,
[00:15:31.890]with Zika virus during pregnancy,
[00:15:34.530]including: brain damage; damage to the nervous system;
[00:15:38.550]and in some cases miscarriage as well, stillbirth.
[00:15:42.870]What is known, what has been demonstrated
[00:15:45.460]that it doesn't seem to be any problems
[00:15:47.840]with future pregnancies, if a woman is infected
[00:15:52.850]during the time of a current pregnancy.
[00:15:55.400]And also there appears to be no reports of transmission
[00:15:59.700]of Zika through breastfeeding.
[00:16:02.660]The final disease I'd like to talk about
[00:16:04.970]is canine heartworm or dog heartworm.
[00:16:08.260]This is the most important
[00:16:09.290]mosquito-borne disease with dogs in the United States
[00:16:12.570]as well as in Nebraska.
[00:16:15.410]This isn't a virus that causes it,
[00:16:17.130]as the name would imply,
[00:16:18.070]this disease is caused by a nematode
[00:16:21.620]and it has to be transmitted by an infective mosquito,
[00:16:24.820]that's an important point.
[00:16:25.980]There is no dog-to-dog transmission of this pathogen.
[00:16:31.870]Approximately 25% of Nebraska mosquito species
[00:16:35.080]can serve as vectors and dogs and cats
[00:16:39.380]are placed on preventative medicine
[00:16:41.630]to try to prevent disease,
[00:16:43.600]but also from more of a community standpoint
[00:16:46.630]to not allow those animals to be sources
[00:16:49.540]of the pathogen to other dogs and cats in the community.
[00:16:55.830]So in this map what we're seeing here
[00:16:57.640]is the number of cases per clinic as of 2016.
[00:17:01.700]And what we see here is that contrary
[00:17:04.800]to some popular, some individuals say
[00:17:08.670]that we don't have heartworm in Nebraska,
[00:17:10.190]we do in fact do have heartworm.
[00:17:12.370]And it may be in some areas it's just under reported,
[00:17:15.120]we not have too many veterinary clinics out here
[00:17:17.520]that would be able to report.
[00:17:19.420]But we defiantly see an association
[00:17:21.210]with those river corridors, where we have the most people
[00:17:24.480]and we have more humidity
[00:17:26.070]to allow for some of these mosquitoes
[00:17:28.110]to essentially build up in high populations.
[00:17:31.600]So we do definitely have heartworm disease in Nebraska.
[00:17:37.410]Now, unlike the other two diseases we talked about
[00:17:40.370]many mosquitoes can serve as vectors
[00:17:42.610]for this nematode.
[00:17:44.600]And approximately 25% of the 60 or so
[00:17:48.930]mosquito species that we have in Nebraska
[00:17:51.210]can serve as very efficient vectors.
[00:17:55.430]An important thing is that
[00:17:56.710]mosquitoes are required for development,
[00:17:58.970]it's what we call, intermediate hosts.
[00:18:01.570]Without the mosquito you cannot have transmission
[00:18:05.460]from one dog to another.
[00:18:07.070]So the mosquito plays an integral part
[00:18:09.180]in the life cycle of the pathogen.
[00:18:13.370]As far as testing, only dogs and cats are tested
[00:18:15.630]for heartworm infection and as far as treatment
[00:18:18.400]only dogs are being treated for infections.
[00:18:22.610]That is the recommendation then is
[00:18:24.290]to avoid getting to that point,
[00:18:26.310]is to have dogs and cats
[00:18:27.960]on preventative medication.
[00:18:29.820]Again, to prevent disease,
[00:18:31.930]but from a community standpoint,
[00:18:33.610]for those animals not to serve as a source
[00:18:36.140]of infection for others.
[00:18:47.170]Hello, my name is Tom Janousek.
[00:18:49.220]I work with Pest Consulting Services,
[00:18:51.420]but today I'm representing
[00:18:52.510]the Nebraska Mosquito and Vector Control Association.
[00:18:55.570]We're here, we're gonna be training
[00:18:56.820]a little about mosquitoes and mosquito control.
[00:18:59.860]Mosquito control is a very important function
[00:19:02.170]in our daily work environment.
[00:19:04.720]And Nebraska is actually
[00:19:06.690]the third highest state in the country
[00:19:09.920]with positive West Nile Virus cases.
[00:19:12.950]We're second in the country in average deaths
[00:19:16.080]and we're first in the country in blood donors
[00:19:18.990]that become positive for West Nile.
[00:19:21.070]So not only do we control mosquitoes for nuisance control,
[00:19:23.650]we wanna have a nice picnic, we wanna have a nice summer,
[00:19:26.300]we wanna enjoy a campground,
[00:19:29.530]but our primary purpose for mosquito control
[00:19:32.440]is to reduce the mosquitoes that carry disease.
[00:19:35.170]So in this training video
[00:19:37.140]we're gonna discuss various issues.
[00:19:38.590]We're gonna talk about mosquito biology right now.
[00:19:40.970]We're gonna talk about surveillance
[00:19:42.460]and various control efforts.
[00:19:44.870]So in Nebraska we have three different kinds of mosquitoes.
[00:19:48.660]We have the Culex type mosquito
[00:19:51.110]that lays eggs in standing water.
[00:19:53.690]And that water has to sit there for a few days
[00:19:55.237]and has to be stinky.
[00:19:56.260]I like to call it the stinky-water mosquitoes.
[00:19:59.030]The mosquitoes will lay a raft of eggs
[00:20:01.910]on top of that stinky water
[00:20:03.260]and in a few days they'll hatch
[00:20:05.360]and the Culex are the disease carriers
[00:20:07.640]and so that's why it's important
[00:20:08.720]that if we're in our backyards
[00:20:10.130]we need to eliminate standing water
[00:20:11.990]because that's where the primary habitat
[00:20:14.160]for the Culex mosquito is.
[00:20:16.220]The second type of mosquito
[00:20:17.490]that we're gonna probably see in our habitat right now
[00:20:19.616]is a Floodwater mosquito.
[00:20:21.910]They lay single eggs on the edges of ponds
[00:20:24.590]in low areas, when a water event such as rain,
[00:20:27.770]or irrigation, when it reaches those eggs
[00:20:30.120]those eggs will hatch
[00:20:31.800]and then you're gonna have a surge of mosquitoes
[00:20:33.650]probably two weeks later.
[00:20:35.070]In the spring and early summer
[00:20:36.460]that's what we see a lot of is,
[00:20:37.690]are these Floodwater mosquitoes,
[00:20:40.250]and I call 'em nuisance mosquitoes
[00:20:41.610]because they bite and they're very ferocious,
[00:20:44.530]but they don't carry very many diseases.
[00:20:47.640]The third kind of mosquito
[00:20:49.050]is kind of a mix of in-between, it's the Anopheles type.
[00:20:51.810]They lay single eggs on the water surface.
[00:20:55.210]So we had three types,
[00:20:56.220]we had the Culex, raft of eggs on stinky water,
[00:20:59.290]we have the Floodwater Aedes mosquitoes
[00:21:01.510]that lay eggs along the edges of low areas, or ponds,
[00:21:04.480]and the third type is Anopheles that lay single eggs
[00:21:07.170]on the surface of the water.
[00:21:09.290]Okay, a mosquito has a complete life cycle.
[00:21:12.610]They go through an egg, a larval stage,
[00:21:15.330]a pupal stage, and then the adult.
[00:21:17.880]We just discussed some of the ways
[00:21:19.690]mosquitoes will lay their eggs.
[00:21:21.340]Whether it be standing water or floodwater.
[00:21:25.220]Then the larvae hatch, goes through four instars,
[00:21:29.160]from small to fourth instar, and that's the feeding stage.
[00:21:33.220]They'll feed on anything in the water,
[00:21:34.870]the algae, small microorganisms.
[00:21:37.580]Then they, from the larval stage,
[00:21:39.520]they'll molt into a pupal stage,
[00:21:42.230]which is a resting stage.
[00:21:44.200]The egg to pupa, depending upon temperature,
[00:21:48.410]may take about 10 days, about two days in the pupal stage,
[00:21:53.350]and then the adults emerge from the pupa.
[00:21:56.280]And you'll have either a male,
[00:21:57.840]or a female mosquito emerge, it's roughly 50 and 50,
[00:22:01.220]50% male, 50% female.
[00:22:04.300]The male lives a very short period of time.
[00:22:07.857]It only takes sugar water, it doesn't take any blood meals.
[00:22:12.440]It has very disfigured palpi
[00:22:16.190]It doesn't palpi up front to take sugar water
[00:22:20.090]as opposed to a blood meal.
[00:22:21.740]It has little claspers at the end of its abdomen
[00:22:24.180]and that's how it grasps hold of the female
[00:22:26.350]during flight to mate.
[00:22:28.120]The female mosquito will actually live about two weeks
[00:22:31.100]and its, it takes a blood meal.
[00:22:33.090]It uses the protein in the blood meal
[00:22:35.340]to produce the eggs, the yolks and the protein.
[00:22:38.750]A female mosquito can take three blood meals
[00:22:41.640]during their lifetime.
[00:22:44.130]During that time she can pick up the virus,
[00:22:46.260]the first blood meal, and then pass off
[00:22:48.100]any kinds of diseases thereafter.
[00:22:50.160]A female mosquito can also,
[00:22:51.450]some of 'em can hibernate.
[00:22:53.040]So you'll get some mosquitoes, such as the Culex,
[00:22:55.940]that will hibernate over winter.
[00:22:58.490]Mosquito adults are most active at night.
[00:23:02.440]About a half hour before official sunset
[00:23:05.760]till a little bit before sunrise,
[00:23:07.960]that's the Culex type mosquito.
[00:23:09.900]However, there are few mosquitoes
[00:23:11.420]that are active during the day
[00:23:12.970]and these are the Aedes-type mosquitoes.
[00:23:15.250]You'll find 'em in cool shaded habitats,
[00:23:17.850]under trees, but primarily the mosquitoes in Nebraska
[00:23:21.790]are nighttime flyers.
[00:23:24.290]Okay, we're here today in Pioneers Park
[00:23:26.470]in Lincoln, Nebraska, to talk about various aspects
[00:23:29.690]of mosquito control.
[00:23:31.180]We're gonna talk about surveillance, larva surveillance now,
[00:23:34.180]and a little later
[00:23:35.315]we're going to talk about adult surveillance
[00:23:36.297]and various control measures.
[00:23:38.420]So, in this larva surveillance of this pond
[00:23:41.680]I'm gonna be looking probably for the Floodwater mosquitoes
[00:23:44.060]that lay their eggs along the edges of the pond.
[00:23:46.170]And my surveillance technique, device, equipment,
[00:23:48.970]is very simple, it's a dipper at the end of a pole.
[00:23:52.610]And I've seen some dippers that extend way out,
[00:23:55.990]some are really short.
[00:23:57.480]Another important tool for larval surveillance is boots.
[00:24:01.830]You need to, if you wanna get out
[00:24:03.040]in some of these mucky murky areas,
[00:24:04.840]you're gonna have to have boots.
[00:24:06.600]So I'm gonna take some samples using my dipper.
[00:24:10.090]Dipping is a learned technique.
[00:24:13.320]It's not too difficult to learn,
[00:24:15.370]but there are various different kinds of dipping.
[00:24:18.300]There is the plunge technique
[00:24:19.670]where I make a quick plunge right where there's vegetation.
[00:24:22.737]And then I'll pull it towards me
[00:24:24.750]and I'll look in the bottom and I'll see
[00:24:26.920]what kind of larvae are in there.
[00:24:28.570]There also could be a skim technique.
[00:24:31.230]If we have very shallow water
[00:24:33.130]we just may skim the surface of the water
[00:24:35.910]for mosquito larvae.
[00:24:37.290]There is various other techniques where we would just
[00:24:40.010]submerge this dipper and let the water flow in,
[00:24:43.890]that's good against vegetation,
[00:24:45.750]so that I could sweep that into the a,
[00:24:48.010]into the dipper there.
[00:24:50.540]Very simply then I'm gonna look inside
[00:24:52.840]to see what kind of larvae I'm gonna have.
[00:24:56.660]So I'm gonna take a dip now
[00:24:57.810]and then I'm gonna pour it into a white pan
[00:25:00.450]and then we're gonna see what kind of instars,
[00:25:02.722]or what kind of larvae that we have.
[00:25:04.110]Okay, from my dip we dumped the water in a white pan here
[00:25:08.160]and I can easily see how many larvae we have.
[00:25:10.930]The larger larvae are the fourth instar.
[00:25:14.640]Mosquitoes go through four instars, or growth stages.
[00:25:18.930]From the first you see a little tiny one in there
[00:25:21.030]and all the way up to the fourth.
[00:25:23.330]The larvae are the feeding stage
[00:25:26.360]and so they're actively feeding on algae, on plankton,
[00:25:30.140]or other kind of protozoans in the water.
[00:25:32.420]And then it turns into a pupil stage,
[00:25:35.400]I have a pupa right there,
[00:25:36.357]do you see it kind of flicking around,
[00:25:38.040]the larvae are called, tumblers.
[00:25:40.420]So the larvae are called wigglers,
[00:25:41.520]and a pupa is a tumbler,
[00:25:43.040]and you can kind of see that guy tumbling.
[00:25:45.550]And so the pupal stage is the resting stage
[00:25:48.400]and that's the reason why we will find mosquito larvae
[00:25:53.120]in calm habitats because if any kind of wind,
[00:25:56.340]or disturbance on the water, you'll kill the pupae
[00:25:59.297]and more then likely you'll kill the larval stages.
[00:26:02.570]So we have a mixed collection from my sample here.
[00:26:06.730]I've got really tiny first instars
[00:26:08.540]all the way up to fourth instars,
[00:26:11.310]and I've got some pupae.
[00:26:12.840]The mosquito larvae need to take a breath of air
[00:26:16.030]and how they accomplish that is they have
[00:26:17.820]a little breathing tube at the end of their abdomen
[00:26:20.300]and that enables them to, it's like a snorkel tube,
[00:26:23.200]they can come to the surface
[00:26:24.240]and grab a gulp of air.
[00:26:25.920]So, another surveillance tool that we could've used
[00:26:29.340]by putting the water in the pan
[00:26:30.500]is could've used a turkey baster
[00:26:31.560]or some kind of small pipette.
[00:26:33.300]This enables us to collect water
[00:26:36.100]maybe from a can or a device where I can't use my dipper.
[00:26:40.370]So we've did some surveillance here of this pond.
[00:26:42.700]We did find some mosquito larvae.
[00:26:45.270]We're gonna continue now with probably adult surveillance
[00:26:48.680]and Brock's gonna take it from here.
[00:26:58.700]Hi, my name is Brock Hanisch,
[00:26:59.880]I'm from Lincoln/Lancaster County Health Department.
[00:27:01.800]I'm gonna be showing you some
[00:27:02.633]of the trapping procedures that we utilize
[00:27:04.410]to catch adult mosquitoes.
[00:27:06.640]This first trap that we have right here
[00:27:08.500]is actually called, a Gravid Trap.
[00:27:10.380]What you do is you've got water down in here
[00:27:12.760]and what you're collecting are adult female mosquitoes
[00:27:15.920]that come down to test out the water,
[00:27:19.010]if it's gonna be, you know, suitable for laying eggs,
[00:27:21.590]and in so doing they eventually get sucked up
[00:27:23.570]and trapped in this collection cage
[00:27:25.740]which you can then collect later.
[00:27:27.650]The next trap we have here is a New Jersey light trap.
[00:27:31.180]We can see it's a little bit larger.
[00:27:32.750]This is gonna be utilizing electricity.
[00:27:35.920]You've got a timer if you need to utilize that.
[00:27:39.620]What you're actually doing here is you have
[00:27:41.250]an incandescent light bulb in here
[00:27:42.850]that turns on when you've got it turned on
[00:27:45.530]that's gonna draw all insects to this light.
[00:27:48.870]And it's also got a fan that's gonna be
[00:27:51.680]forcing the insects collected inferiorly,
[00:27:55.770]and once they get down to this location here
[00:27:57.930]there's gonna be an insecticide
[00:27:59.450]that's most likely gonna kill the majority of your insects
[00:28:02.120]that you collect and then they're collected in a jar
[00:28:04.080]at the base of this trap.
[00:28:06.350]This next trap here we've been utilizing
[00:28:08.820]the past few years, here in Nebraska,
[00:28:11.310]primarily looking for Aedes genus mosquitoes
[00:28:13.870]to include aegypti and albopictus
[00:28:16.240]with the concern of Zika.
[00:28:18.920]This is called the BG Sentinel trap
[00:28:22.001]and this utilizes a scent lure
[00:28:23.770]which is supposed to mimic human flesh.
[00:28:26.530]So you've actually got a fan
[00:28:28.250]and a battery down in here.
[00:28:29.700]Your scent lure fits right here
[00:28:31.350]and you've got a collection vessel
[00:28:32.353]that you set on top of the trap here.
[00:28:35.390]As the mosquitoes approach
[00:28:37.140]they actually get sucked down into this net
[00:28:40.230]and as long as the battery is holding out
[00:28:42.517]and the fan's spinning it's gonna hold 'em there.
[00:28:45.280]Our next trap here is called a Light trap as well.
[00:28:49.210]This utilizes CO2 to mimic a mammal breathing in essence.
[00:28:54.720]So this is just an igloo container, a thermos,
[00:28:58.590]which we fill with dry ice.
[00:29:00.010]It's got holes in the bottom
[00:29:01.250]and we pop the top here to allow CO2 to sublimate
[00:29:06.030]and turn into a gas and diffuse.
[00:29:09.620]This will also be hooked up to a battery.
[00:29:12.010]And what we've got down here
[00:29:13.300]is there's a light and a fan
[00:29:15.470]so as the mosquitoes approach
[00:29:17.350]they get closer to the light
[00:29:18.750]and they're drawing in towards the CO2
[00:29:20.960]and they get sucked down and, pushed rather,
[00:29:23.480]down into this collection vessel.
[00:29:26.480]And then the next morning
[00:29:27.600]when we go to collect the mosquitoes
[00:29:29.650]we pinch it off, tie it,
[00:29:33.530]put it in our cooler with dry ice,
[00:29:35.640]take it back to the lab to sort the mosquitoes.
[00:29:40.550]Another easy way to perform surveillance
[00:29:43.120]for adult mosquitoes is by rustling around
[00:29:45.740]some of the brush, or vegetation,
[00:29:48.770]and in so doing you stand and wait
[00:29:51.410]and count the number of mosquitoes
[00:29:52.820]that land from the waist down.
[00:29:55.260]You can also utilize one of these electric aspirators
[00:29:58.680]to actually pick up some of these mosquitoes
[00:30:00.810]that have landed on you for further identification.
[00:30:04.060]When you're doing this it's important to remember
[00:30:05.870]that you should be wearing long pants, long sleeves,
[00:30:09.070]and there's always that potential
[00:30:10.620]for being bitten and infected by a mosquito.
[00:30:13.490]So the point of performing surveillance,
[00:30:15.660]the adult mosquito surveillance,
[00:30:17.210]in and around the city of Lincoln,
[00:30:19.950]is primarily we can actually get
[00:30:21.210]a handle or a count on the various species
[00:30:23.550]and the quantity of the mosquitoes
[00:30:25.910]in and around the area.
[00:30:27.620]So by collecting these mosquitoes
[00:30:29.970]we can do rough sorts where we can actually see
[00:30:32.260]the various types of mosquito that are present,
[00:30:34.280]but we can also take subsamples of that
[00:30:36.047]and take it to the lab and have them tested
[00:30:38.300]to see if there are any viruses present
[00:30:40.640]so we can look for positive pools.
[00:30:43.630]So setting these traps up in and around Lincoln
[00:30:46.730]it's gonna help us localize the numbers of mosquitoes,
[00:30:49.727]and the species of mosquitoes,
[00:30:51.180]so we can better treat those particular areas,
[00:30:53.320]or get a handle on the potential hot spots
[00:30:56.330]in and around town.
[00:30:58.560]The other nice part about the surveillance aspect,
[00:31:01.420]for adult mosquitoes, is that it's gonna help us out
[00:31:03.550]with cost savings over time.
[00:31:06.180]So taking these trapping procedures into account
[00:31:08.380]hopefully it can help you implement surveillance techniques
[00:31:12.000]in your community.
[00:31:21.710]So in this segment we're gonna start talking about
[00:31:23.850]the control of mosquitoes.
[00:31:26.100]Specifically we're gonna talk about
[00:31:27.270]larval mosquito control.
[00:31:28.640]One of the best ways a homeowner, or a city,
[00:31:31.590]can control mosquitoes, larval mosquitoes,
[00:31:33.870]is by eliminating trash piles,
[00:31:35.570]or reducing the debris in their backyard.
[00:31:37.940]This is a, could be a typical setup in a backyard,
[00:31:41.630]or a trash dump, or a trash pile.
[00:31:45.060]And so all these mosquitoes are potentially
[00:31:47.820]the West Nile Virus mosquito spreader.
[00:31:49.702]They're the stagnant water mosquitoes
[00:31:51.700]that lay a raft of eggs standing stinky water.
[00:31:54.890]So mosquito-control personnel,
[00:31:57.280]if they wanna survey this area,
[00:31:58.890]it'd be too tight, too small,
[00:32:00.490]to use the dipper that we used previously.
[00:32:03.000]So they may wanna use a turkey baster.
[00:32:04.670]It's just simply a tube
[00:32:06.910]with a little suction device
[00:32:08.020]and they just suck up the water.
[00:32:10.020]And then you put it into a pan
[00:32:12.340]and then now you're able
[00:32:13.173]to see if there's any mosquito larvae
[00:32:14.620]present in that container.
[00:32:16.270]You'll be able to see the type.
[00:32:18.430]We have some fourth instars here,
[00:32:20.240]and then also the abundance.
[00:32:21.870]But simply the homeowner can just dump all these containers.
[00:32:25.520]It takes three or four days of standing water
[00:32:28.750]to produce mosquitoes.
[00:32:31.070]So every, twice a week, go around your yard,
[00:32:34.590]clean out your gutters, clean out your tarps,
[00:32:38.580]even a little tarp like this
[00:32:39.740]can hold enough water for mosquitoes.
[00:32:42.380]Anything that will, flowerpots,
[00:32:44.400]the little catch basin underneath
[00:32:45.950]will hold water for mosquitoes.
[00:32:48.880]I've seen 'em in buckets, dog bowls, pet dishes.
[00:32:52.250]I've seen 'em in tarps on boats,
[00:32:53.840]I've seen 'em in boats, I've seen 'em in tubs.
[00:32:55.850]So anything that can hold water
[00:32:57.080]for about three or four days
[00:32:58.090]has the potential to produce mosquitoes.
[00:33:00.960]Simply just dump all these things, turn 'em over.
[00:33:04.120]So we've done our surveillance, larval surveillance,
[00:33:07.110]and with various techniques
[00:33:09.080]we've found mosquito larvae present
[00:33:11.300]and now we can treat.
[00:33:13.000]And I wanna emphasize that you need to follow the label
[00:33:15.510]of these products because the label will tell you when,
[00:33:17.920]and tell you how, and tell you various important information
[00:33:21.070]when we treat the site.
[00:33:22.880]So I have various mosquito control products here,
[00:33:26.320]different modes of action,
[00:33:27.840]but all very efficient.
[00:33:30.010]The most common mosquito-control product
[00:33:33.330]is a product called, Bti, it's Bacillus Thuringiensis,
[00:33:38.420]and then strain israelensis, for short we call it Bti.
[00:33:42.680]And it's simply a bacteria put on
[00:33:45.850]a substrate that will float,
[00:33:47.180]in this case it's probably corncobs that's ground up.
[00:33:49.750]And we want it to float to the surface
[00:33:51.110]because that's where the mosquito larvae are gonna be,
[00:33:52.640]they're gonna be feeding at the surface.
[00:33:54.520]So this is a Bti, it's a naturally occurring slow bacteria
[00:33:58.160]and it only affects very few insects,
[00:33:59.840]mosquitoes and a black fly.
[00:34:01.170]So this is Bti on corncobs.
[00:34:03.576]And then we can go up a little bit.
[00:34:04.590]This is a water disposable pack
[00:34:06.210]so if we have an area that may be 20 feet away
[00:34:08.800]that we can't access with our larvae control
[00:34:10.900]we can just take this and then toss it
[00:34:12.540]into that little pond area there and it will,
[00:34:15.100]the packet will dissolve.
[00:34:16.560]And it's made out of I believe soybean oil, I believe,
[00:34:19.500]but it will dissolve and then you'll have your,
[00:34:21.600]your control product in the right place that you want it.
[00:34:24.560]The next thing that a lot of homeowners have used
[00:34:26.530]are these called doughnuts.
[00:34:28.410]The same principle, it's the Bti put on corncob granules
[00:34:32.740]and this doughnut will float on the water surface.
[00:34:36.220]It will last you about 20 days
[00:34:37.820]and it will, you know, eliminate the mosquitoes
[00:34:40.100]in probably a 10 by 10 square foot area.
[00:34:43.730]These things will float and so I always tell people
[00:34:46.380]to tie those off with string
[00:34:47.690]and then time them off onto a reed of grass or something
[00:34:50.960]so it doesn't float away.
[00:34:52.330]We wanna keep these products in the areas intended.
[00:34:54.910]So if it's windy out we wanna keep these products
[00:34:58.560]in that same area.
[00:35:00.280]Okay, the next line of products contains Methoprene
[00:35:03.557]and Methoprene is an insect growth regulator
[00:35:06.050]and it prevents the larvae from reaching adulthood.
[00:35:08.520]So internally they think they wanna become an adult,
[00:35:11.520]but externally the Methoprene in the water
[00:35:13.290]will prevent the adult emergence.
[00:35:16.080]So a mosquito will emerge, it might not have wings,
[00:35:19.070]it might not have a stomach,
[00:35:19.990]and it'll just generally flop back in the water.
[00:35:22.120]So it's also a very safe product
[00:35:24.320]for other non-targeted organisms.
[00:35:26.250]So we're gonna go through the different formulations.
[00:35:28.330]And the formulations is also very important
[00:35:30.600]because you gotta know your habitat.
[00:35:32.470]So I'm gonna start first with the small,
[00:35:34.660]this is Methoprene put on sand granules.
[00:35:37.970]And it's probably a 10-day product
[00:35:40.980]so it'll last 10 days in the environment,
[00:35:43.320]but we like those small granules
[00:35:44.870]because if we have a marshy habitat
[00:35:47.180]the granules, when you toss them out there
[00:35:48.840]they can penetrate that vegetation better.
[00:35:51.560]So we're going up here.
[00:35:53.120]These are our pellets.
[00:35:55.440]They may last in the environment maybe 20 days now,
[00:35:59.090]we're increasing in size
[00:36:00.360]so we're gonna increase the control days.
[00:36:03.340]This isn't, you know, if you have
[00:36:04.436]a little bit thicker vegetation,
[00:36:06.550]these pellets will penetrate the vegetation better.
[00:36:09.210]You can toss these things farther
[00:36:11.070]then you can the small sand granules
[00:36:12.560]so that may be an advantage.
[00:36:15.080]You know if we have open water
[00:36:16.790]we may wanna use some of the Bti granules that float,
[00:36:19.690]but if you have dense vegetation
[00:36:21.240]this is probably pretty good.
[00:36:22.570]So then we're gonna increase now
[00:36:24.300]to a 45-day, it's called a briquet.
[00:36:26.810]So this product may last 45 days in the environment
[00:36:29.720]and we could use this in an area
[00:36:32.070]that we know has heavy mosquito production,
[00:36:33.730]consistent mosquito production,
[00:36:35.340]where as opposed some of these others are short-term.
[00:36:37.610]This one here we would only have to
[00:36:40.240]reach the site maybe once,
[00:36:41.580]we toss one of these briquets, and again,
[00:36:43.930]it's probably a 10 by 10 area that it's efficient in.
[00:36:46.757]And so this also, we can toss that farther
[00:36:49.010]then we can some of these other products.
[00:36:51.030]And then finally what we have here
[00:36:52.030]is a 150-day briquet.
[00:36:53.840]If we have an area of stagnant water,
[00:36:56.220]ditches and things like that,
[00:36:57.053]that are continuously producing mosquitoes,
[00:36:59.340]we can use this.
[00:37:00.540]Not only it will save time but it'll save effort.
[00:37:03.630]Put this out there early in the summer,
[00:37:05.240]lasts 150 days, five months,
[00:37:07.320]and so this will effectively knock down
[00:37:08.717]the mosquito larvae in that, in that area.
[00:37:11.530]This is also used in catch basins,
[00:37:14.580]it's the grated thing on the edges of streets,
[00:37:17.230]you look down there sometimes it has water.
[00:37:19.430]So they design it so it fits
[00:37:20.960]through the grates of the catch basin.
[00:37:22.690]So each formulation here
[00:37:24.170]is designed for specific purposes.
[00:37:26.120]But again, you need to follow the label
[00:37:28.780]and I would say that you need to have
[00:37:29.980]mosquito larvae present.
[00:37:30.890]There's no need to put a product out there
[00:37:32.788]if there's no mosquito larvae present.
[00:37:34.310]So do your surveillance, do your homework.
[00:37:37.330]If you have mosquito larvae present
[00:37:38.970]you can use a variety of these products.
[00:37:40.930]And again, use the formulation depending upon
[00:37:42.960]what kind of habitat you have.
[00:37:45.310]So we did our surveillance.
[00:37:47.290]We picked a proper control product
[00:37:50.460]to control our mosquito larvae
[00:37:53.180]and now we have to select the proper equipment.
[00:37:55.470]Equipment is important.
[00:37:56.920]We, you know, we wanna safely apply the product
[00:38:00.043]and we just don't wanna randomly
[00:38:00.920]put the various products in the environment.
[00:38:03.110]So the proper technique will enable us
[00:38:05.650]to do a better job and a safer job.
[00:38:08.080]So I have here just a simple backyard granular spreader
[00:38:12.440]and this could be very efficient
[00:38:13.900]in using some of our granular products.
[00:38:17.210]It has a little five-wheel on there, you can adust it,
[00:38:19.340]but I can, I can probably knock those granules
[00:38:22.120]10 feet in either direction.
[00:38:23.330]So this is very simple, a very effective method,
[00:38:26.211]of applying granules.
[00:38:28.090]You can commercially buy some backpack applicators
[00:38:31.930]that have a motor on it, they have a wand.
[00:38:35.710]They're rather expensive, you can shoot the granules,
[00:38:38.220]or the sand, maybe 40 foot in each direction.
[00:38:41.260]So either way you wanna go,
[00:38:42.310]but if you have a lot of larval habitats,
[00:38:44.740]and you need to apply it efficiently and quickly
[00:38:46.957]something like that would probably work pretty good.
[00:38:51.050]Then if you wanna have any liquid larval sites
[00:38:56.290]you can use just a simple spray tank
[00:38:57.826]that you can buy at the hardware store.
[00:38:59.870]You just put the product in here,
[00:39:01.750]make sure it's nice and tight,
[00:39:03.590]and then apply the product to the surface of the water.
[00:39:06.010]Very easy, very economical, again,
[00:39:07.620]if you wanna go up a little higher,
[00:39:09.659]a little higher priced, to a little more,
[00:39:11.090]a bigger device, you can buy something commercially.
[00:39:13.640]I also wanna mention the fact
[00:39:15.210]that you can use a product called, Larviciding Oils.
[00:39:18.900]If you have a lot of pupae in the environment,
[00:39:21.310]and a lot of pupae in the water,
[00:39:22.890]a lot of these products I discussed previously
[00:39:25.070]will not work on pupae.
[00:39:26.560]The Bti only works in the feeding stages,
[00:39:28.650]which are the larvae.
[00:39:29.920]The Methoprene effects the pupal stages,
[00:39:32.470]the late pupal stages.
[00:39:33.810]But sometimes you may wanna just knock down
[00:39:35.980]the pupae and the larvae using a Larviciding Oil
[00:39:38.760]commercially available at mosquito-control distributors.
[00:39:42.170]And it's just a very thin layer of oil
[00:39:43.880]on the surface of the water, very thin,
[00:39:46.150]it'll burn off in probably four or five hours.
[00:39:48.490]And you apply those again by using
[00:39:50.340]some sort of spray tank technique.
[00:39:52.320]And oil will spread over the surface of the water,
[00:39:54.540]you can suffocate a mosquito very quickly, 20, 30 minutes.
[00:39:57.640]It'll burn off, it's very low molecular weight
[00:40:00.130]so you're not gonna have any dramatic killing
[00:40:03.250]of the birds or the fish.
[00:40:06.310]And it's another technique, another formulation,
[00:40:08.050]that you can use.
[00:40:09.660]So we've looked at in these segments,
[00:40:11.570]we've looked at the mosquito biology.
[00:40:13.230]We talked about three different kinds of mosquitoes:
[00:40:15.610]Floodwater, lay on edge.
[00:40:17.780]The Culex lay their eggs on standing water
[00:40:19.935]and then Anopheles.
[00:40:21.384]And the Anopheles is a combination,
[00:40:22.340]lay single eggs in the middle of the water.
[00:40:25.300]We also looked at various surveillance techniques
[00:40:29.000]both through the larval stages and the adult stages.
[00:40:31.690]Surveillance is extremely important, cost effective.
[00:40:34.510]As Brock had mentioned you can pinpoint where
[00:40:36.530]some of the problems occur.
[00:40:38.735]And then we decided on what kind of products we wanna use,
[00:40:41.340]and again, I would suggest strongly reading the label,
[00:40:43.970]read it a couple times before you buy it.
[00:40:46.367]Buy it from a reputable dealer
[00:40:49.240]then before you apply it read the label again
[00:40:51.320]to make sure you're applying it properly
[00:40:53.310]and then afterwards read the label
[00:40:54.340]to see how you dispose of that product,
[00:40:56.090]how you store it.
[00:40:57.310]So now we've picked our product, we've done our research,
[00:40:59.590]we've done our homework, we know whether we have
[00:41:01.033]a mosquito problem, and now maybe we can use
[00:41:03.410]the proper equipment, or at least better equipment,
[00:41:06.250]good equipment to apply that product.
[00:41:17.443]My name is Tony Bennett.
[00:41:18.820]I work for Van Diest Supply Company.
[00:41:22.020]I'm an area sales manager
[00:41:23.960]for Central and Western Nebraska.
[00:41:26.490]And this morning we are in Lincoln, Nebraska
[00:41:29.000]at the Lancaster Event Center
[00:41:31.500]doing a Calibration and Droplet Testing Clinic
[00:41:35.100]for the Nebraska Mosquito and Vector Control Association.
[00:41:38.780]The main reason that we're calibrating
[00:41:40.840]is the calibration sets the amount of product
[00:41:45.290]coming from the pump up to the nozzle.
[00:41:48.860]The EPA has strict regulations
[00:41:51.210]on how much you can apply per minute
[00:41:54.490]in corelation to the speed you're going.
[00:41:57.290]In some of the newer equipment
[00:41:59.630]with the consoles that are computerized
[00:42:01.470]it is telling us how much we're putting out per acre
[00:42:05.130]and there's also calculations that we can go backwards
[00:42:07.840]and figure if you're going this speed
[00:42:10.640]and you're putting out this much per minute
[00:42:12.970]over a given space of time,
[00:42:16.420]we can calculate how much
[00:42:17.680]you're not only putting out per minute,
[00:42:19.210]but how much you're putting out per acre.
[00:42:21.760]Another aspect it does we worry about,
[00:42:24.800]if a machine is not properly calibrated
[00:42:27.040]you can be off-label.
[00:42:29.330]There's two issues we have.
[00:42:30.650]One of 'em is under applying, what we call
[00:42:32.740]a sublethal rate.
[00:42:34.260]And a sublethal rate is not enough out
[00:42:38.210]to kill the mosquito and when we have sublethal rates
[00:42:42.040]we worry about resistance issues.
[00:42:44.420]On the other side if we're going too high off-label
[00:42:48.440]we worry about killing off-target species
[00:42:51.330]and also it's a pretty, it's a way
[00:42:55.090]to help keep your budget in check also
[00:42:57.350]by not going way over limit,
[00:42:59.240]not putting out too much product.
[00:43:01.850]If you're going down the street
[00:43:03.300]and you're at a three X rate,
[00:43:05.950]you're probably gonna get a call
[00:43:07.160]from a concerned citizen saying,
[00:43:08.490]it looked like there was a lot coming out.
[00:43:10.370]They call the state, the state comes
[00:43:12.210]and inspects your machine and all of a sudden
[00:43:13.930]you're out of calibration, you're off-label.
[00:43:16.560]And we always wanna remember that any,
[00:43:19.060]any pesticide we're using, any kind of application,
[00:43:21.360]be it ta-ur-fin on a mantle,
[00:43:22.950]being a right-of-way, being a mosquito,
[00:43:25.470]that the label is a federal law
[00:43:27.400]and if you're in violation of the label
[00:43:29.660]you're in violation of federal law.
[00:43:31.590]So I'm just gonna kinda take a couple minutes here
[00:43:33.510]and show you exactly what we're doing.
[00:43:35.670]First of all for the calibration process
[00:43:37.930]I just use a graduated cylinder.
[00:43:40.580]This is measured out in milliliters.
[00:43:43.880]I can get a lot more exact
[00:43:45.500]by figuring milliliters per minute coming out
[00:43:48.550]and then I can just doing ounces.
[00:43:50.830]There's a conversion rate to change,
[00:43:52.410]milliliters to ounces.
[00:43:54.170]It's like 29.57 milliliters equals one ounce.
[00:43:58.520]So what I'll do is I'll measure in 30 seconds
[00:44:01.640]and then I will break that milliliters down
[00:44:03.340]into ounces in that 30 seconds
[00:44:05.290]and then I will double it and that tells me
[00:44:06.810]how much product you're putting out per minute.
[00:44:10.340]I always have something like a measuring cup below it.
[00:44:13.160]We have different types of equipment now
[00:44:15.120]that we're not measuring per time,
[00:44:18.020]we're measuring how much
[00:44:19.300]is going through the pump in your device
[00:44:20.870]and these are in the newer units
[00:44:22.750]that are computerized consoles on 'em.
[00:44:25.090]They are so precise, where there's always room
[00:44:27.870]for a little bit of error in these,
[00:44:30.370]with the computerized processes
[00:44:32.130]there's no room for any error
[00:44:33.120]it takes it right down to a hundredth of an ounce.
[00:44:35.100]So real quick, just to let you know,
[00:44:38.190]a couple of things you always wanna do
[00:44:39.250]if you're gonna calibrate at home.
[00:44:42.610]Always make sure you call your rep,
[00:44:45.210]it doesn't matter what company it is,
[00:44:46.660]call them and make sure you're refreshed
[00:44:48.200]on what you're doing.
[00:44:49.990]We've had issues where communities
[00:44:52.270]have calibrated their own piece of equipment.
[00:44:55.150]The pump does not actually tell you
[00:44:57.860]how much you're putting out, it has to be timed,
[00:45:00.390]or measured out with a computer.
[00:45:02.810]So if we're using a computer
[00:45:06.440]I will measure 32 ounces out once,
[00:45:09.220]I'll measure out 32 ounces again,
[00:45:10.940]which comes to 64 ounces, a half a gallon,
[00:45:14.060]and then I will correlate with how much
[00:45:15.797]the computer says I pumped out.
[00:45:18.260]If it's right on I'll leave it alone,
[00:45:20.150]if it's off a little bit I can either adjust the computer
[00:45:23.130]to match the pump, or I can match,
[00:45:25.540]change the pump to match up with the computer.
[00:45:28.620]The machine is actually pretty simple.
[00:45:30.960]These are not complicated machines, okay,
[00:45:33.600]they basically consist of a motor,
[00:45:36.510]turning a blower which creates air pressure
[00:45:39.750]that comes out the nozzle.
[00:45:41.820]We've got a pumping unit
[00:45:43.020]and normally they're an FMI lab pump
[00:45:45.620]that is pumping the product through the hose,
[00:45:47.760]right up through here past this solanoid.
[00:45:50.160]And the air pressure coming out the nozzle, right here,
[00:45:53.470]takes those droplets and sheers those droplets
[00:45:56.570]into thousands and thousands of smaller droplets.
[00:46:00.480]This is where we get into
[00:46:01.950]what we call the droplet-test analysis.
[00:46:04.810]We are looking to get droplets
[00:46:07.270]in that 12 to 25 range as far as
[00:46:11.350]the diameter of the droplet.
[00:46:13.660]That is very critical because too small of a droplet
[00:46:16.300]when it comes out the nozzle
[00:46:19.100]can just drift off, you're not getting any use out of it.
[00:46:22.750]Too big of droplets can just come out
[00:46:24.980]the end of the nozzle and fall down.
[00:46:26.930]So in a perfect setting we're gonna have
[00:46:29.280]a VMD, which is the droplet size,
[00:46:33.350]we're gonna have that between a 15, a 12 to a 15.
[00:46:37.710]up to about 25 and what we do we calibrate that.
[00:46:42.550]There's many things that play into effect on it.
[00:46:46.400]We get calls, can I spray when we're going 20 miles an hour?
[00:46:50.110]The label doesn't say you can't,
[00:46:51.460]but my theory is the faster you go,
[00:46:54.430]the wind currents coming over the pickup,
[00:46:56.050]if your droplets are too small
[00:46:57.920]have a tendency to distort it.
[00:46:59.660]So we look at that 10 mile an hour speed.
[00:47:02.990]Most labels will go five to 15.
[00:47:05.210]When I set up a radar I'll set it up
[00:47:06.980]so that if you go below five it shuts off,
[00:47:09.410]when you get back to five
[00:47:10.610]the radar will turn back on
[00:47:11.710]and kick the motor back on.
[00:47:12.920]So if you have a machine that you think
[00:47:15.030]is out of calibration the first thing I would do
[00:47:19.060]would be call your respective area manager
[00:47:21.890]and let him know you think there's something going on,
[00:47:25.060]you think you're out of calibration.
[00:47:26.940]You've used twice the product that you normally would
[00:47:29.930]over a two-hour span
[00:47:31.570]and he can walk you through the calibration,
[00:47:34.710]and then you, 'cause you can do
[00:47:35.810]the calibration on their own
[00:47:38.250]as long as they're told what they're doing,
[00:47:40.060]and what to look for.
[00:47:41.570]When it comes to the droplet testing,
[00:47:43.660]droplet testing is something that most communities,
[00:47:46.780]they can't perform on their own.
[00:47:48.910]The cost of the equipment is pretty prohibitive online.
[00:47:51.020]It can be, the DC-IV droplet counter
[00:47:54.130]and the computer alone can run about $10,000 for the pair.
[00:47:59.020]Most companies have those.
[00:48:00.410]Nebraska Mosquito and Vector Control
[00:48:02.420]has their own equipment.
[00:48:04.120]That's the best time to get it done.
[00:48:06.170]The label states you have to have
[00:48:09.470]calibration to the pump and droplet testing done
[00:48:12.480]on an annual basis.
[00:48:14.530]That brings up the question,
[00:48:15.660]do we have to do it in May,
[00:48:17.130]do we have to do it in June?
[00:48:18.580]The label's not real specific.
[00:48:20.240]The label says, on an annual basis.
[00:48:23.060]So what I tell folks
[00:48:24.540]if they just can't make it to this meeting,
[00:48:26.260]or one of the four meetings
[00:48:27.270]that Nebraska Mosquito and Vector host,
[00:48:29.660]during the first week of June,
[00:48:31.520]we'll try to get to you and get you taken care of
[00:48:33.570]because it's not like, like I say,
[00:48:34.920]it's not like it has to be done by June 1st
[00:48:37.440]you've got the whole year to get it done.
[00:48:39.880]Just a couple ending notes on the calibration process of it
[00:48:44.900]these motors put out a lot of noise,
[00:48:47.990]always wear ear protection.
[00:48:50.150]You can have the little plug-in styrofoam ones.
[00:48:52.620]I like these because I can put 'em on my head,
[00:48:55.530]I don't have to worry about where I set 'em down,
[00:48:57.586]take them off, set 'em down.
[00:48:59.540]Always where a Tyvek glove, or a rubber glove,
[00:49:02.050]and make sure that it is a chemical resistant.
[00:49:05.180]You don't wanna go to a lawn and garden center
[00:49:07.170]and buy something for working in the garden.
[00:49:09.180]It's gonna tell you on there
[00:49:10.820]that they're chemical resistant.
[00:49:12.430]Make sure you have accurate measuring devices
[00:49:15.750]and always remember that, I can't stress it enough,
[00:49:20.010]the label is the law and if you're out of calibration
[00:49:23.690]you're A, not getting enough product out,
[00:49:26.280]B, you're getting too much out.
[00:49:28.630]Not enough can cause sublethal rates
[00:49:30.990]where we're not getting enough accurate kill,
[00:49:33.160]too much can get off-target species
[00:49:35.380]where we're killing insects
[00:49:36.450]that we might not wanna be killing, so.
[00:49:46.640]I'm Michael Wegner, I'm with
[00:49:47.540]the Central District Health Department.
[00:49:49.570]We're here to talk to you a little bit about
[00:49:51.440]our process leading up to going out and fogging.
[00:49:55.100]To have a good integrated pest management system
[00:49:57.920]within your area, one of the good things you can do
[00:50:02.090]is both larvae sighting and adult sighting,
[00:50:05.330]so we do both of those here
[00:50:07.920]to help control mosquitoes for this area
[00:50:12.410]because there are those dangers out there
[00:50:14.490]of West Nile and different diseases
[00:50:16.840]you can pick up from mosquitoes.
[00:50:18.350]So every two weeks we set out our CDC Light traps
[00:50:24.060]and we will collect those mosquitoes,
[00:50:26.300]send them to the state testing lab.
[00:50:28.750]They will count them,
[00:50:29.900]they'll separate them by species,
[00:50:32.280]test them for different diseases
[00:50:35.740]that they may be carrying.
[00:50:37.320]At that point we get a report back.
[00:50:39.620]Based off of that report, depending on what our counts were,
[00:50:43.080]either the first time or we compare them
[00:50:45.020]to the time before.
[00:50:46.860]If we get a high enough trap count
[00:50:50.680]that will then trigger us to go out and do a fogging.
[00:50:55.090]In order for us to get ready
[00:50:56.530]we're gonna send out a notice of intent to spray
[00:50:59.970]to all the local media groups
[00:51:01.560]so everybody's aware in the city
[00:51:03.660]that we're gonna come out and be doing our fogging.
[00:51:06.360]It's good to let people know
[00:51:08.210]that we're intending to come out and spray
[00:51:09.760]so they'll at least try and maybe stay inside,
[00:51:12.050]not go for a walk that night.
[00:51:14.470]And also so they know that we're gonna be out
[00:51:17.640]and if there should be something
[00:51:19.350]they can contact us to talk to us
[00:51:21.630]about what product we use, or anything like that.
[00:51:23.890]We carry a copy of the label with us as we go out
[00:51:28.310]so anybody who wants to know what we're using
[00:51:31.610]can see that.
[00:51:33.230]Once we're ready we're gonna check for weather.
[00:51:36.660]So we're gonna check wind speed,
[00:51:38.730]we're gonna check and make sure
[00:51:39.710]we don't have rain or anything in the forecast.
[00:51:42.540]Of course we want some fairly seasonal temperatures
[00:51:46.270]also for our fogging days.
[00:51:49.350]We use an ANVIL 2+2 product,
[00:51:52.800]that's what our adulticide is.
[00:51:55.680]The PPE that would be required for it,
[00:51:58.320]some safety glasses, gloves,
[00:52:01.320]that way if you do get any kind of spills or anything
[00:52:03.530]you're protected from those spills.
[00:52:06.820]The label is always the law
[00:52:08.060]so you wanna check your label
[00:52:09.080]and make sure that you're wearing the appropriate PPE
[00:52:11.140]for your product.
[00:52:12.820]After that once you're ready
[00:52:14.560]and getting machine our, again,
[00:52:15.820]you're gonna use your wind speed meter,
[00:52:17.840]check your wind speed to make sure
[00:52:19.250]you have an appropriate wind for your day.
[00:52:21.640]We usually spray in the evening,
[00:52:24.480]usually right before sundown for a few hours
[00:52:27.030]and then we also can spray in the morning,
[00:52:29.000]right before sun up, for a few hours.
[00:52:31.490]The reason we do that is because
[00:52:33.430]you have to use the product
[00:52:36.370]to contact the mosquito while it's in flight.
[00:52:40.340]And the reason we pick those times
[00:52:42.810]is because that's when the mosquitoes are most active.
[00:52:45.730]Now while out spraying
[00:52:46.563]some things that you might come across would be pedestrians.
[00:52:49.430]If you see somebody out walking,
[00:52:50.620]walking a dog, you wanna turn your machine off
[00:52:53.730]while you go by them, turn it back on
[00:52:55.620]once you get past them, of course you pull up
[00:52:58.360]to a stoplight or stop sign,
[00:52:59.890]turn your machine off while waiting
[00:53:01.970]to go through that intersection.
[00:53:05.540]And then if you're spraying in a cul-de-sac
[00:53:07.670]make you drive into the cul-de-sac
[00:53:09.130]and spray out of the cul-de-sac
[00:53:10.380]you don't wanna be spraying yourself as you're going in.
[00:53:14.660]Another thing that you'd wanna look out for
[00:53:16.270]is if anybody in town would say,
[00:53:19.310]hey, I don't want you guys coming fogging by my property
[00:53:22.320]make sure you know where those places are at,
[00:53:24.190]and again, turn your machine off or avoid those areas.
[00:53:27.340]It's real important to have your machine calibrated
[00:53:29.160]for your specific application.
[00:53:32.680]It's set to the speed that you drive
[00:53:34.930]so you're sending out the appropriate amount of product
[00:53:37.650]to get the best effective use for that product.
[00:53:41.830]The final thing you do
[00:53:42.663]before you put your machine away for the night
[00:53:45.100]of course if flush it out with the flushing agent.
[00:53:47.560]You're gonna come back, park your machine,
[00:53:49.810]fill up your tank again
[00:53:51.050]for the next application
[00:53:52.980]and take off your working clothes
[00:53:55.300]'cause you don't wanna take the product home with ya.
[00:53:59.514]Today we've talked about a few things
[00:54:01.130]to get you prepared for going out and doing a fogging.
[00:54:05.790]They're part of your good integrated pest management system
[00:54:11.320]and I hope you guys can all use these
[00:54:13.040]for your own integrated pest management practices
[00:54:16.860]at your facilities.
[00:54:27.470]Hello, my name is Trevor Johnson.
[00:54:29.270]I'm the Certification Training
[00:54:30.720]and Worker Safety Specialist
[00:54:32.060]with the Nebraska Department of Agriculture
[00:54:34.160]and today I'm gonna give you a brief overview
[00:54:35.950]of the laws and regulations as they pertain
[00:54:37.830]to the Public Health Pest Control category.
[00:54:41.460]First we'll discuss the federal law
[00:54:43.400]that regulates pesticides in the United States
[00:54:45.600]which is FIFRA,
[00:54:46.510]the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
[00:54:48.710]and Rodenticide Act.
[00:54:50.840]It regulates everything from the use of pesticides
[00:54:52.910]to their labeling and registration.
[00:54:57.430]In Nebraska we have the Nebraska Pesticide Act.
[00:55:00.010]This is a state law that was enacted in 1993.
[00:55:03.780]It outlines pesticide application laws
[00:55:06.260]and certifications specific to Nebraska
[00:55:09.230]and it's actually more stringent than FIFRA,
[00:55:11.330]the federal law.
[00:55:14.550]So who needs a license
[00:55:15.700]in the public health pest control category?
[00:55:18.190]This would be anybody using a restricted-use pesticide
[00:55:21.020]for the control of a public health pest,
[00:55:23.340]or someone using a general-use pesticide
[00:55:25.620]for the control of a disease vector
[00:55:28.240]on a wide-area basis or for
[00:55:30.350]a political subdivision of the state.
[00:55:32.710]This would typically be a city
[00:55:34.490]or county employees.
[00:55:38.670]We have three different license types in Nebraska,
[00:55:41.590]only two of them pertain to the
[00:55:42.990]Public Health Pest Control Category.
[00:55:45.180]One is a commercial license
[00:55:46.440]if you're applying to the property of another
[00:55:48.870]for compensation or for hire,
[00:55:50.900]and the other one is the noncommercial
[00:55:53.010]which is, especially pertains to this category
[00:55:56.850]it's for people applying pesticides for land
[00:55:59.940]directly controlled, or owned, by their employer,
[00:56:02.690]or people applying pesticides on behalf of a community
[00:56:05.450]or political subdivision of the state.
[00:56:09.600]When it comes to pesticides the label is the law.
[00:56:12.820]There's a statement on every label
[00:56:14.100]that it is a violation of federal law
[00:56:15.860]to use this product in a manner inconsistent
[00:56:18.900]with its labeling.
[00:56:20.130]And it's your, the responsibility as the applicator,
[00:56:22.720]to read and comply with all label directions.
[00:56:27.640]There's gonna be specific language on the label.
[00:56:30.880]Some of it you must follow,
[00:56:32.400]other's it's more suggestive.
[00:56:35.220]Mandatory language will be things such as,
[00:56:36.890]must, or do, or do not.
[00:56:39.550]And the suggestive language is, should or may.
[00:56:42.800]Keep in mind that anything that says must,
[00:56:45.350]do, or do not, is legally binding
[00:56:48.590]and you must follow those requirements.
[00:56:52.800]In Nebraska we have required recordkeeping laws.
[00:56:56.820]This would pertain to the application
[00:56:58.520]of restricted-use pesticides,
[00:57:00.480]but it is recommended that you keep records
[00:57:02.490]of all your general-use pesticide applications.
[00:57:05.490]It's good for you and it's good for your employer
[00:57:08.010]to have records of those.
[00:57:10.610]These are the items that are required
[00:57:12.010]for record keeping,
[00:57:13.450]product name, EPA registration number,
[00:57:15.490]location site, it's always better
[00:57:17.740]to have too much information then not enough.
[00:57:22.130]Those records must be kept for a minimum of three years
[00:57:25.270]and they must be recorded within 48 hours
[00:57:27.540]of your pesticide application
[00:57:29.590]and they are maintained at the principal place of business.
[00:57:32.430]We have information regarding record keeping
[00:57:34.240]on our website as well as a brochure
[00:57:36.040]that helps you with compliance.
[00:57:42.210]A specific concern related to this category
[00:57:44.720]is the disposal of pesticides.
[00:57:46.750]Frequently after applications you'll have
[00:57:48.870]leftover pesticide in the tank,
[00:57:50.470]or a rinse aid from cleaning out your tanks.
[00:57:53.610]The best place to look for disposal information
[00:57:56.260]is always going to be on the label.
[00:57:58.920]Keep in mind that rinse water is
[00:58:00.680]considered waste pesticide and should be treated as such.
[00:58:04.080]And then when you're in doubt
[00:58:05.210]about what to do with your pesticide waste
[00:58:07.670]contact the Department of Environmental Quality
[00:58:10.120]and they will give you further disposal instructions.
[00:58:14.810]Thank you for listening.
[00:58:16.130]That is all I have.
[00:58:17.420]For more information
[00:58:18.253]about pesticide applicator certification
[00:58:19.810]visit our website or the university's website.
[00:58:23.099]Thank you.
[00:58:31.770]We've heard from many different experts
[00:58:33.530]regarding the public health category today.
[00:58:35.890]We hope you have gained some knowledge,
[00:58:37.760]been updated, or refreshed,
[00:58:39.490]with some of the great information
[00:58:40.770]that was presented here today.
[00:58:42.600]We hope that this helps you
[00:58:43.700]to have safe and effective pesticide applications.

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PSEP Public Health Recertification

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