Healthy Poultry and Disease Monitoring

Dr. Sheila Purdum Author

11/08/2018 Added

38 Plays

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Dr. Ron Reynolds discusses Healthy Poultry and Disease Monitoring.

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[00:00:00.660]All right, Dr. Reynolds, you may start.
[00:00:03.451]Thank you Dr. Purdum.
[00:00:05.430]As Dr. Purdum mentioned, I'm Don Reynolds,
[00:00:07.630]Professor and Poultry Veterinarian
[00:00:09.010]here at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
[00:00:11.360]and today is titled Flock Biosecurity
[00:00:14.567]and the National Poultry Improvement Plan,
[00:00:17.940]and all the information that I'll be talking today and more
[00:00:22.100]can be found on our Big Red Biosecurity program,
[00:00:25.740]and all you need to do is just type into your browser
[00:00:28.740]bigredbiosecurity.unl.edu and you'll get there.
[00:00:33.550]So I'm going to start about talking about
[00:00:36.580]the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:00:38.490]because I think that will give you an idea
[00:00:42.820]of why the importance of having biosecurity.
[00:00:45.830]So what is the National Poultry Improvement Plan?
[00:00:49.090]Well, a little bit about the history.
[00:00:50.920]It began back in the 1930s, and it was to eliminate
[00:00:55.300]a disease called bacillary white diarrhea
[00:00:57.890]that was later found out to be caused by a bacteria
[00:01:00.560]called Salmonella pullorum.
[00:01:02.590]Now you have to kind of think
[00:01:04.090]about what was happening in those times.
[00:01:06.930]Most poultry producers, most poultry was raised,
[00:01:11.270]and prior to 1930 were raised on the farm
[00:01:14.170]amongst, you know, chickens and cattle
[00:01:18.120]and sheep, and pigs, and whatever,
[00:01:21.696]and you know if a farmer had extra,
[00:01:23.010]they would sell it to neighbors, whatever, maybe local,
[00:01:25.370]but as the '30s came in, a lot of things were happening
[00:01:28.730]in the agricultural section, one was electricity
[00:01:33.250]and the advent of incubators
[00:01:36.280]and the ability to incubate eggs
[00:01:39.010]and to have larger production, larger flocks.
[00:01:42.180]Up to this time, typically it was the hen
[00:01:44.600]that incubated the eggs and brooded the chicks, et cetera.
[00:01:49.050]So now, we were able to expand
[00:01:51.550]and really start raising poultry in mass numbers.
[00:01:55.000]Well what happened, what was the limiting barrier,
[00:01:58.020]was they had this disease, and it would kill young chicks.
[00:02:01.610]And you know, the reports are up to 80% of mortality.
[00:02:05.230]So, a big finding was the causative agent,
[00:02:08.470]Salmonella pullorum, but even a bigger finding
[00:02:12.540]in terms of controlling it was found
[00:02:16.140]that it was passed from the hen to the chick,
[00:02:19.280]and not only on the egg shell, but inside the egg,
[00:02:22.900]in the yolk, so what we termed transovarially transmitted,
[00:02:26.840]so it was vertically transmitted,
[00:02:28.800]so that means that even though you can separate the hens
[00:02:33.460]and the eggs and the chicks through the incubation process,
[00:02:36.177]the incubators, you're still passing on the disease.
[00:02:39.480]So, they, a lot of the scientists congregated
[00:02:42.974]and what could we do to clean up this problem?
[00:02:45.860]Well, it was also found that you could use
[00:02:48.580]a relatively simple blood test to test
[00:02:52.250]for this Salmonella pullorum,
[00:02:53.910]so a test for antibodies against Salmonella pullorum.
[00:02:57.810]Now, when typically oftentimes when we have immunity
[00:03:02.690]from diseases or for diseases, we are protected,
[00:03:06.700]but in this case, Salmonella,
[00:03:10.180]chickens can become carriers for Salmonella.
[00:03:13.310]You may be familiar with the case of Typhoid Mary,
[00:03:16.580]the same type of thing,
[00:03:17.870]so even though they may look healthy,
[00:03:20.370]clinically normal, and they're laying eggs,
[00:03:23.040]they can carry the bug
[00:03:25.270]and they can pass it on to their offspring.
[00:03:27.490]So they set up this Salmonella pullorum testing
[00:03:31.060]to test the breeders, and if they found the breeders
[00:03:34.150]were reactive, they were positive,
[00:03:36.310]they would get rid of them, they would clean up,
[00:03:38.150]and it was highly, highly successful.
[00:03:41.050]So they were able to clean up Salmonella pullorum
[00:03:45.070]and through this kind of collaborative effort
[00:03:48.880]came the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:03:51.660]because everyone needed to do it.
[00:03:53.730]Now the plan includes other types of Salmonella,
[00:03:56.550]Salmonella typhoid, Salmonella enteritidis,
[00:03:59.220]we hear about Salmonella enteritidis with eggs.
[00:04:02.950]Mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum
[00:04:06.659]and Mycoplasma synoviae, which affect all poultry,
[00:04:10.400]Mycoplasma meleagridis which is primarily a turkey disease,
[00:04:14.100]and more recently avian influenza.
[00:04:17.180]Now here are some very important points.
[00:04:19.620]This is a voluntary, cooperative program.
[00:04:23.060]So no one forces anyone to do this.
[00:04:25.970]It's a voluntary, cooperative program
[00:04:28.450]between the poultry industry, so the producers,
[00:04:31.560]the state regulatory agencies,
[00:04:33.820]so we have the State Department of Agriculture
[00:04:36.470]and the state veterinarian's office,
[00:04:38.470]and we will talk about the official state agency,
[00:04:42.070]or the official state agent, the OSA.
[00:04:45.140]In Nebraska, this is Dr. Roger Dudley.
[00:04:48.210]He works, he's a veterinarian who works
[00:04:50.150]in the state veterinarian's office,
[00:04:52.210]and he is in charge of
[00:04:54.280]the National Poultry Improvement Plan.
[00:04:56.690]Also, the federal regulatory agencies,
[00:04:59.270]the USDA Animal Planned Health Inspection Service, APHIS.
[00:05:05.240]Now, you might say, if this
[00:05:07.770]is a voluntary cooperative program,
[00:05:10.910]then why would anyone, or operation,
[00:05:13.770]want to comply with this?
[00:05:16.120]You know, you could say, as soon as I'm positive,
[00:05:18.043]then if there's some sort of a negative sanction
[00:05:20.410]I'll just drop out.
[00:05:22.030]Well, poultry companies want and need to move their eggs
[00:05:26.390]or birds across state lines.
[00:05:27.760]If that's the case, then they need the permission
[00:05:31.370]of the importing state.
[00:05:33.060]So if someone wants to take, send eggs for hatching
[00:05:37.220]from Nebraska into South Dakota, for instance,
[00:05:40.750]or vice versa, then they have to comply
[00:05:44.800]and get the permission of the importing state,
[00:05:48.400]and nearly all states require this NPIP standards,
[00:05:52.400]in other words, they need the be clean
[00:05:54.426]of Salmonella pullorum, et cetera.
[00:05:56.760]And it's the same way if selling birds.
[00:05:59.830]So there are game bird producers here that sell
[00:06:02.650]to states such as South Dakota,
[00:06:05.550]North Dakota, et cetera, et cetera,
[00:06:07.310]they need to have NPIP clean birds,
[00:06:09.970]so they need to be tested.
[00:06:11.680]If companies do not want or need to ship their birds
[00:06:15.090]or eggs across the state lines
[00:06:16.990]then they may not need NPIP status.
[00:06:20.090]And that's often the case with small, local backyard flocks.
[00:06:26.010]They might be having eggs, selling eggs to,
[00:06:29.720]along the roadside or to a farmers' market,
[00:06:32.430]they don't necessarily need to have that
[00:06:34.600]'cause they're not shipping out of state,
[00:06:36.500]however, they are always welcome to participate.
[00:06:42.850]So, let's get back to this, if it is voluntary,
[00:06:46.580]then why would people, operations want to comply?
[00:06:50.050]Well, something new happened.
[00:06:51.830]Back a few years ago, and I'm sure most of you remember,
[00:06:55.340]2014 and '15, we had the terrible avian influenza outbreak
[00:07:02.560]that was primarily in Iowa and in Minnesota,
[00:07:06.270]but did spill over here into Nebraska.
[00:07:09.200]Following that outbreak, the NPIP developed
[00:07:13.930]biosecurity principles for poultry and poultry programs.
[00:07:18.894]Biosecurity plans and programs.
[00:07:22.160]Now again this was collaborative and cooperative.
[00:07:25.290]Many of the people from, that participated,
[00:07:28.900]were from poultry firms and companies.
[00:07:32.530]In August 2018, just a couple months ago,
[00:07:35.810]the USDA APHIS issued the final ruling,
[00:07:39.460]and the final ruling said, and this is the carrot here,
[00:07:43.450]if you want to be paid indemnity payments
[00:07:46.230]for a high pathogenic avian influenza farms,
[00:07:50.550]so these would be farms where it's detected,
[00:07:53.250]where they go in, and they eradicate the flock,
[00:07:57.164]they devised a formula that they would split
[00:08:00.720]these indemnity payments between the growers
[00:08:03.210]and the owners.
[00:08:04.630]They also adopted the National Poultry Improvement Plan
[00:08:08.700]biosecurity principle and this is the kind of
[00:08:12.830]the stick here, or the carrot,
[00:08:14.951]however you want to look at it,
[00:08:16.636]they require that every poultry operation
[00:08:19.640]have a NPIP biosecurity plan in place
[00:08:23.720]to qualify for these indemnity payments.
[00:08:26.400]And as I said, this happened in August of 2018,
[00:08:30.711]this has a two year window to establish
[00:08:36.500]these biosecurity plans and to become audited.
[00:08:39.560]And who will do the auditing?
[00:08:41.370]Well, the official state agent, in this case, Dr. Dudley
[00:08:45.690]and the staff that report to him.
[00:08:47.700]They'll be responsible for auditing.
[00:08:49.780]Now, this is what they call a tabletop
[00:08:52.980]or a paper audit, they sit down with you
[00:08:55.650]and they go through things,
[00:08:56.920]you know, training is a big component.
[00:09:00.960]So they say, "Can you show documentation
[00:09:03.647]"that your workers or your employees have been trained?"
[00:09:06.550]and there's an annual requirement for training.
[00:09:09.560]Each site has to have a biosecurity program or plan
[00:09:13.357]developed and onsite.
[00:09:16.680]So.
[00:09:19.770]Here are the 14 biosecurity principles
[00:09:23.450]that was adopted by the NPIP.
[00:09:26.300]So you can see, biosecurity responsibility,
[00:09:28.930]in other words, someone in that operation
[00:09:31.830]has to be responsible for the biosecurity.
[00:09:35.860]The training of all employees,
[00:09:37.540]and it says when they're initially employed,
[00:09:40.320]they need to be trained and annually thereafter.
[00:09:43.610]Line of separation, perimeter buffer area,
[00:09:46.050]we'll talk about that in a bit.
[00:09:48.450]A personnel, and all these other things
[00:09:50.810]that deal with disease transmission
[00:09:53.300]such as rodents, vehicles, mortalities,
[00:09:56.670]et cetera, et cetera.
[00:09:57.780]And then finally, the auditing,
[00:10:00.300]and these plans are to be audited
[00:10:02.690]I believe every two years after the initial audit
[00:10:05.580]and they are audited by the official state agent.
[00:10:08.470]Now, an important point here, the official state agent,
[00:10:13.880]in this case Dr. Dudley, and his staff,
[00:10:17.800]are responsible for auditing, but they are not responsible
[00:10:22.180]for all of these other things such as training,
[00:10:25.140]developing biosecurity plans, programs, et cetera,
[00:10:28.707]so this is where we kind of come into the picture.
[00:10:32.400]We can be assistants to these companies
[00:10:35.610]or to these producers in helping them get onboard
[00:10:39.060]and prepare for their NPIP audits.
[00:10:43.310]Okay, so, now you have an idea of why it's so important
[00:10:48.490]to have biosecurity programs and plans,
[00:10:50.980]so let's just talk a little bit about biosecurity,
[00:10:54.470]what it is, et cetera, et cetera.
[00:10:58.038]First talk about biosecurity terms,
[00:11:01.583]definitions, and concepts.
[00:11:03.243]So the term biosecurity has different meanings
[00:11:06.450]to different people and it has changed over the years.
[00:11:09.530]Originally it was from preventing excess diseases,
[00:11:12.450]now it includes biologic terrorism threats, et cetera.
[00:11:17.310]Our purposes here, we want a very inclusive,
[00:11:20.190]and we're gonna break this down and bio being life
[00:11:23.570]and security means to protect.
[00:11:26.010]So it's those practices, principles, et cetera
[00:11:29.360]that protect something of interest to us.
[00:11:32.990]So an example, a heard of cattle, flock of birds,
[00:11:37.410]herd of horses, maybe it's a facility,
[00:11:39.760]maybe it's a laboratory, a livestock premise,
[00:11:42.780]veterinary clinic, et cetera.
[00:11:45.490]Now this is different than biosafety,
[00:11:48.190]although very similar.
[00:11:50.370]And biosafety, again our inclusive, bio, life,
[00:11:54.200]safety is protection from.
[00:11:56.270]So these are things, these are practices,
[00:11:58.836]equipment, et cetera that typically protect us
[00:12:02.533]from the threat.
[00:12:05.184]So a biosafety cabinet, personal protective equipment,
[00:12:07.950]et cetera, but they're very similar.
[00:12:10.770]And here, two examples.
[00:12:13.040]Here's biosafety, and this is a hazmat team,
[00:12:16.010]you can see that they have protective face wear,
[00:12:19.260]they have these Tyvek suits, respirators,
[00:12:22.500]gloves, helmets, et cetera et cetera.
[00:12:25.340]Here's a biosecurity.
[00:12:27.040]Again, they have personal protective equipment.
[00:12:29.520]They have coveralls, they have their boot covers here,
[00:12:32.300]they're gonna put on as they enter to the building.
[00:12:34.930]So, but two different reasons.
[00:12:37.000]Here, they're protecting themselves.
[00:12:39.150]Here, they're protecting that flock of birds.
[00:12:43.840]Why is biosecurity important?
[00:12:46.150]From our perspective, it's primarily
[00:12:48.550]for protecting from disease.
[00:12:50.430]It's the very first preventive measure,
[00:12:53.600]the very first line of defense.
[00:12:55.890]We prevent exposures, we prevent the spread.
[00:12:59.380]It decreases the loss due to mortality and morbidity,
[00:13:02.955]it decreases the economic losses from disease,
[00:13:06.710]it decreases the public health concerns,
[00:13:09.550]and there are, and we can go over this at another time,
[00:13:12.850]but there are certain diseases that can spread to humans,
[00:13:16.500]avian influenza is one of them.
[00:13:18.920]Use of disease treatments and preventatives.
[00:13:21.340]We hear a lot now about antibiotic-free,
[00:13:25.270]decreasing the use of antimicrobials.
[00:13:27.770]Why?
[00:13:28.603]Because of this big human implication
[00:13:31.710]of antimicrobial resistance getting into human strains
[00:13:35.810]of these pathogens and not being able to treat them.
[00:13:39.970]So it increases the health and wellbeing
[00:13:42.610]and the profitability, and you will find,
[00:13:45.830]a lot of people will be driven by the fact
[00:13:49.400]that it now will be required by some government programs
[00:13:53.690]such as the NPIP program.
[00:13:58.460]Okay, again let's get back to what is biosecurity,
[00:14:01.860]and talking a little bit about it.
[00:14:03.570]We talk about three components of a biosecurity program.
[00:14:07.710]Conceptual biosecurity, this is the planning
[00:14:10.940]and selection of a site,
[00:14:12.330]a physical facilities and structures.
[00:14:14.540]We may not have the luxury to do that.
[00:14:17.260]Sometimes we do.
[00:14:18.230]Where can we put a new building, et cetera?
[00:14:20.420]But we might be able to change an entryway, for instance,
[00:14:24.110]or put in a new path leading to a barn
[00:14:30.580]or a road or exit.
[00:14:33.780]Then we talk about structural biosecurity.
[00:14:36.400]Structural is actual, the physical facilities
[00:14:39.130]and the infrastructure that goes inside.
[00:14:41.120]So the type of structure,
[00:14:43.290]the type of materials used for constructing that structure,
[00:14:47.390]the equipment, type of ventilation,
[00:14:49.550]the type of heating, et cetera.
[00:14:51.720]And then we get down into the operational biosecurity,
[00:14:55.180]and we talk about standard operating procedures
[00:14:57.910]such as traffic management,
[00:14:59.740]education and training, et cetera.
[00:15:03.160]Now, let's look how these things, these three components,
[00:15:07.690]conceptual, structural, and operational
[00:15:10.330]all kind of function together.
[00:15:12.940]This was a recent incident in the last year or two
[00:15:18.310]and you might remember,
[00:15:20.120]this was a nuclear waste facility in Hanford, Washington,
[00:15:26.940]and there was a disruption
[00:15:30.410]in the structural component of the biosecurity.
[00:15:34.010]Here is a tunnel leading in and you can see this hole.
[00:15:37.300]So there was actually a failure in the structural component.
[00:15:41.700]So, what happens if one fails, others compensate.
[00:15:45.770]You can see the isolation of this site
[00:15:49.130]from the nearest population center,
[00:15:51.190]which is Yakima, Washington.
[00:15:55.770]And what happened when they had this failure?
[00:15:59.000]A lot of operational procedures went into effect.
[00:16:02.150]You know, alarms went off, bells rang,
[00:16:04.480]certain people were evacuated,
[00:16:06.360]other people donned their protective personal equipment,
[00:16:09.860]and they ran to the scene, et cetera, et cetera.
[00:16:11.970]As a result, there was no catastrophic incident.
[00:16:15.700]So as one fails, the others compensate.
[00:16:20.940]Now, let's talk a little bit about diseases.
[00:16:23.800]You know, diseases that we are most commonly concerned with
[00:16:27.970]are infectious diseases.
[00:16:29.540]There are noninfectious diseases, but mostly we're concerned
[00:16:33.250]about infectious that involve a pathogen
[00:16:36.550]that replicates in a host, that somehow replicates, okay.
[00:16:41.300]So the pathogen is a causative agent of the disease,
[00:16:45.067]and the host is the organism that we're concerned with.
[00:16:48.450]In this case, it's the bird.
[00:16:51.080]Now, it could be human, it could be another animal,
[00:16:53.110]could be a plant species.
[00:16:54.890]Typical pathogens are viruses, bacteria,
[00:16:57.920]internal, external parasites, et cetera.
[00:17:00.890]Now, when pathogens replicate
[00:17:03.350]and they're transmitted to a new host,
[00:17:06.530]if it's person to person, in human medicine
[00:17:09.910]we call that a communicable disease.
[00:17:12.310]It it's animal to animal,
[00:17:14.180]we call it a transmissible disease.
[00:17:17.310]If it's animal to person, we call that
[00:17:20.180]a zoonotic infectious disease,
[00:17:22.290]and we're very concerned about that.
[00:17:23.940]And we have some examples of that in poultry.
[00:17:27.940]If it's a person to animal,
[00:17:29.507](phone ringing)
[00:17:31.074]then it's a reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis disease.
[00:17:34.570]And there are some, there are, excuse my phone ringing,
[00:17:39.120]there are some examples of that.
[00:17:40.570]We had an example just recently
[00:17:43.470]where swine influenza viruses
[00:17:47.800]that are not pathogenic to birds,
[00:17:52.300]the H1N1s which are very common out there
[00:17:55.680]can infect laying hens, laying turkey hens,
[00:18:00.740]and really not their egg production.
[00:18:03.560]Also, those same viruses can infect humans,
[00:18:06.010]so humans can be infected by non lethal,
[00:18:10.475]what we call the H5s or H7s in birds,
[00:18:14.370]but they can be infected by the H1N1s,
[00:18:16.860]not really having any bad effect on birds
[00:18:18.770]other than it knocks their production.
[00:18:21.240]So that's an example of an anthroponosis
[00:18:24.935]that actually occurs and we're concerned about.
[00:18:27.560]Okay, examples of infectious diseases of poultry,
[00:18:30.430]very common, coccidiosis, avian influenza,
[00:18:34.140]Newcastle disease.
[00:18:35.410]Avian influenza is not common, but we commonly monitor it.
[00:18:39.530]Newcastle disease is common.
[00:18:41.790]We talked about that last time about virulent Newcastle.
[00:18:45.320]In chickens, infectious bronchitis,
[00:18:47.550]infectious bursal disease, Marek's disease.
[00:18:50.770]In turkeys we have hemorrhagic enteritis,
[00:18:55.108]bordetella avium, and there's a list that goes on.
[00:19:00.100]Okay, a couple of very important concepts.
[00:19:03.950]We talk about the infectious dose,
[00:19:06.460]the infectious dose is the amount of a pathogen
[00:19:09.950]measured in number of microorganisms
[00:19:12.270]required to cause an infection and disease in the host.
[00:19:16.860]So an infectious dose 50 is the amount
[00:19:20.490]that's required to infect 50% of a population.
[00:19:24.900]And we use this in our laboratory
[00:19:26.690]and these are some common terms we use
[00:19:29.100]to titrate viruses, for instance.
[00:19:31.450]We also use this in toxicology, LD50, the lethal dose
[00:19:35.910]50% used to titer toxins.
[00:19:38.600]So 50% of the population would be succumbing to a toxin.
[00:19:44.490]So here's the important fact,
[00:19:46.830]amount varies with the pathogen.
[00:19:49.000]If it has a low infectious does 50, IV50,
[00:19:52.720]it's highly virulent or highly pathogenic.
[00:19:55.550]If it has a high IV50, then it's low virulence,
[00:19:59.150]a low pathogenicity, and that makes sense.
[00:20:02.080]A few organisms can cause a disease that's very virulent.
[00:20:06.640]A lot of organisms can cause a disease
[00:20:09.057]and it's low virulence.
[00:20:10.600]There is an old saying, too much of anything
[00:20:12.464]is not good for you.
[00:20:14.110]You've probably heard, remember your mom telling you that
[00:20:17.412]when you wanted another scoop
[00:20:18.280]of ice cream or another cookie,
[00:20:20.830]and a good example is water.
[00:20:22.295]Obviously we need that to survive, but too much of that,
[00:20:24.697]we can drown.
[00:20:27.740]Now, remember that, too much of anything
[00:20:30.960]is not good for you,
[00:20:32.480]and let's talk about this host/pathogen
[00:20:35.510]environment relationship
[00:20:37.230]which is typically shown by Venn diagrams
[00:20:40.950]or a triangle, or here we have Venn diagrams
[00:20:43.970]within a triangle,
[00:20:44.803]here we have a triangle within Venn diagrams.
[00:20:48.280]It's also applicable to things beyond just chickens
[00:20:51.680]and animals and humans,
[00:20:52.910]here's one with microorganisms, and here's one for plant.
[00:20:58.430]So let's talk a little bit about the importance
[00:21:01.115]and how this affects us.
[00:21:04.340]So, the host, the pathogen, and the environment.
[00:21:08.350]So let's say the host is us,
[00:21:10.790]and let's use a common scenario of washing our hands.
[00:21:16.780]As we get up in the morning,
[00:21:18.270]we do various things with our hands,
[00:21:20.040]you know, we eat, we shake hands with people,
[00:21:24.898]we type on our keyboards, we go into open doors,
[00:21:30.797]et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, and as we do,
[00:21:33.590]our hands start to accumulate a couple things.
[00:21:37.140]One, different microorganisms that could be pathogenic,
[00:21:41.660]and we create an environment that's very good
[00:21:44.680]for microorganisms not only to survive but to propagate.
[00:21:48.950]And as the day goes on, we accumulate more and more
[00:21:52.110]to the point where if we don't cleanse our hands,
[00:21:55.710]we can, and remember the old adage
[00:21:58.220]about too much of anything being bad for you,
[00:22:01.620]we can put the balance to the pathogen
[00:22:06.880]that can overwhelm the host and then cause disease.
[00:22:10.100]So what do we do?
[00:22:11.270]We wash our hands, and the washing does two or three things.
[00:22:15.490]One, the detergents, the soap
[00:22:18.050]actually destroys the bacteria,
[00:22:20.740]the viruses, the microorganisms.
[00:22:23.230]So we're actually killing,
[00:22:24.610]but we're also decreasing that environment.
[00:22:27.290]So we typically flush that and then we're good to go,
[00:22:29.870]so we put this balance away from the pathogens
[00:22:32.870]by changing the environment back to the host.
[00:22:35.210]Now, this has very practical applications
[00:22:38.400]in the poultry barn, and a good example is coccidia.
[00:22:42.670]Any poultry producer knows that you have
[00:22:46.040]to have good litter conditions
[00:22:48.360]or you're gonna have a problem in the house.
[00:22:53.100]Okay, let's just talk very briefly
[00:22:55.450]about how diseases are spread, this is a human model
[00:22:58.900]but I think it serves our purposes well.
[00:23:02.380]So it depends on the disease and the disease agent,
[00:23:05.890]but the common routes are direct transmission here.
[00:23:09.900]Now obviously in poultry this would be birds
[00:23:13.190]rubbing up against each other et cetera.
[00:23:16.450]Aerosol, okay, by air,
[00:23:18.830]and again, here's a kind of a gross picture here,
[00:23:21.790]but, in poultry, the birds can sneeze, et cetera,
[00:23:26.330]and liberate these aerosols in the air.
[00:23:29.350]Indirect contact such as fomites.
[00:23:32.050]Here we have clothing, dishes.
[00:23:36.120]In the poultry barn we might think about boots
[00:23:38.980]that are not sanitized, we might think
[00:23:41.406]about equipment that comes in that's been used commonly
[00:23:46.150]especially in things like catching crews
[00:23:48.590]or vaccinating crews, et cetera.
[00:23:50.600]The oral or fecal/oral route.
[00:23:53.730]Insects and bugs are vectors if they are mechanical vectors,
[00:23:59.560]example a fly, well a fly might get a bacteria
[00:24:03.510]on its legs, fly over someplace else
[00:24:05.670]and deposit that bacteria,
[00:24:07.440]and then it's picked up by a bird, that's mechanical.
[00:24:10.210]If it actually replicates in the host,
[00:24:15.210]then it is a biologic vector,
[00:24:17.400]and this happens with mosquitoes.
[00:24:19.531]Mosquitoes can suck up, malaria is a great example,
[00:24:22.170]can suck up some blood, it has a virus or a pathogen in it,
[00:24:27.960]it actually replicates in the host,
[00:24:30.650]and then it bites someone else and it transmits it.
[00:24:32.830]So those are common routes.
[00:24:36.440]Okay, let's get back to biosecurity terms and concepts.
[00:24:40.540]Biosecurity plans and programs, oops, excuse em,
[00:24:44.050]are not hard, they're basically logical
[00:24:48.250]and based on common sense, and most of the things are,
[00:24:51.990]most of the concepts are not new.
[00:24:54.530]What we have are new terminologies,
[00:24:56.772]and new technologies.
[00:24:58.820]Now let's look at some of the new technologies.
[00:25:02.357]Here's, you know, you start out with putting
[00:25:04.810]an old fashioned keypad lock on a door,
[00:25:06.100]and that helps, there's no question,
[00:25:07.630]that helps keep people out.
[00:25:09.600]And as progresses, here's a combination, more weatherproof,
[00:25:12.440]here's a kind of a digital mechanical one
[00:25:15.988]that everybody's seen, and the electronic,
[00:25:18.250]and as we progress, and everybody's used swipe cards
[00:25:21.710]in various ways, here's a fob, here's biometrics
[00:25:24.561]where it takes a palm print or fingerprints.
[00:25:28.000]Here's one where you can open with a cellphone,
[00:25:30.610]here's a combination of video and cell.
[00:25:33.930]So we're all familiar with how technology has evolved.
[00:25:38.060]Now here's one that's a little more, a little more evolved.
[00:25:42.950]This is obviously just a sign.
[00:25:45.010]You know, no entry, strict biosecurity in effect.
[00:25:48.000]And you have to depend on the people coming in
[00:25:51.330]whether they're gonna respect that or not.
[00:25:52.660]Here's an access card, and these access cards
[00:25:57.510]are actually linked to GPS of the holder
[00:26:00.860]or it could be a vehicle or it could be the card itself,
[00:26:04.090]and it will allow you in if, or it may deny you,
[00:26:08.620]depending on where you're at.
[00:26:11.210]So if you have been in a certain area
[00:26:15.250]and you haven't been there within say 48 hours,
[00:26:19.716]it'll deny you access.
[00:26:25.090]Okay.
[00:26:26.150]Biosecurity, a plan and program,
[00:26:28.890]components, we talked about conceptual, site selection,
[00:26:32.370]placement of facilities, typically isolated
[00:26:34.880]away from traffic or populations,
[00:26:36.950]structural, the types of facilities,
[00:26:39.100]types of rearing facilities, open range versus buildings,
[00:26:42.360]operational, procedures and practices,
[00:26:45.040]traffic, training compliance, et cetera.
[00:26:47.550]Now, let's get into this just a little bit more.
[00:26:51.860]Here's a nice kind of schematic of a cartoon,
[00:26:57.110]a cartoon of a castle,
[00:26:59.430]and here you can see these walls and the moat,
[00:27:02.663]here's a real castle here,
[00:27:04.128]and you can see the walls and the moat.
[00:27:05.320]Well, what are the functions of the walls and the moat?
[00:27:07.660]Well, the function of the walls is really
[00:27:10.040]to provide containment of those
[00:27:12.690]and protect those that are inside.
[00:27:15.330]The function of that perimeter moat
[00:27:19.270]is to deter the intruders, whatever from getting close.
[00:27:25.410]So we have the same type of situation
[00:27:27.639]when we have biosecurity.
[00:27:30.800]The walls are called the lines of separation,
[00:27:34.020]the perimeters, the moat would be
[00:27:36.230]the perimeter buffer area.
[00:27:40.440]Here's a schematic of a modern poultry layout.
[00:27:45.100]Here you'd have a public road where you'd have
[00:27:47.850]the employee, visitor parking,
[00:27:49.770]that would be well marked with signs.
[00:27:51.860]Here you have access to the dead bird collection container.
[00:27:56.040]Here you would have an entry employee building,
[00:27:58.778]entry system where the employees would come in,
[00:28:02.390]change into their clean clothes, be able to have access
[00:28:06.240]into the perimeter buffer area.
[00:28:08.630]Here we have an entry system which we'll show you
[00:28:11.630]in just a minute into each facility,
[00:28:14.700]and these red lines indicate the lines of separation,
[00:28:18.540]the building walls, so we are contained,
[00:28:21.081]the birds are contained within the building.
[00:28:23.870]Here we have kind of a controlled access,
[00:28:26.660]so you can see a feed truck can come in,
[00:28:29.460]it can access the feeders,
[00:28:31.840]either in a perimeter buffer area
[00:28:33.770]by putting a chute out over
[00:28:36.010]or an auger and auguring feed in,
[00:28:38.150]or in this case it's outside of the perimeter buffer area.
[00:28:45.200]Here's an entry system.
[00:28:46.830]Typically you come in from a dirty side, so to speak,
[00:28:50.770]and this might be in a perimeter buffer area,
[00:28:52.980]you leave your street clothes here,
[00:28:55.500]you have a changing zone.
[00:28:56.840]Oftentimes, most often actually, these will have showers
[00:29:00.350]so you can shower in and then have clean clothing
[00:29:05.030]and enter into your facility.
[00:29:09.110]Here are some examples of some people coming in,
[00:29:11.806]coming out of the perimeter buffer area
[00:29:14.650]they again have boot baths here,
[00:29:16.640]they'll leave these clothes here and change
[00:29:19.943]into clothing for the facilities, entering the facilities.
[00:29:24.150]Here's a bird's eye view so to speak,
[00:29:27.660]an aerial view of a complex,
[00:29:29.620]and you can see that we have a boundary here.
[00:29:32.790]So this delineates the boundary
[00:29:34.760]of the perimeter buffer area.
[00:29:36.570]The yellow lines are the lines of separation.
[00:29:39.080]Now, the boundaries don't necessarily have to be you know,
[00:29:44.400]10 foot high chain link fence with razor wire on top.
[00:29:47.950]It can just be delineated where they are
[00:29:50.790]and if an outbreak occurs, then other things can happen.
[00:29:58.731]Okay, another example of a poultry complex.
[00:30:01.371]You can see another complex here,
[00:30:03.430]so there is some separation, they're separated by the roads,
[00:30:08.060]you can see the perimeter buffer areas,
[00:30:10.210]the lines of separation are the building walls,
[00:30:12.800]you can see the entry areas here.
[00:30:18.613]Okay.
[00:30:20.570]Again, why is biosecurity important?
[00:30:23.760]And again we talked about disease, and all these things
[00:30:26.610]about decreasing the spread of the disease
[00:30:29.290]decreasing use of disease treatments,
[00:30:31.490]increasing the health, and this biosecurity required
[00:30:34.980]by some government programs such as the USDA NPIP program.
[00:30:40.660]The ultimate objective or purpose of a biosecurity program
[00:30:45.410]is to reduce risk, okay.
[00:30:48.030]We can never totally eliminate the risk,
[00:30:51.890]but we can substantially mitigate the risk and risk factors.
[00:30:58.450]What is a biosecurity program?
[00:31:00.370]The biosecurity program are the practices
[00:31:03.400]and procedures that you are currently using
[00:31:05.970]to reduce the risk of disease.
[00:31:08.390]So this might not be any more
[00:31:11.190]than dusting off your coveralls
[00:31:14.670]before you go into a chicken house,
[00:31:16.920]but that's what you do.
[00:31:18.117]Or, it could be that you are going to shower in
[00:31:21.570]and shower out and have specific clothing, et cetera.
[00:31:24.580]What is a biosecurity plan?
[00:31:27.640]A biosecurity plan are the practices and procedures
[00:31:31.420]you will implement if certain circumstances change.
[00:31:35.860]So, biosecurity programs can, and they should,
[00:31:39.640]contain biosecurity plans.
[00:31:41.420]So typically, implement the plans
[00:31:44.130]into the program when something changes.
[00:31:46.180]We'll give you some example and we'll talk a little bit
[00:31:48.500]about the threat level assessment, et cetera.
[00:31:52.210]Okay.
[00:31:54.090]Developing and evaluating a biosecurity program
[00:31:57.880]is more than issuing coveralls and boots
[00:32:00.220]and having foot baths.
[00:32:01.660]So the NPIP official state agent audits
[00:32:05.890]will drive the demand for biosecurity plans
[00:32:09.660]and much more comprehensive programs.
[00:32:14.970]So, you should determine your objectives and goals.
[00:32:19.580]So why do you want to have this biosecurity?
[00:32:22.240]What problems are you trying to solve,
[00:32:24.490]what are you attempting to do,
[00:32:26.270]what do you want to accomplish?
[00:32:28.120]A biosecurity plan what if scenario.
[00:32:30.800]So this is the program, this is what you're gonna be doing,
[00:32:34.130]this is a plan, this is what I do if this happens.
[00:32:38.470]So if a low incidence, high impact disease occurs
[00:32:42.320]such as high path avian influenza,
[00:32:45.000]what are you doing to change,
[00:32:46.970]what are you going to do to implement your plan?
[00:32:49.350]You should know what you're going to do
[00:32:51.170]to put it into your program.
[00:32:53.010]If your biosecurity index score goes over
[00:32:55.280]or under benchmark, what are you going to do?
[00:32:57.270]Determine when and how the biosecurity plan
[00:33:00.150]becomes implemented into a biosecurity program.
[00:33:05.540]These are the first steps we've taken
[00:33:07.440]to provide you guidance in establishing your goals
[00:33:10.820]and guiding principles.
[00:33:12.470]So the goals should be clear, concise, unambiguous.
[00:33:16.620]For example, we want to protect
[00:33:19.790]against Salmonella species introduction.
[00:33:22.350]We want to decrease the mortality from a specific disease.
[00:33:25.910]We might want to raise the antibiotic-free poultry,
[00:33:29.710]that's a great goal.
[00:33:31.290]We might just want to increase
[00:33:33.674]the awareness of biosecurity programs.
[00:33:35.610]They should be attainable,
[00:33:36.660]they should be able to have benchmarks
[00:33:38.920]we can track the progress, and here's an example,
[00:33:43.860]with any year, we might want to decrease,
[00:33:46.450]or we will decrease our antibiotic usage by 50%,
[00:33:50.560]in two years by 75%.
[00:33:52.800]Reasonable numbers representing the most urgent.
[00:33:57.420]Threat levels, I think this is something
[00:33:59.500]we need to think about.
[00:34:01.617]When we talk about biosecurity,
[00:34:04.140]I think a lot of times people think, oh my gosh,
[00:34:06.339]we're gonna have to put up new gates,
[00:34:08.550]we're gonna have to put in all this equipment,
[00:34:12.130]we're gonna have to have foot baths,
[00:34:13.540]we're gonna have to have everybody dress in space suits
[00:34:16.010]and walk in you know, and it's gonna be
[00:34:17.480]so inconvenient and so terrible.
[00:34:19.540]Well, we need to think about the threat level.
[00:34:23.360]If it's normal operation,
[00:34:25.570]typically what you're doing is fine.
[00:34:28.220]However, if an outbreak of a highly infectious,
[00:34:31.270]high impact disease in the near surroundings
[00:34:33.480]like high pathogenic avian influenza,
[00:34:36.980]you may want to change.
[00:34:38.660]So the threat level goes from a normal
[00:34:41.620]up to a whatever you feel.
[00:34:44.320]Sometimes it's just normal and emergency
[00:34:46.440]or normal and urgent, maybe you have a high level,
[00:34:49.600]or low medium and high, level one, level two,
[00:34:52.620]you know and we have these security warnings
[00:34:55.860]at airports, you know, you hear that it's yellow,
[00:34:58.700]orange, red, whatever.
[00:35:00.470]So here's an example.
[00:35:02.810]We will go to level two if AI is present
[00:35:05.180]in the United States,
[00:35:06.330]we'll go to level three if high path AI is within 50 miles.
[00:35:11.690]So the goals, the SOPs et cetera within that program
[00:35:15.230]should be altered to accommodate the change,
[00:35:17.010]so what does that mean?
[00:35:18.040]Well maybe level three means
[00:35:21.030]that no feed cups come on the premise
[00:35:23.080]unless they are first thoroughly disinfected.
[00:35:28.060]Okay.
[00:35:29.370]Here are the biosecurity program 14 NPIP
[00:35:34.400]biosecurity principles.
[00:35:36.385]All of this again is on our website,
[00:35:39.420]I wanted to just acquaint you with this.
[00:35:42.590]You may be asked at some time by a producer
[00:35:45.240]to help develop or we're asked for advice
[00:35:49.720]on where to go for biosecurity,
[00:35:51.910]and you can certainly use our website for reference.
[00:35:56.470]We're here to help you,
[00:35:57.900]and we're here to help you help our producers.
[00:36:01.560]So with that, I'm gonna say thank you,
[00:36:03.507]and I'll certainly take any questions
[00:36:05.706]and appreciate your attention.
[00:36:16.850]Okay, I've got a couple things
[00:36:19.970]just to kind of kick this off.
[00:36:23.220]You were talking about a lot of different things,
[00:36:26.400]but one of the items in there
[00:36:28.630]in that list of 14 if you can bring
[00:36:31.040]that slide up again, Don,
[00:36:34.990]okay is equipment and vehicles,
[00:36:37.970]and this seems to be a really easy way
[00:36:41.130]to transfer viruses such as AI.
[00:36:45.660]And yet, I noticed in, particularly in the Costco plan,
[00:36:52.000]and I've been critical of it,
[00:36:54.020]they're planning to have equipment go from farm to farm
[00:36:58.760]doing their composting and manure removal.
[00:37:04.840]That could lend itself to a tremendous risk.
[00:37:09.211]Yet don't want to unburden farmers
[00:37:11.800]or contract growers from having their own disposal
[00:37:15.260]or manure management equipment yet.
[00:37:18.511]How do you feel about that?
[00:37:20.250]How are hey gonna make sure that that operator
[00:37:23.230]has disinfected everything
[00:37:25.180]before they come to their premise?
[00:37:27.530]Yeah, that's a good point, excellent point, Dr. Purdum.
[00:37:31.390]I think that that's where a lot of thought
[00:37:34.240]needs to go into the biosecurity program and plan.
[00:37:38.760]Now if it's under normal, low threat operations,
[00:37:42.710]there's no influenza around, you know,
[00:37:45.781]what they've been doing probably works fine.
[00:37:50.520]If there are imminent threats out there
[00:37:53.710]and if there is high path for instance
[00:37:55.960]within a certain radius, if they start sharing equipment
[00:38:00.030]from farm to farm, I mean this is a tremendous concern,
[00:38:05.390]and you know, I would think that in those types
[00:38:08.320]of the threat level increases,
[00:38:10.540]then they have a whole different set
[00:38:13.780]of standard operating procedures
[00:38:15.609]which might include not only cleaning and disinfecting,
[00:38:21.020]but it might include something like this equipment
[00:38:24.250]or these vehicles may need to be rested
[00:38:27.550]for a period of time.
[00:38:28.970]So maybe they can't go into another site for a week
[00:38:31.990]or whatever the period is.
[00:38:34.950]I think it can be handled.
[00:38:37.340]Vehicles, put it like this, after the initial case
[00:38:43.270]in Minnesota in the 2014, 2015, it was documented
[00:38:48.110]it came out of wild waterfowl,
[00:38:51.160]but after that, the spread was all by humans,
[00:38:54.970]and it was primarily through equipment,
[00:38:57.130]vehicular traffic, so you're right on,
[00:39:01.420]that needs to be addressed, and that is a concern.
[00:39:05.887](computer chiming)
[00:39:08.320]This is something I think educators can help
[00:39:11.310]within their counties is to start maybe mapping
[00:39:16.200]where farms are, not just Costco facilities
[00:39:22.560]but also egg laying facilities,
[00:39:24.820]pullet facilities, whatever large poultry facilities
[00:39:29.050]you have in your county,
[00:39:31.810]and think a little bit about traffic flows
[00:39:34.780]and how they move equipment,
[00:39:37.570]how they move the trucks, those types of things
[00:39:42.750]we should all be aware of.
[00:39:48.890]Let's, go ahead, Larry.
[00:39:52.340]I was gonna say our county's aware
[00:39:53.590]of biosecurity, you know, we've got a lot of livestock
[00:39:56.430]in this county, lot of poultry is not in this area yet
[00:40:01.040]but to the north of us they do have,
[00:40:03.900]so we're aware of that, but our swine investors
[00:40:06.310]really work hard as far as biosecurity
[00:40:09.820]and sometimes our feed light industry is not done as much
[00:40:12.900]as we probably could, but it's always in our forefront.
[00:40:17.490]So this is a really good topic we can,
[00:40:20.240]and I want to say, Don, you've got some great resources
[00:40:21.940]on the website, too, that'll help us.
[00:40:25.110]Thank you.
[00:40:27.290]Yeah, I'll reiterate that.
[00:40:28.876]The poultry industries and the swine industries
[00:40:32.360]have really been out front in biosecurity,
[00:40:35.400]disease control, transmission, et cetera.
[00:40:39.270]And this is not to be any kind of a disparaging comment
[00:40:44.160]or whatever, but oftentimes the beef industry
[00:40:48.710]just doesn't recognize it, I guess.
[00:40:51.210]I mean I've been here in Lincoln
[00:40:53.030]and been passed by these trailers that haul cattle,
[00:40:57.750]and they're just full of fecal material and dirty,
[00:41:00.460]and you know, and they don't have cattle inside.
[00:41:04.570]So I'm not sure what it will take to get them,
[00:41:08.060]maybe they don't have the disease problems
[00:41:09.860]that we have in poultry, but.
[00:41:15.370]Yeah, so I think there's a really good opportunity
[00:41:18.770]for educators to work within several realms
[00:41:22.620]of these biosecurity principles,
[00:41:25.160]and how manure's being moved, equipment and vehicles,
[00:41:29.770]what roads they're using, and to help producers have
[00:41:33.520]some contingency plans due to level of threats
[00:41:38.144]like what you said, Don, and it's pretty important.
[00:41:43.507]It affects a lot of people and a lot of doing business
[00:41:47.270]in your areas.
[00:41:51.900]Yeah let me comment just a bit about litter management,
[00:41:55.280]manure and litter management, because we often think,
[00:41:58.247]"Geez, we're gonna spread all that litter out,
[00:42:00.487]"and that's going to cause disease."
[00:42:03.740]Especially if it's composted, that really helps
[00:42:08.140]to decrease the pathogenic load.
[00:42:10.980]Now I think there's a real misconception that geez,
[00:42:14.390]composting generates heat
[00:42:16.130]and the heat sterilizes the litter.
[00:42:19.110]No, it does generate heat,
[00:42:22.570]and heat does not sterilize the litter.
[00:42:25.670]What it does, it changes the populations of the,
[00:42:29.280]the microbial populations of the litter,
[00:42:31.770]and in so doing we really decrease
[00:42:34.270]the pathogenic bugs that are there,
[00:42:37.350]and certainly spreading it out on land,
[00:42:40.720]with air, desiccation, UV lights, use sunlight,
[00:42:44.630]et cetera et cetera, really does a great job
[00:42:47.860]in disinfecting or inactivating these agents,
[00:42:51.510]so we, I think the manure spreading
[00:42:56.830]and litter management part of this
[00:42:59.640]sometimes takes a bad rap that we're not,
[00:43:02.680]just because we put the litter on the fields,
[00:43:04.350]that doesn't mean that we're spreading
[00:43:06.958]everything all around, so.
[00:43:11.050]In the case of some of the mass euthanasia practices
[00:43:15.221]and disposal, do you see some advancements
[00:43:19.010]since the outbreak of AI in 2015?
[00:43:23.380]Mm-hm, yeah, fortunately,
[00:43:26.430]we're not going to have to worry about that
[00:43:29.014]because the federal, primarily the federal
[00:43:32.320]and state authorities will be involved in that,
[00:43:34.750]but typically what happens, how they will do that,
[00:43:37.230]is they will come in and use a CO2 foaming agents
[00:43:42.740]that they use for firefighting,
[00:43:45.270]and they will set up kind of a barrier
[00:43:47.610]and flood an area with the birds in it,
[00:43:51.020]and they'll allow that to subside and basically,
[00:43:56.550]it's unfortunate, but the birds suffocate,
[00:43:59.940]and they're euthanized, and then they'll come in
[00:44:02.970]and usually put down some disinfectants, et cetera.
[00:44:06.120]In the case, it just depends on if they're meat birds
[00:44:09.890]or laying hens, or the type of construction.
[00:44:13.160]Typically in meat birds, they'll just compost them
[00:44:16.150]right there in the facility, and it doesn't take too long,
[00:44:20.680]few weeks, and then they can haul that out,
[00:44:23.283]so I think they've got a pretty good handle on that.
[00:44:27.380]We were going to have a APHIS veterinarian training session
[00:44:32.070]here at the diagnostic center.
[00:44:33.880]I had arranged all that.
[00:44:34.713]We were gonna have a demonstration of that foaming,
[00:44:38.264]and everything was set to go,
[00:44:40.080]and wouldn't you know, we had that virulent
[00:44:42.360]Newcastle disease outbreak which is still going on
[00:44:44.760]and two weeks before the workshop,
[00:44:46.660]they canceled everything, so it didn't happen, but.
[00:44:54.425]Very good.
[00:44:55.385]Any other questions regarding this process
[00:44:58.530]of assisting with biosecurity principles,
[00:45:01.345]having a handle on how equipment,
[00:45:05.220]livestock moves within your areas,
[00:45:08.410]and different levels of threat?
[00:45:12.100]I'll just give one little example here on campus
[00:45:15.100]that concerned me a lot in 2015.
[00:45:19.322]When this AI broke we had 1500 hens
[00:45:23.010]here in our buildings on campus and we were very concerned
[00:45:26.550]and we washed our farm truck every time it went out
[00:45:29.960]to make a delivery of eggs or to get supplies.
[00:45:34.200]I even had grad students who lived in Iowa
[00:45:36.830]in hot zones, and before they were allowed
[00:45:39.460]to come back to campus I would give them a wash card
[00:45:43.650]to make sure their vehicles were washed.
[00:45:45.440]But imagine trying to do biosecurity
[00:45:47.840]with thousands of people on your campus,
[00:45:50.820]walking through your facilities
[00:45:52.750]and cars driving by your facilities,
[00:45:55.026]it was a tremendous challenge, Don.
[00:45:58.570]Yeah, I can imagine.
[00:45:59.750]You did a good job, so you didn't have any avian influenza,
[00:46:02.440]that's great, that's really good.
[00:46:04.128]Yeah.
[00:46:04.961]You know, one of the things that, and you will,
[00:46:07.470]if you go through these biosecurity training modules
[00:46:10.398]or the slides you'll see, we didn't broach here
[00:46:14.040]but it's very important
[00:46:16.415]that oftentimes a source is through the workers
[00:46:22.060]or employees on a farm, whether they be the owners
[00:46:25.700]or someone outside the ownership coming in,
[00:46:29.250]that own poultry themselves,
[00:46:31.450]and they may have a few chickens around
[00:46:34.920]or even pet birds that they have
[00:46:38.070]for their own enjoyment or whatever,
[00:46:39.910]but that's a real nidus for infection
[00:46:41.970]and they can drag those infections in,
[00:46:44.805]so oftentimes companies do have regulations
[00:46:46.890]that if you're gonna work on the farm,
[00:46:49.300]you can't own or be in association with poultry,
[00:46:52.590]and not only at their own residence,
[00:46:57.470]but you have to think about
[00:46:59.020]are they visiting a poultry show,
[00:47:01.050]are they going to a county fair
[00:47:02.490]and going through the poultry exhibits?
[00:47:04.560]You know, all these types of things lend themselves
[00:47:07.920]to disease transmission.
[00:47:10.920]As a extension educator,
[00:47:15.400]one of the important areas are small flocks,
[00:47:18.520]and we are finding lots of Mycoplasmas in small flocks,
[00:47:22.720]and they can be transmitted to other commercial flocks,
[00:47:25.510]so we need your help in locating them
[00:47:28.460]and we do have a small flock assistance program
[00:47:32.751]that again you can find more about it on the website
[00:47:36.051]and we're here to help you and assist you in those areas.
[00:47:43.420]All right.
[00:47:44.253]Any other questions?
[00:47:46.790]Okay, we have this recorded as we have the others
[00:47:50.710]and we'll make it accessible to other users,
[00:47:53.710]and we definitely appreciate everybody's participation.
[00:47:57.140]Thank you Don, you've done two weeks in a row
[00:48:00.070]and we appreciate very much your expertise in presentations.
[00:48:04.720]Thank you, Doc Purdum.
[00:48:06.440]Yes, so I'm gonna stop recording at this point.
[00:48:16.840]Thanks, Sheila, and we'll--

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Healthy Poultry and Disease Monitoring

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