Ornamental and Turf Recert 2018

Franklin Bright Author

10/10/2018 Added

122 Plays

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Education safety training for applicators to become recertified for pesticide use.

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[00:00:00.813](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:00:17.200]Hello, and welcome to pesticide applicator
[00:00:19.420]re-certification training for category zero four
[00:00:22.240]on your license, ornamental and turf.
[00:00:25.130]Today we will hear from experts on plant biology,
[00:00:29.020]their growth, control methods,
[00:00:31.440]and new and different technologies
[00:00:32.880]to help maintain your ornamental and turf landscape.
[00:00:35.699]This training provide a valuable review of new practices,
[00:00:40.800]and some that you may already be using.
[00:00:43.048]Please enjoy.
[00:00:45.435](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:00:55.800]I'm Bill Kreuser, University of Nebraska
[00:00:57.550]extension turf grass specialist,
[00:00:59.450]and today we're gonna talk about using GPS sprayers
[00:01:02.190]to become better turf grass managers.
[00:01:04.840]These GPS sprayers have been in the ag market
[00:01:07.200]for several decades now, and we're just starting to see them
[00:01:10.850]move into the turf and ornamental market.
[00:01:13.230]And they offer a lot of promise for becoming
[00:01:15.700]more precise turf grass managers in the future.
[00:01:18.910]Some of their benefits include
[00:01:21.440]being able to put down the product
[00:01:23.240]right where it needs to be applied.
[00:01:25.140]And even varying the rate of that product so that areas
[00:01:27.820]that need a little bit more or a little bit less
[00:01:29.520]of a particular fertilizer or pesticide get it,
[00:01:32.680]based on the pests that are there.
[00:01:34.610]That ultimately leads to cost-savings,
[00:01:36.950]because now we're using our product much more efficiently,
[00:01:39.700]and it's a cornerstone of integrated turf grass management.
[00:01:44.183]So this sprayer has a lot of the same equipment
[00:01:46.670]that you'd expect to see in any conventional sprayer.
[00:01:49.470]You're gonna have a pump
[00:01:50.500]and you're gonna have a sprayer tank,
[00:01:52.140]and you're gonna have nozzles.
[00:01:54.190]But, there's gonna be other equipment
[00:01:55.790]that make this sprayer a little bit more high-tech.
[00:01:59.450]First and foremost we're gonna have to have
[00:02:01.090]a GPS receiver in a GPS sprayer.
[00:02:05.450]The GPS receiver is receiving information
[00:02:08.300]from GPS satellites that are helping to locate it
[00:02:11.040]at a particular spot on the earth.
[00:02:13.476]That signal uncorrected, though, isn't that accurate.
[00:02:17.550]You're talking about maybe 10 feet of accuracy,
[00:02:20.280]and in a turf situation, like on a golf course,
[00:02:22.810]where you have hard lines of fairways and tees and greens,
[00:02:27.120]10 feet of accuracy's not enough.
[00:02:29.170]So then what these manufacturers do
[00:02:31.250]is they put in GPS corrections to the receiver
[00:02:36.060]so that it knows what's better accuracy.
[00:02:38.620]There's different types of corrections,
[00:02:40.580]one is called WAAS, it's a wide area correction.
[00:02:44.170]It's not good enough for GPS sprayers,
[00:02:47.620]maybe gets down to three feet.
[00:02:49.260]We need to have about a couple inches of accuracy.
[00:02:52.330]So two of the technologies that we're seeing,
[00:02:54.400]one is an RTK type of analysis,
[00:02:57.690]in which we're getting information from a base station
[00:03:00.970]that's fixed on the earth, and then we can apply correction
[00:03:04.210]that gives us a better accuracy
[00:03:05.980]to where the GPS receiver actually is.
[00:03:10.820]There's also kind of a hybrid approach
[00:03:12.490]in which you'd have a satellite over the North America
[00:03:16.420]that's not moving relative to the planet.
[00:03:18.440]So it's always staying in the same spot in the sky,
[00:03:20.620]and then as a result it can give you correction
[00:03:22.880]within about a half of a foot,
[00:03:24.930]which is plenty good considering our nozzles
[00:03:26.910]are about 20 inches wide when they're spraying.
[00:03:29.370]So if you're within a half a foot,
[00:03:30.870]that's still accurate enough for what we need to use.
[00:03:35.540]Then we're gonna have a computer.
[00:03:37.200]That computer on the sprayer's
[00:03:38.500]gonna constantly be monitoring
[00:03:40.120]what the output of the spray is and how fast we're going.
[00:03:43.240]So that if the sprayer's moving very quickly,
[00:03:46.870]it's gonna go and put out more and more product
[00:03:48.900]so that we have the same uniform application rate.
[00:03:51.890]If you're starting to slow down,
[00:03:53.660]then it will put down less product
[00:03:55.580]so that our effective rate over the grass is the same.
[00:03:58.810]Some of these GPS sprayers that have variable rate nozzles,
[00:04:01.906]they can even account for the swing
[00:04:04.600]and the turning of that sprayer,
[00:04:06.230]so that the nozzles on the outside
[00:04:08.040]will sprayer at a faster frequency to put more product down,
[00:04:11.300]and the nozzles on the inside of the sprayer
[00:04:14.018]will actually go slower and put down less product.
[00:04:17.360]So the end result is a uniform application again.
[00:04:20.680]So we have our GPS receiver and we have a computer,
[00:04:23.080]and then we have some way of regulating our nozzles.
[00:04:25.980]And so there's different ways
[00:04:27.230]that companies have been dealing with this.
[00:04:29.060]Some companies just have lots of manifolds,
[00:04:31.730]maybe 10 manifolds on the back,
[00:04:33.750]in which each valve is either on or off.
[00:04:36.200]And so we're seeing that a lot more commercially available
[00:04:39.068]from some of the different equipment manufacturers.
[00:04:42.427]Other sprayer manufacturers
[00:04:44.240]that have a background in ag spraying
[00:04:46.640]are taking their technology and their expertise,
[00:04:49.310]and are applying it directly to retrofit
[00:04:51.490]existing turf grass sprayers.
[00:04:53.650]And so those types of sprayer technologies can be like,
[00:04:57.450]pulse-modulated type of a system
[00:04:59.370]where the sprayer is turning on and off
[00:05:01.810]at each nozzle very rapidly,
[00:05:03.770]or like in this sprayer we have two different nozzles.
[00:05:06.800]A lower output nozzle, a high output nozzle,
[00:05:10.210]and the manifold inside the nozzle body selects
[00:05:13.390]is it gonna be using the low output, the high output,
[00:05:16.840]or both, to get the different levels of sprayer output
[00:05:21.380]in a variable rate setting.
[00:05:23.880]This sprayer is also different
[00:05:25.210]because it uses centrifugal pump instead of a piston pump,
[00:05:28.580]and one of the advantages of that is
[00:05:30.290]it runs at a higher pressure,
[00:05:31.700]and they can change the pressure much more rapidly
[00:05:34.440]so that we can fill the gaps.
[00:05:35.620]So if you're somewhere between a high nozzle
[00:05:37.450]and a low nozzle, it can vary the pressure in the lines
[00:05:41.240]to achieve the sprayer output volume
[00:05:42.990]that you desire for your turf grass.
[00:05:45.587]So how do we go about using this technology
[00:05:47.870]to become better, more precise turf grass managers?
[00:05:51.160]Well, most of the sprayers,
[00:05:52.620]while they're all gonna be a little bit different
[00:05:53.960]depending on the system that you're using,
[00:05:55.990]have very similar characteristics
[00:05:57.530]in how you'd actually use them for the first time.
[00:06:00.340]First thing you're gonna before you go out and spray
[00:06:02.350]is you're going to have your different areas mapped.
[00:06:06.630]And so that can be done in some software packages
[00:06:09.210]that you can actually go in
[00:06:10.660]highlight your different areas,
[00:06:11.950]if it's a golf course you might highlight the fairway,
[00:06:15.400]maybe highlight greens separately, your tees separately.
[00:06:18.720]You might outline bunkers to be areas
[00:06:20.540]that you don't want to get sprayed.
[00:06:23.414]You can do that in software or these sprayers, too,
[00:06:26.870]you can actually just drive the edge
[00:06:29.810]and then the GPS is knowing okay, I'm on the edge,
[00:06:32.410]this is my natural boundary.
[00:06:34.330]So that's one of the ways that these systems
[00:06:35.810]are being used right now is we have these boundaries,
[00:06:39.130]and so we can eliminate over-spraying
[00:06:41.140]outside of those boundaries.
[00:06:43.390]And so it really can eliminate some of our product use,
[00:06:46.180]it reduces unnecessary need of fertilizers and pesticides
[00:06:49.710]to non-use, non-site areas,
[00:06:52.430]and so that's one of those big benefits
[00:06:54.040]of why people are making this initial investment
[00:06:56.939]to use this technology.
[00:06:59.806]Another thing you're gonna think about
[00:07:00.860]when you're ready to use this technology is,
[00:07:03.520]you'll go turn it on, you'll start to do your mixing.
[00:07:05.920]Mixing is generally very similar,
[00:07:07.540]you wanna use the same order of adding products
[00:07:09.900]as you would for any other type of a conventional sprayer.
[00:07:12.970]You're gonna mix with some agitation on of course
[00:07:15.050]so that those products are being
[00:07:17.740]uniformly distributed in the spray tank.
[00:07:20.060]But one extra important step is
[00:07:22.110]you need to make that the computer and the GPS is turned on
[00:07:26.840]so that it can start acquiring that correction signal
[00:07:30.150]from the satellites.
[00:07:31.730]It will really quickly find its rough location,
[00:07:35.570]so again, within about 10 feet.
[00:07:37.590]But we need higher accuracy, and so having the receiver
[00:07:40.480]not move, it can communicate to those,
[00:07:42.680]either those base stations in an RTK situation,
[00:07:45.654]or to that geosynchronous satellite
[00:07:47.890]from a satellite type of an approach.
[00:07:49.940]So that it can really dial down its accuracy
[00:07:52.700]to that sub half of a foot level that we need to spray.
[00:07:56.470]So having some time built in
[00:07:58.310]so that the system can know where it is
[00:08:00.680]on the golf course or the sports field,
[00:08:03.330]or a commercial turf area, is essential.
[00:08:06.018]Then you just on and you can spray.
[00:08:08.660]And it's actually really simplified spraying
[00:08:10.630]because you just pick the area you wanna spray,
[00:08:12.800]say it's your fairways or your tees,
[00:08:15.050]and those boundaries have already been set
[00:08:16.850]from that first time when you go and scan that area.
[00:08:20.480]And so anybody can really go out.
[00:08:22.910]If you have an individual nozzle control like this,
[00:08:25.860]if you have too much overlap from a past spray
[00:08:28.980]then those nozzles will shut off.
[00:08:30.800]So now areas of the turf aren't getting hit twice
[00:08:33.799]or three times if you have too much overlap.
[00:08:36.300]So the computer is really helping.
[00:08:38.210]That means you can have people
[00:08:39.340]that are learning how to use a sprayer,
[00:08:43.130]they can go out and do a really good job
[00:08:45.090]without the risk of making a mistake
[00:08:46.880]'cause they've just become new employees,
[00:08:49.380]new spray techs, new assistants,
[00:08:51.870]or new superintendents just maybe
[00:08:53.960]becoming familiar with the technology.
[00:08:55.390]It really is a lot more foolproof that old applications.
[00:08:58.670]Another benefit is, we don't need spray marker dye
[00:09:01.760]or foam markers, because the GPS has known where you are.
[00:09:05.970]You also have a map.
[00:09:07.070]The moving map shows areas that you've missed,
[00:09:09.520]and so if you've sprayed an entire tee
[00:09:11.350]or fairway or athletic field,
[00:09:12.860]and you missed a little area that's pretty small.
[00:09:15.400]In the past you may have had a pest come in that area.
[00:09:18.160]Now that you see it quickly on the map,
[00:09:19.810]you can drive over in any direction that you like,
[00:09:22.300]and the nozzles will turn on
[00:09:23.600]right as it's crossing into that non-treated area.
[00:09:26.550]So it really simplifies those applications,
[00:09:29.410]it's really, really nice.
[00:09:31.203]But with all the benefits, there still are some drawbacks,
[00:09:34.770]and the biggest drawback right now is cost.
[00:09:37.890]It's something that as we're seeing these sprayers
[00:09:39.920]become more and more utilized in the market,
[00:09:42.820]the cost will come down, but if you're an early adopter
[00:09:46.210]and you're just getting one of these new technologies,
[00:09:48.170]it's gonna cost a fair amount less.
[00:09:50.470]But is it worth the investment?
[00:09:52.400]And the answer a lot of times is yes,
[00:09:54.650]especially at a course that may be using
[00:09:56.450]a lot of different applications to control different pests,
[00:09:59.820]or manage their fertilizer in different ways.
[00:10:02.100]And so a lot of the sprayer companies
[00:10:04.210]say that you'll save between eight and up to 15
[00:10:07.930]or maybe even more percent in product use
[00:10:11.660]every single time that you spray.
[00:10:13.380]So that's 15% less pesticide, less fertilizer going out.
[00:10:17.800]Good for the environment but also good for your pocketbook.
[00:10:20.750]And so then you can go out and you can spray these areas,
[00:10:24.050]you'll be saving, and over a year or so
[00:10:26.360]you could quickly pay off the initial investment
[00:10:29.500]of this particular sprayer system.
[00:10:32.320]And so courses that are doing this,
[00:10:34.000]especially courses with lots of different juts and shapes
[00:10:37.870]and weird, non-square areas, they can save a lot of money,
[00:10:42.410]and even courses that are pretty straightforward
[00:10:44.360]can still save for some of the reasons
[00:10:46.740]that we've talked about so far.
[00:10:48.980]A potential longterm benefit
[00:10:50.937]that could also be a complication in the short-term
[00:10:55.560]is looking at all of this data,
[00:10:57.699]as we're collecting more data
[00:10:59.450]with sensors on mowers and through apps,
[00:11:02.720]and then turning that into prescription maps.
[00:11:05.470]So say we're doing fertilizer applications
[00:11:07.280]like we're doing here at this Jim Ager golf course.
[00:11:09.840]We are making maps of how the soil fertility levels
[00:11:13.640]and the turf performance are changing with time,
[00:11:16.200]and then we can go into a software package and we can say,
[00:11:19.420]these areas need a little bit more fertilizer,
[00:11:21.760]these areas are growing too much,
[00:11:23.240]they need a little bit less fertilizer.
[00:11:24.777]And so we can do these prescription maps
[00:11:26.820]with the variable rate technology and make that work,
[00:11:29.770]but, it's more time on my end to sit there
[00:11:32.440]and integrate all that data together,
[00:11:34.140]and start to draw out those boundaries.
[00:11:36.110]And so as the technology improves,
[00:11:38.090]then we can start to have that become more automated
[00:11:40.650]and make that turn into a system that you can just say,
[00:11:43.860]these areas need more, these areas need less,
[00:11:46.160]the manager selects how much more,
[00:11:48.420]how much less fertilizer, and out they go.
[00:11:51.320]Another we could see this working
[00:11:52.850]are for our plant growth regulators.
[00:11:55.130]One of the biggest challenges that we have right now
[00:11:57.480]with plant growth regulators is over-spray.
[00:12:00.290]Say you're spraying your greens
[00:12:01.570]and you're over-spraying onto a fairway,
[00:12:03.360]now it's getting maybe twice as much PGR.
[00:12:06.230]Or, these plant growth regulators
[00:12:08.120]might last longer on greens than fairways,
[00:12:10.390]and so we start to see problems threaten to arise
[00:12:13.000]from these plant growth regulator applications.
[00:12:16.260]So we're working right now on algorithms and models
[00:12:18.800]that can know what area you're spraying,
[00:12:20.920]and then they can start to vary
[00:12:22.620]the rate of the PGR with this technology,
[00:12:25.460]and it can really actually improve the health of your turf.
[00:12:27.880]So it's not just that we're gonna have more savings
[00:12:32.420]and money, but we're gonna have healthier turf
[00:12:34.600]by using this type of technology.
[00:12:36.440]So it really seems like a lot of sense,
[00:12:38.440]and that's why a lot of superintendents
[00:12:40.190]are using this system or looking to buy this system
[00:12:43.770]to become better at applying to their turf grass.
[00:12:47.371](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:12:58.900]Plant growth regulators in the turf world
[00:13:01.260]can be a little bit different
[00:13:02.200]than they are in traditional agriculture.
[00:13:04.400]For the most part we think about
[00:13:05.740]plant growth regulating herbicides
[00:13:07.680]like 2,4-D and Dicamba as weedkillers
[00:13:10.510]that we put onto raw leaf weeds
[00:13:12.700]and they cause that weed to grow like crazy.
[00:13:15.310]So plant growth regulator is any type of a material
[00:13:17.830]that changes how the plant grows,
[00:13:20.660]so we put these PGRs on the weeds
[00:13:23.410]and they just grow like crazy.
[00:13:25.040]And eventually they run out of sugar and die.
[00:13:27.570]In the turf market there's another way we use
[00:13:29.690]plant growth regulators, and that's we actually use them
[00:13:32.100]to slow down growth rate of plants.
[00:13:34.850]Some of the most commonly used plant growth regulators
[00:13:37.920]in the turf market are Trinexapac-ethyl,
[00:13:40.850]Prohexadione calcium, Flurprimidol, and Paclobutrazol.
[00:13:45.670]These plant growth regulators
[00:13:47.170]inhibit the hormone gibberellin.
[00:13:49.830]This hormone causes grass leaves to elongate,
[00:13:52.630]to grow faster.
[00:13:53.850]So we put these plant growth regulators down,
[00:13:56.430]we see the grass actually grows slower.
[00:13:58.980]There's two different kinds of classifications
[00:14:01.240]of gibberellin inhibitors
[00:14:02.730]that we use routinely in the turf market.
[00:14:05.210]There's class A and class B types.
[00:14:07.730]Class As are products that contain
[00:14:10.250]Trinexapac-ethyl and Prohexadione calcium.
[00:14:13.940]These are foliarly absorbed products
[00:14:16.310]and they work very late in the pathway.
[00:14:18.490]As a result they're generally a lot safer
[00:14:20.610]than the class B products
[00:14:21.820]from a discoloration and phytotoxicity perspective.
[00:14:25.610]The class B products, Paclobutrazol and Flurprimidol,
[00:14:28.940]they are root absorbed products,
[00:14:30.410]and so when you apply them you wanna water them in
[00:14:32.669]either immediately, or if there's other products
[00:14:34.950]that can't be watered in with your application,
[00:14:37.890]water it in that night.
[00:14:39.750]They can have a little bit higher risk of phyto,
[00:14:41.800]but they're also a little bit more herbicidal
[00:14:43.580]on some of the weeds that we deal with
[00:14:45.280]in our turf grass, weeds like annual bluegrass.
[00:14:48.440]So it's important to know which classification
[00:14:50.450]you're dealing with, and then figuring out
[00:14:52.050]how to effectively use these products.
[00:14:54.460]So some of the secondary benefits
[00:14:56.250]of these plant growth regulators
[00:14:57.580]are an increase in tiller density,
[00:14:59.550]so you have a lot more plants in a particular area
[00:15:02.440]so it looks a lot denser, we see an increase in green color,
[00:15:06.196]and we also see some more obscure,
[00:15:08.570]harder to quantify types of difference.
[00:15:11.050]Some being that the plant is healthier,
[00:15:13.640]it's better able to handle
[00:15:15.100]heat, drought, and cell tolerance.
[00:15:17.600]Some PGRs like Paclobutrazol can actually help out with
[00:15:21.560]the control of annual bluegrass,
[00:15:25.140]a weed that can get into our golf turf
[00:15:26.930]that we don't have a lot of traditional herbicides for.
[00:15:29.530]So by using these types of products on a routine basis,
[00:15:32.870]I'm talking all season long,
[00:15:35.490]then we can really start to see a lot of secondary benefits
[00:15:38.160]besides just the grass growing slower.
[00:15:40.830]So how do we use these products in an efficient way?
[00:15:43.653]The first way is we have to maintain growth suppression.
[00:15:47.270]And to do that we have to understand how these PGRs work.
[00:15:51.110]When you put a plant growth regulator on the turf,
[00:15:54.200]what we see is first it starts to grow slower,
[00:15:57.260]as you'd expect,
[00:15:58.093]these PGRs are slowing the growth rate down.
[00:16:00.500]And it might reduce the growth rate of the grass
[00:16:03.070]by 20 to 80% depending on what application rate you use.
[00:16:08.020]And then once that growth suppression wears off,
[00:16:10.690]a lot of times especially in our cool season grasses
[00:16:13.070]of Nebraska, we see an effect called the rebound.
[00:16:16.040]Where the grass actually grows 20 to 80% faster
[00:16:19.320]than grass that would've never been treated
[00:16:21.070]with that plant growth regulator.
[00:16:22.910]So if we're trying to maximize plant health
[00:16:25.290]and get all those secondary benefits,
[00:16:27.040]and reduce our mowing requirements,
[00:16:29.000]then we want to be applying our PGRs frequently enough
[00:16:32.430]so that we never have that suppression phase wear off.
[00:16:36.020]The problem is,
[00:16:37.080]the length of the suppression phase depends on heat.
[00:16:41.200]When it is really hot outside,
[00:16:42.950]the PGRs break down much faster,
[00:16:45.440]and so you have to apply them much more frequently.
[00:16:47.950]When it's cool outside, then the PGRs last a lot longer,
[00:16:51.740]and so you stretch your application intervals out.
[00:16:54.340]So a thing to remember when using
[00:16:55.830]plant growth regulators is, application rate impacts
[00:16:59.160]how much suppression you're getting,
[00:17:00.990]how much slower the grass would be growing
[00:17:03.150]relative to a non-treated grass stand,
[00:17:05.720]and the duration of the product depends on
[00:17:08.130]how frequently in lower mowing,
[00:17:09.810]the more frequently mow and the lower we mow,
[00:17:11.720]the shorter they last, and ultimately the temperature.
[00:17:14.790]So when it's hot out, they last shorter.
[00:17:17.104]We use growing degree day models
[00:17:19.130]as an approach to then predict
[00:17:20.770]when we have to apply our PGRs.
[00:17:23.090]So that when we hit certain growth and degree day thresholds
[00:17:26.090]then we reapply, we maintain clipping yield suppression,
[00:17:29.050]and then we see a real benefit
[00:17:30.610]in the quality of the turf grass,
[00:17:32.870]and we see all those secondary benefits
[00:17:35.020]that are also harder to quantify.
[00:17:37.690]A problem can happen though sometimes
[00:17:39.620]where we have different turf areas butting up to each other.
[00:17:43.160]So like on this putting green behind me,
[00:17:45.400]the grass on that green is mowed every day and is short,
[00:17:48.300]therefore the PGRs need to be applied a lot more frequently.
[00:17:51.760]We also know that the putting green height grass
[00:17:54.880]is less susceptible to the application rate.
[00:17:57.640]The grass around the green is mowed
[00:17:59.550]at half of an inch only three times a week,
[00:18:02.280]and so it's more susceptible to that PGR.
[00:18:05.310]As a result, it needs to be applied less frequently.
[00:18:09.240]The problem there is your applying for your putting green,
[00:18:12.060]yet the PGR is going onto the collar
[00:18:15.250]and we're seeing too much suppression.
[00:18:17.330]We're seeing over-regulation, the grass isn't growing,
[00:18:20.550]it can't recover from that traffic,
[00:18:22.620]and we're currently researching techniques
[00:18:24.430]to try to minimize that over-regulation that can happen.
[00:18:28.340]It usually shows up in mid-June to early July
[00:18:31.630]after about two months of application.
[00:18:33.690]One of the ways that we can try
[00:18:35.490]to prevent this from occurring
[00:18:37.160]is by using the GPS sprayers we talked about earlier.
[00:18:39.960]We can use these sprayers so that when the sprayer
[00:18:42.360]gets to the green edge, the nozzles turn off
[00:18:44.970]before the PGR gets into the collar.
[00:18:47.680]And you might think hey, well Bill,
[00:18:48.920]I gotta apply other things in with my PGR
[00:18:51.210]like fertilizers and fungicides.
[00:18:53.470]How could I not spray my collars?
[00:18:55.470]Well a lot of times you can spray those products
[00:18:58.030]every other time with the PGR,
[00:19:00.400]in which you'd spray your collar and your green.
[00:19:03.290]But if you're just spraying PGR by itself on just the green,
[00:19:07.090]skip the other products, spray just the green,
[00:19:09.520]and as that GPS sprayer gets to the collar it turns off.
[00:19:12.850]Some of the other things we're discovering
[00:19:14.930]is a little bit higher nitrogen fertility application
[00:19:17.764]throughout the year can stimulate that grow-out of that PGR
[00:19:22.210]and mowing a little bit shorter also might limit
[00:19:25.950]some of the problems with the over-regulation.
[00:19:29.900]So when we're using the PGRs effectively,
[00:19:32.540]we can obtain a lot of great benefits from these products,
[00:19:35.830]and they can transcend all different areas,
[00:19:37.900]golf turf, sports turf, but even commercial turf and lawns
[00:19:41.470]are finding benefits from some of these products
[00:19:43.530]and we're seeing more and more of them applied
[00:19:45.600]to a lawn care market because of the benefits
[00:19:48.160]that can be achieved with these PGRs.
[00:19:51.190]So when we're using products like this,
[00:19:52.780]it's important to just keep in mind of how they're working
[00:19:55.780]and how we need to use them in a good program
[00:19:58.470]so that we don't get too much growth suppression
[00:20:00.700]like we had in the collar, but now that we go into that
[00:20:03.260]rebound growth phase where we lose all those benefits
[00:20:06.070]of growth suppression, and shade tolerance,
[00:20:08.620]and plant heat tolerance, and all the secondary benefits
[00:20:11.900]associated with those products.
[00:20:13.970]So we do have some tools on our website
[00:20:15.920]available at turf dot UNL dot edu,
[00:20:18.180]and we have a free web app, green keeper app dot com.
[00:20:21.590]Those are ways that you can log in,
[00:20:23.760]you can enter the application rates,
[00:20:25.550]the products you plan to use,
[00:20:27.240]and you can enter the areas you're treating
[00:20:29.160]and it tells you when you have to reapply the PGRs
[00:20:32.220]based on the growing degree days,
[00:20:33.870]and it also tells you roughly how much
[00:20:35.770]average clipping yield suppression you have.
[00:20:37.620]So there's no need to keep track
[00:20:39.280]of all these really complex models and math,
[00:20:42.660]that the websites can help with that.
[00:20:44.910]So as you can see, by utilizing tools
[00:20:47.160]like Green Keeper app and plant growth regulators
[00:20:49.713]and the GPS sprayers we talked about before,
[00:20:52.940]we can become much more precise turf managers,
[00:20:55.670]and that leads to saving money,
[00:20:57.540]improving turf grass conditions, and reducing the amount
[00:21:00.530]of active ingredient in our environment.
[00:21:02.900]This really is the cornerstone of good,
[00:21:05.340]integrated pest management, integrated turf management.
[00:21:08.320]If we're managing all of our inputs properly,
[00:21:10.930]we can reduce pests, we can achieve the goals
[00:21:13.890]we're trying to achieve, and ultimately minimize
[00:21:17.250]our impact on our environment.
[00:21:18.965](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:21:30.536]Hi, I'm Jonathan Larson,
[00:21:32.150]I'm an entomologist for the University of Nebraska.
[00:21:34.740]I'm here in the Maxwell Arboretum on east campus,
[00:21:38.370]and I'm here today to talk to you a little bit about
[00:21:39.780]some of the pests that can infest our trees,
[00:21:42.120]our lawns and our landscape plants.
[00:21:44.450]We have lots of different bugs
[00:21:45.530]out there that can cause problems,
[00:21:47.150]we have lots of bugs out there
[00:21:48.070]that don't cause issues that we'd like to preserve,
[00:21:50.480]but those pests are the ones
[00:21:51.520]that you're probably gonna get the most calls about.
[00:21:53.890]So in Nebraska we mainly worry about things
[00:21:56.260]like aphids feeding in the leaf zone.
[00:21:58.670]Aphids are small, hemipteran insects,
[00:22:01.190]they have true mouth parts that look like a needle
[00:22:04.240]that they use to siphon out fluids from the plant for food.
[00:22:07.550]They feed on just about any kind of plant
[00:22:09.460]that grows in our landscape.
[00:22:11.140]They're usually green but they can be red,
[00:22:13.490]they can be yellow, they can even be kinda black in color.
[00:22:16.610]As they feed they can cause the leaf to curl,
[00:22:18.920]they'll hide out under the leaves that they make curl over
[00:22:21.690]so that they have a nice tidy spot to hide out in.
[00:22:24.210]And they can also cause the plant
[00:22:25.460]to look really wilt-y overall.
[00:22:28.020]The other symptom that we associate with aphids
[00:22:30.550]is that when they feed,
[00:22:31.730]they're sucking up all that sugar juice,
[00:22:33.670]so they're also pooping out a lot of sugar juice.
[00:22:36.170]We call this honeydew.
[00:22:37.010]Honeydew often accumulates on the leaf
[00:22:39.730]as this sticky wet puddle, it can fall down onto people,
[00:22:43.340]it can also get on cars and decks,
[00:22:45.530]it can be really annoying, and your clients may call you
[00:22:47.970]about that issue in particular.
[00:22:49.860]It also produces the premium growth opportunity
[00:22:52.810]for things like black sooty mold.
[00:22:54.700]So if you have an aphid issue you may see
[00:22:56.440]a lot of sooty mold growing on the bark,
[00:22:58.960]on the branches or on the leaves.
[00:23:01.330]Aphids can be controlled in a variety of ways.
[00:23:04.120]If it's just on a little shrub
[00:23:05.410]or a little perennial or annual plant,
[00:23:07.570]you can really just blow them off with a hose of water.
[00:23:10.000]Once they fall off the plant they have a tough time
[00:23:12.450]getting back up onto it, so just a strong jet of water
[00:23:15.590]will knock them off and dislodge them.
[00:23:17.890]You can also use things like insecticidal soaps.
[00:23:20.720]You wanna treat the top and bottom of the leaf
[00:23:23.120]in order to get maximum coverage.
[00:23:25.449]If an insecticidal soap is put onto these aphids
[00:23:28.750]it soaks them, and it clogs them all up,
[00:23:31.300]and it will kill them.
[00:23:32.680]Some more traditional insecticides that would be non-organic
[00:23:35.320]would be pyrethroid type products,
[00:23:37.450]sprayed again on the leaf until it kinda drips off,
[00:23:40.430]that way you can control those pests for your clients.
[00:23:43.270]Some other hemipterans that cause issues
[00:23:45.070]would be scale insects.
[00:23:46.720]They feed very similarly to the aphid,
[00:23:49.300]they have the same kind of feeding diet.
[00:23:51.870]They feed on that sugary sap as well
[00:23:54.230]and they are different in that they're not very mobile.
[00:23:56.960]Aphids can move around and walk and they can be seen
[00:24:00.250]pretty easily, they look like plant lice.
[00:24:02.610]The scales on the other hand are usually camouflaged.
[00:24:05.400]They glue themselves to the plant
[00:24:07.250]and they pretty much stay in one spot,
[00:24:08.850]they're nature's greatest couch potato.
[00:24:10.780]They just sit on this one spot
[00:24:12.450]and never move and drink the sugar water.
[00:24:14.945]They also cause sooty mold and the honeydew to accumulate
[00:24:19.570]and the wilting, they're a little tougher to control though.
[00:24:22.210]They're often covered in a waxy cuticle
[00:24:24.880]that can protect them from insecticidal sprays,
[00:24:27.920]so we wanna time our sprays according to their lifecycle.
[00:24:31.420]In the early part of the year
[00:24:32.670]when things are starting to leaf out,
[00:24:34.540]you'll notice that there could be crawlers on the plant.
[00:24:37.430]The crawler is the only moving stage
[00:24:39.470]of the scale's lifecycle.
[00:24:41.567]It's the immature form and they're looking for a new spot
[00:24:44.280]to hang out on, and so they're crawling around,
[00:24:46.690]they're usually little and yellow.
[00:24:48.330]You can put a piece of black electrical tape
[00:24:50.630]wrapped around the branch sticky side up
[00:24:53.240]and you can monitor for scales using that tactic.
[00:24:55.570]The crawlers will get stuck in it,
[00:24:56.870]and that will tell you it's time
[00:24:58.350]to make an application of a pyrethroid,
[00:25:00.650]or again an insecticidal soap if you wanted to use it.
[00:25:03.750]Scales can also be destroyed with dormant oil applications
[00:25:07.277]in the winter when the tree is not growing.
[00:25:10.351]There are other pests
[00:25:11.650]that don't just feed on that sugary sap,
[00:25:13.450]there's some that feed on the leafy material itself.
[00:25:16.220]Here in Nebraska we have a few examples of that,
[00:25:18.790]a big one that we're seeing more and more of is the bagworm.
[00:25:21.800]We're hearing more reports of this incest feeding
[00:25:24.370]in a lot of our different evergreen plants.
[00:25:26.630]Bagworms are caterpillars, they love feeding on juniper,
[00:25:29.910]arborvitae, pine, spruce, they'll even get in larch.
[00:25:34.750]You can also find them in some of our deciduous plants
[00:25:37.380]like oak and locust trees, and when they're in those trees
[00:25:40.530]they're gonna cut the leaves up and consume them.
[00:25:42.920]They're also gonna take bits of the leaf,
[00:25:44.950]or berries and other materials in the tree
[00:25:47.330]and they're gonna use it to construct
[00:25:49.010]a silk bag around their body.
[00:25:51.400]They use a silk that they produce and this debris,
[00:25:54.280]they glue it all together and they get this nice
[00:25:56.040]sleeping bag that they get to hang out in.
[00:25:58.320]It protects them from the elements,
[00:26:00.100]keeps them safe from predators,
[00:26:01.640]it also camouflages them into the tree that they live.
[00:26:04.940]Once they do that they're gonna feed
[00:26:06.380]for about eight to 10 weeks in the summer.
[00:26:08.670]They first emerge in May, maybe early June
[00:26:11.610]depending on where you're at in the state,
[00:26:13.700]and then over eight to 10 weeks they can create
[00:26:15.690]this bronzing symptom on our evergreen plants.
[00:26:19.070]They feed and create this brown spot that used to be green,
[00:26:22.340]it's very unsightly, and if it's left unchecked
[00:26:24.690]it will kill the plant over successive generations.
[00:26:27.880]They usually start at the top, and then move their way down
[00:26:30.460]through the tree over the next few years.
[00:26:33.140]Bagworms can just stay in the tree
[00:26:35.510]and re-infest the one that they were born in,
[00:26:37.590]or they can do what we call ballooning.
[00:26:39.560]This is how new infestations get started.
[00:26:42.180]They start hatching out
[00:26:44.220]and they crawl to the end of the leaf,
[00:26:45.880]the little caterpillar is so small
[00:26:47.580]it can just release a strand of silk
[00:26:49.740]which is picked up by the wind,
[00:26:51.370]and it carries the caterpillar for miles
[00:26:53.480]to a new location that it can infest.
[00:26:55.990]Once they get there they land on the tree,
[00:26:58.270]they start feeding, building their bag and developing.
[00:27:01.160]Once they become mature the male pupates,
[00:27:03.867]and then he comes out as a little moth
[00:27:05.530]that can fly around, it's small, brown,
[00:27:08.330]and very fuzzy, with big feathery antennae.
[00:27:11.170]The female when she pupates,
[00:27:12.620]she turns into what we call sort of a super caterpillar.
[00:27:15.500]She never becomes a true moth and she never leaves the bag.
[00:27:19.000]She stays inside of there for her entire life.
[00:27:21.610]Males are able to detect which bags contain females
[00:27:25.000]with their large, feathery antennae, they detect pheromones,
[00:27:28.200]and they fly up to the bag, mate with her through the bag,
[00:27:31.110]and then he dies, he uses all his energy up to do that.
[00:27:34.450]The female will be inside of the bag, protected,
[00:27:37.060]she lays her eggs in there with her, and then she perishes.
[00:27:40.550]Those eggs will stay in the bag over the winter,
[00:27:42.830]and emerge the next spring
[00:27:44.070]to start the cycle all over again.
[00:27:46.640]Bagworms can be controlled either through organic options
[00:27:49.940]like going out in March or April
[00:27:51.950]and snipping bags from trees, cutting them out with a shear
[00:27:55.330]or a pair of scissors or a knife.
[00:27:57.160]The bag is quite tough,
[00:27:58.680]it can be hard to remove just by using your hand,
[00:28:01.390]but if you cut those out you'll remove the bags
[00:28:03.390]before those eggs hatch out
[00:28:05.140]and you can stop them from re-infesting the tree next year.
[00:28:08.460]If you don't do that you can get out
[00:28:10.200]in the early part of the year, usually in early June,
[00:28:13.070]and apply Bt to the plants.
[00:28:15.510]Bt is made of Bacillus thuringiensis, it is organic,
[00:28:19.540]but it's extremely effective against caterpillars.
[00:28:22.390]When they ingest this it crystallizes inside of them
[00:28:25.110]and it can shred them from the inside out.
[00:28:27.150]It's extremely gruesome,
[00:28:28.540]but it's a great way to control caterpillars.
[00:28:30.960]Once they ingest it they'll be controlled by that,
[00:28:33.270]and you've controlled that problem for your client.
[00:28:35.650]If you miss that early window in June though,
[00:28:37.850]if you go out in July or August
[00:28:39.360]and have bigger bags and bigger bagworms,
[00:28:41.810]you're gonna wanna treat with bifenthrin or carbaryl
[00:28:44.740]to control those larger caterpillars.
[00:28:47.186]There are other plant-feeding insects
[00:28:49.310]such as Japanese beetles that are becoming a bigger issue.
[00:28:52.420]Japanese beetles are one of our rare twofer pests.
[00:28:55.140]They're a pest both as an adult and as a larva.
[00:28:58.350]As an adult they feed on over
[00:28:59.800]300 different species of plants in 80 different families.
[00:29:03.960]They're a scarab beetle so they're kind of oval in shape.
[00:29:06.880]They're a bright metallic green
[00:29:08.740]as well as a copper color on the top of their elytra.
[00:29:11.790]And they have white fuzzy dots
[00:29:13.320]along the edge of their abdomen.
[00:29:15.440]This is one of the main traits that we use
[00:29:17.070]to separate them from things like false Japanese beetles
[00:29:19.880]and other species that they resemble.
[00:29:22.320]When they feed on the plant,
[00:29:23.590]they usually attack the leaf zone.
[00:29:25.540]When they feed on the leaf they have very sharp mandibles
[00:29:27.970]that cut through the green tissue,
[00:29:29.810]and all they leave behind is the vein of the plant,
[00:29:32.670]it's what we call skeletonization.
[00:29:34.770]It's also kind of lacy in appearance.
[00:29:37.240]As this happens the tree starts to lose its leaves
[00:29:39.700]and it can look like autumn is setting in
[00:29:41.360]in the middle of summer.
[00:29:42.840]They'll also attract fruits, they love grape,
[00:29:45.240]they love peaches, and they'll hollow out those fruits,
[00:29:47.790]and they love flowers as well.
[00:29:49.670]They'll eat the blooms of roses and shred them
[00:29:51.810]into a fine, almost powder after they get through with them.
[00:29:56.220]They're extremely damaging, it's extremely unsightly,
[00:29:58.500]and it aggravates a lot of folks.
[00:30:00.440]There are some things that can do to prevent this damage.
[00:30:03.260]On trees that they attack we can use
[00:30:05.100]a systemic soil-applied insecticide like imidacloprid.
[00:30:09.470]You treat around the foot flare of the tree,
[00:30:11.860]it's absorbed, and the tree is protected for one year.
[00:30:14.870]You can do this on every tree that they attack
[00:30:17.250]except for lindens.
[00:30:18.960]Lindens have a special labeling issue
[00:30:21.810]where for a lot of imidacloprid products
[00:30:24.340]you're no longer allowed to use that
[00:30:26.300]type of chemistry on a linden tree.
[00:30:28.640]Always check the label, some products are allowed,
[00:30:31.010]other products are not allowed.
[00:30:32.710]So always make sure you check
[00:30:34.230]before you treat a linden tree.
[00:30:36.270]You can also treat the leaves foliarly with products like
[00:30:39.160]bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, or carbaryl.
[00:30:43.650]The leaves are soaked and then they're protected,
[00:30:45.490]depending on the product, for one week for carbaryl
[00:30:48.360]up to four weeks with bifenthrin and chlorantraniliprole.
[00:30:51.640]If you're trying to protect shrubs
[00:30:53.520]and other plants in the landscape,
[00:30:55.290]it might be better to focus on bifenthrin on those leaves,
[00:30:58.560]never get it on the flowering portion of the plant
[00:31:01.090]or you're creating a hazard for pollinating insects.
[00:31:04.120]There are some organic options
[00:31:05.560]if your business is oriented that way.
[00:31:07.510]You might try Neem or Pyola, applied to the leaves
[00:31:11.090]they do provide protection for three to seven days,
[00:31:14.060]you're gonna have to make multiple applications though.
[00:31:16.920]For the grub stage we have a different set of issues.
[00:31:19.280]They feed in the root zone of turf grass,
[00:31:21.660]and when they do that they can create
[00:31:23.090]large dead patches of brown grass
[00:31:25.690]that lift up from the ground like a carpet from the floor.
[00:31:29.410]There's no roots tethering it to the soil anymore
[00:31:31.840]so it just lifts right out of there.
[00:31:33.940]They also attract things like skunks and raccoons
[00:31:36.720]to the yard because they wanna feed
[00:31:38.320]on these yummy land shrimp that are below the turf.
[00:31:41.310]When they're under there they go through
[00:31:43.050]several stages of growth, they're an egg in August
[00:31:45.980]up until about the end of that month,
[00:31:48.210]and then they feed in August and September and October,
[00:31:51.930]and they go through three stages of development.
[00:31:54.490]After that they go down lower in the soil over winter
[00:31:57.980]and pupate the next spring
[00:31:59.340]before they emerge in May and June.
[00:32:02.630]When they're down there in the soil
[00:32:04.280]it can be hard to get the insecticide
[00:32:05.980]where we want it to be,
[00:32:07.190]but if you do a preventative application in April or May,
[00:32:11.384]at the latest the fourth of July,
[00:32:13.350]usually wanna get it out in May or June.
[00:32:15.580]If you get the products out like Scotts GrubEx
[00:32:17.830]which has chlorantraniliprole or imidacloprid,
[00:32:21.060]which is found in products like Merit,
[00:32:23.020]the plant will be protected systemically
[00:32:24.900]for that growing season.
[00:32:26.070]But you gotta do that every early summer,
[00:32:28.590]otherwise it won't work.
[00:32:30.220]There's also curative products
[00:32:31.590]that you can use in the September timeframe,
[00:32:34.810]you go out with a carbaryl type product or a clothianidin,
[00:32:38.170]and those products when they soak in they'll control
[00:32:40.240]about 75% of those grubs that are below the soil.
[00:32:43.839]There's also a new invasive species out there
[00:32:46.300]that we're really worried about
[00:32:47.430]that's called the emerald ash bore.
[00:32:49.300]This is an invasive pest from Asia,
[00:32:51.480]we believe it was accidentally introduced
[00:32:53.440]into the United States from wooden packaging material,
[00:32:57.030]and it was first found
[00:32:58.130]in the Detroit, Michigan area in 2002.
[00:33:01.140]Since that initial find, it's been found in over
[00:33:03.560]30 different states, several Canadian provinces,
[00:33:06.640]and if you want the most up to date information
[00:33:08.370]on where it lives, go to emerald ash borer dot info,
[00:33:11.700]it has a really up to date map
[00:33:12.990]that shows you where all the locations are.
[00:33:15.340]We first confirmed this pest in Nebraska in 2016,
[00:33:19.160]it was first found in the Omaha metro area,
[00:33:21.610]but then it was also found
[00:33:22.470]in Greenwood, Nebraska in the same year.
[00:33:24.900]If you want the most up to date info
[00:33:26.280]on where it's at in Nebraska,
[00:33:28.030]check the Nebraska Forest Service's website.
[00:33:30.840]They have a really cool map
[00:33:31.850]that shows all the different spots.
[00:33:34.000]This pest attacks all of the different types of ash
[00:33:36.550]that we grow in the United States.
[00:33:38.300]Blue ash, white ash, black ash,
[00:33:40.880]all of the different cultivars including purple
[00:33:43.300]and autumn spectacular ash are equally affected.
[00:33:46.770]If you don't do anything to stop this pest
[00:33:49.020]it will kill these trees
[00:33:50.260]over the course of seven to 10 years.
[00:33:52.282]We also have to worry about closely related species
[00:33:55.110]like the white fringe tree, which can be infested as well.
[00:33:59.060]In terms of what to do about this pest,
[00:34:01.190]if you haven't had a confirmed sighting in your area yet,
[00:34:05.000]it's best to just be vigilant for it.
[00:34:07.090]You wanna look out for symptoms like die back
[00:34:09.330]in the upper one third of the canopy.
[00:34:11.710]The tree is gonna have an infestation starting up there
[00:34:15.130]where the beetle feeds in those branches,
[00:34:17.080]and as they do that it can cause leaf loss.
[00:34:19.660]So if you see that happening it's a good early indicator
[00:34:22.380]there could be a problem.
[00:34:23.890]We also see epicormic shoots
[00:34:25.780]sprouting out from the base of the tree,
[00:34:27.770]new leaves that don't belong there.
[00:34:29.450]Trying to save itself,
[00:34:30.590]the tree will produce as many leaves as it can.
[00:34:33.280]You will also see an increase in woodpecker feeding.
[00:34:35.560]They eat the larva and so they'll attack the tree
[00:34:37.770]more vigorously trying to get to those larvae underneath.
[00:34:40.830]What the larvae are doing are they're feeding
[00:34:43.273]in the cambium layer of the tree.
[00:34:45.832]This is the layer of the tree
[00:34:47.420]that move nutrients from the soil to the rest,
[00:34:49.890]they create this serpentine-like damage that you see here,
[00:34:53.180]and eventually they'll deprive the tree
[00:34:54.720]of its ability to feed itself.
[00:34:56.860]This is caused by the larvae.
[00:34:58.530]When they're ready to emerge as an adult
[00:35:00.629]they will crawl out from the tree
[00:35:03.170]and leave behind a D-shaped exit hole.
[00:35:05.500]Their body is kind of boat-shaped,
[00:35:07.340]flat on one side and round on the other,
[00:35:09.160]so they leave this behind.
[00:35:10.710]These would be the indicators that,
[00:35:12.220]if you're cutting limbs out of a tree and you see these,
[00:35:14.510]your client probably has EAB and you need to report it
[00:35:17.930]to your local extension office
[00:35:19.520]or to the Nebraska Forest Service.
[00:35:22.040]If you wanna try and prevent this pest
[00:35:23.580]from getting into your clients' trees,
[00:35:25.490]you're gonna be focused on using
[00:35:26.740]either a soil-applied systemic product like imidacloprid,
[00:35:31.000]or you're gonna be doing a trunk injection,
[00:35:33.330]which is usually done with imidacloprid
[00:35:35.170]or things like emamectin benzoate.
[00:35:37.400]Depending on what you use,
[00:35:38.710]the product will last for one year
[00:35:40.460]with those neonicotinoids,
[00:35:42.010]or two years with with the emamectin benzoate.
[00:35:44.632]Keep in mind what you're using
[00:35:46.470]and tell you're client how often
[00:35:47.780]they're gonna have to treat the tree.
[00:35:49.560]You also wanna pay close attention
[00:35:50.850]to how healthy the tree is.
[00:35:52.090]If it's not a healthy candidate for treatment,
[00:35:54.530]you should recommend that they remove the tree,
[00:35:56.660]and replace it with a non-ash species.
[00:35:59.380]Only treat the best trees.
[00:36:01.400]If you use those products, though,
[00:36:02.900]they are very effective against this pest,
[00:36:05.060]they have about 98 to 99% control over it,
[00:36:08.450]and you're gonna keep those trees protected
[00:36:10.030]for an indefinite period of time
[00:36:11.850]until the client decides it's time to remove them.
[00:36:14.940]But keep your eyes open
[00:36:15.860]looking for all those different bugs out there
[00:36:17.360]and help us to know where they're at,
[00:36:18.810]and try and use some of these products that we've listed
[00:36:20.640]if you wanna control pests for your clients.
[00:36:22.941](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:36:33.501]Hi, I'm Roch Gaussoin, the extension turf grass specialist
[00:36:35.940]at the University of Nebraska Lincoln.
[00:36:38.020]Today we're gonna talk about weed ecology.
[00:36:40.130]Now many of you's responsibilities include controlling weeds
[00:36:43.360]but what's really paramount to really understanding
[00:36:45.720]how to control weeds is a little bit about their biology.
[00:36:48.530]So rather than talk about herbicide recommendations
[00:36:50.720]and rates and spray patterns and that sort of thing,
[00:36:53.510]today we're gonna talk and spend a little more time
[00:36:55.550]talking in-depth about weed biology,
[00:36:58.160]and why it's so important
[00:36:59.550]for successful management strategies.
[00:37:02.360]Weeds can be classified as either annuals,
[00:37:05.252]summer winters or winter annuals
[00:37:07.190]within the annual category, or perennials.
[00:37:09.750]How you control them will be mandated
[00:37:12.470]by what type of lifecycle they have.
[00:37:14.400]Winter annuals, as their name implies,
[00:37:16.300]germinate in the fall of the year, overwinter,
[00:37:20.242]and then the following early spring they produce seed-heads
[00:37:24.080]and drop the seed to the ground,
[00:37:25.900]and then that starts the cycle for the winter annuals.
[00:37:28.250]Summer annuals on the other hand,
[00:37:29.790]like crab grass and goose grass
[00:37:31.709]and some of the other very common weeds in lawns,
[00:37:35.620]end up germinating in the spring of the year.
[00:37:38.260]They will produce a fairly prolific amount
[00:37:40.310]of vegetative matter early in the season,
[00:37:42.880]and then later in the season
[00:37:44.230]they will start producing seed-heads.
[00:37:46.190]So both of these weeds,
[00:37:47.380]although they are very similar in their growth habit,
[00:37:49.640]annual in nature, will require a different strategy.
[00:37:52.970]The best, most effective way to control annual weeds
[00:37:55.050]is normally with a pre-emergent herbicide,
[00:37:57.330]and the time is very critical on their lifecycle.
[00:38:00.140]So even though we started this conversation about
[00:38:02.240]not using herbicides, we are gonna say that for annual weeds
[00:38:06.295]the use of pre-emergent herbicides is probably recommended.
[00:38:09.680]With something like crab grass
[00:38:11.030]you're gonna be applying that in the spring,
[00:38:12.970]for something like downy brome
[00:38:14.580]you're gonna be applying that in the fall
[00:38:16.130]based on when they germinate.
[00:38:17.610]So that's the first step in understanding
[00:38:19.620]how to effective control them is based on weed biology.
[00:38:22.910]Perennial weeds on the other hand generally produce,
[00:38:26.210]they can germinate almost any time during the summer,
[00:38:28.760]they're generally gonna produce seed-heads
[00:38:30.000]some time during the summer or late summer,
[00:38:31.940]they're gonna produce that seed, drop to the ground.
[00:38:34.080]But what's more important about perennial weeds
[00:38:35.810]is they have below-ground structures,
[00:38:37.960]often rhizomes, stolons, tubers,
[00:38:40.705]a lot of different ways that they can reproduce,
[00:38:43.130]and because of that they're much more difficult to control.
[00:38:45.960]An example of a perennial weed would be dandelion.
[00:38:49.170]And dandelion is very prolific in the spring,
[00:38:51.220]you see the seed heads being produced
[00:38:52.870]with that bright yellow flower.
[00:38:55.060]There is a fair amount of information out currently now
[00:38:57.170]that that's pretty good for pollinators,
[00:38:59.020]so in some of the out of play areas
[00:39:00.480]you might wanna leave that there
[00:39:01.670]if you're trying to attract pollinators
[00:39:03.620]at your particular locations.
[00:39:06.090]So perennials, annuals, annuals there are two type,
[00:39:09.230]both summer annuals and winter annuals.
[00:39:12.030]Lifecycle is the first thing.
[00:39:13.530]The other thing you need to know a little bit about them
[00:39:15.240]when you come to weed biology,
[00:39:16.810]is that a monocot or a grassy weed,
[00:39:19.730]or a dicot which would be a broadleaf weed.
[00:39:22.340]Dandelion clearly is a broadleaf weed
[00:39:24.410]by the very nature of its leaf,
[00:39:26.930]but can you tell with others
[00:39:28.420]whether they're broadleaf or grassy weeds?
[00:39:32.030]And the way to tell that is the way
[00:39:33.230]the veins are arranged in the leaf.
[00:39:35.623]Broadleaf weeds have a netted venation,
[00:39:38.317]look spiderweb-like, and when you hold it up to the light
[00:39:40.630]or even on something like dandelion
[00:39:42.280]where the veins are very prominent,
[00:39:43.900]it's relatively easy to identify them
[00:39:46.150]with the netted leaf venation.
[00:39:48.576]Monocot weeds are grassy weeds,
[00:39:50.460]and also including sedges and lilies
[00:39:52.670]and some of the ornamentals have parallel leaf venations.
[00:39:55.720]And we'll show you some closeup pictures here in a minute
[00:39:57.750]of what those look like, and you'll pretty much understand
[00:40:01.500]why we think that's important.
[00:40:03.000]And the strategies you'll use for managing
[00:40:05.520]perennial and annual grassy weeds
[00:40:08.610]is gonna be different than perennial and grassy weeds
[00:40:11.582]in the broadleaf arena.
[00:40:13.680]There are some strategies that will control both
[00:40:16.010]equally well, and there's even herbicide strategies
[00:40:18.460]that will control both equally well.
[00:40:20.090]But you still have to be able to delineate between
[00:40:22.110]lifecycle first, and whether they're a monocot and dicot
[00:40:25.550]before you can come up with a true strategy
[00:40:28.000]about what to use for that to control that weed.
[00:40:32.318]Now we started this conversation about ecology.
[00:40:35.720]Now why is ecology important?
[00:40:37.470]You need to understand a lot about how that weed grows
[00:40:40.730]to better understand how you're gonna control it,
[00:40:42.890]as we previously mentioned.
[00:40:44.950]So that said, what was ecologically important about,
[00:40:48.300]say, a dandelion versus a crabgrass plant?
[00:40:52.120]Well crabgrass plants are prolific producers of seed,
[00:40:54.660]so strategically you want to control those weeds
[00:40:57.120]before the seed head is produced.
[00:40:58.830]Whether that's with mowing,
[00:41:00.200]whether that's with some other less invasive technique
[00:41:02.850]rather than herbicides, but just keep those seed heads down
[00:41:05.700]and in subsequent years
[00:41:07.030]you're probably gonna have far less crabgrass.
[00:41:09.380]Could you eradicate crabgrass totally with mowing,
[00:41:12.080]probably not, but at least you could eliminate it,
[00:41:15.508]or excuse me, at least you could reduce it,
[00:41:17.810]and in that case make it easier to control
[00:41:19.900]in subsequent years with perhaps
[00:41:21.450]a more traditional pre-emergent strategy.
[00:41:24.835]Management is also critical.
[00:41:26.650]In a turf system we talk about mowing height,
[00:41:29.620]we talk about fertility, we talk about irrigation,
[00:41:32.090]these are all very critical in the understanding
[00:41:34.610]of how you would wanna best go about limiting
[00:41:37.500]the invasion of a particular weed.
[00:41:40.890]So some weeds prosper under very wet soils,
[00:41:44.060]yellow nutsedge for example,
[00:41:45.860]a weed that we're gonna talk about a little bit later,
[00:41:47.890]and other weeds really prosper when the ground is compacted,
[00:41:53.270]such as prostrate knotweed, such as goose grass,
[00:41:56.880]such as annual bluegrass,
[00:41:57.950]these weeds proliferate when the ground is compacted.
[00:42:01.450]So sometimes something as simple as aerification
[00:42:03.970]with a core aerator or some sort of cultivation device
[00:42:07.260]may do enough to pull it up.
[00:42:08.920]Outside the turf arena when we get into the ornamental arena
[00:42:12.036]you might wanna consider mulching,
[00:42:14.180]the use of these other techniques that are far,
[00:42:16.513]can really facilitate control without the use of herbicides.
[00:42:21.000]You might still need to use herbicides,
[00:42:22.650]but at the end of the day you can limit
[00:42:24.140]a fair amount of weeds in ornamental beds
[00:42:25.970]simply with a really good landscape mulch.
[00:42:28.530]Generally organic, generally something in the range of
[00:42:31.170]shredded bark, pine needles,
[00:42:33.340]there's a number of them on the market.
[00:42:34.800]Avoid landscape fabrics, and also avoid the use of
[00:42:38.730]synthetic type mulches like the crumb rubber mulches,
[00:42:41.830]they tend to heat and they're hard to dispose of,
[00:42:44.399]so we would avoid those in that particular instance.
[00:42:47.870]So we've talked really in broad base terms
[00:42:50.330]about weed ecology,
[00:42:51.675]and really it's not a total lesson
[00:42:53.910]right here in these few minutes.
[00:42:55.710]But now we're gonna isolate a weed in particular,
[00:42:58.534]that would be yellow nutsedge,
[00:42:59.707]and we're gonna talk a little bit more at length
[00:43:01.350]about why ecology of that weed is really critical
[00:43:04.360]to understanding what the best strategy would be
[00:43:06.820]to control that weed.
[00:43:08.020]So let's move on to the yellow nutsedge plots.
[00:43:11.150]We're standing on the yellow nutsedge ecology study
[00:43:14.420]and turf study that is located
[00:43:16.130]on the east campus turf plots.
[00:43:18.567]And the reason we're standing here
[00:43:19.940]is we've been talking about weed ecology,
[00:43:21.690]but sometimes a picture and a description
[00:43:23.870]is worth a thousand words.
[00:43:25.260]So we're gonna talk a little bit about the study
[00:43:26.930]in general terms, and then we're gonna take a closer look
[00:43:29.030]at what's going on ecologically in these particular plots.
[00:43:32.490]So what we've done here is we've planted
[00:43:34.490]three by three plots of Kentucky bluegrass from sod,
[00:43:37.743]and we also have three by three plots
[00:43:39.860]that have no grass in them, so it's bare ground.
[00:43:42.580]Then we've taken a single yellow nutsedge plant,
[00:43:45.380]one yellow nutsedge plant
[00:43:46.700]germinated from a single yellow nutsedge tuber,
[00:43:49.020]and we've planted it in the center
[00:43:50.620]of each of these small three by three plots.
[00:43:53.930]Then we've applied various irrigation rates
[00:43:56.450]as well as variable nitrogen rates to these plots
[00:43:58.950]to see whether we can detract or enhance
[00:44:01.500]the invasion of yellow nutsedge
[00:44:03.310]with the use of either nitrogen fertilizer
[00:44:05.380]and the correct rate, or the use of irrigation,
[00:44:09.130]and little or no water depending upon what the treatment is.
[00:44:12.490]So you see a lot of different plots here,
[00:44:14.270]it looks a little bit like a patchwork quilt,
[00:44:16.670]and from the air it definitely looks like that.
[00:44:19.250]So we've got a lot going on here,
[00:44:20.630]but let's try to break this down and exactly what happened.
[00:44:23.660]A year ago we started the study.
[00:44:26.070]And so we started the treatments,
[00:44:27.490]we started the bare ground,
[00:44:29.110]yellow nutsedge plants in the center,
[00:44:31.300]and over time they've developed
[00:44:33.100]these relatively strong stands of yellow nutsedge,
[00:44:35.750]and some stands that don't look quite as strong.
[00:44:38.250]So let's take a closer look at those particular plots.
[00:44:41.690]The plot I'm looking at right now was planted to bluegrass,
[00:44:46.180]and then a yellow nutsedge plant
[00:44:47.470]was planted right in the center.
[00:44:49.010]This was a moderate rate of nitrogen fertilizer,
[00:44:51.540]not too high, not too low, well within the range
[00:44:54.090]of what we recommend in all our recommendations
[00:44:56.580]available on the turf website,
[00:44:58.750]and you're hard pressed to find the yellow nutsedge plant.
[00:45:01.800]Healthy turf mowed at three inches, good fertility,
[00:45:05.620]good irrigation based on evapotranspiration,
[00:45:08.260]all of the things we would recommend.
[00:45:09.960]Immediately adjacent to that plot
[00:45:13.230]was a single yellow nutsedge plant planted in bare ground.
[00:45:17.413]This three by three plot now is 100% yellow nutsedge,
[00:45:21.770]because it didn't have that aggressively growing,
[00:45:24.980]healthy Kentucky bluegrass to compete
[00:45:27.870]for space and light and water and nutrients,
[00:45:31.450]and so because of that, it just took over the spot.
[00:45:34.350]No yellow nutsedge, 100% yellow nutsedge.
[00:45:37.650]Now yellow nutsedge reproduces by tubers.
[00:45:40.470]It's a little below ground storage organ much like a potato,
[00:45:43.480]as a matter of fact in some developing countries
[00:45:45.840]they use the tubers to make flat breads
[00:45:47.990]and tortillas and other things.
[00:45:49.330]So it does have some nutritional value,
[00:45:52.100]but in a lawn situation it really is an undesirable species.
[00:45:56.130]In this three by three plot, a year later we've counted,
[00:45:59.620]we've dug plots like this up,
[00:46:01.440]we've counted the number of tubers that are in this
[00:46:03.830]three by three area, and it's over five thousand.
[00:46:07.860]So that's why you can see this
[00:46:09.470]continual proliferation of yellow nutsedge.
[00:46:12.930]Healthy turf, no nutsedge, no nutlets left behind.
[00:46:17.120]Three by three plot with no competitive turf in the plot,
[00:46:20.940]and you're seeing that it's just
[00:46:23.675]prolific with yellow nutsedge,
[00:46:25.860]and over five thousand yellow nutsedge tubers.
[00:46:28.830]So even if you were gonna come in here and spray this,
[00:46:31.010]treat it, cultivate it, do something,
[00:46:33.360]and then plant turf on top of it,
[00:46:34.930]you would have to contend with five thousand
[00:46:37.190]yellow nutsedge plants, potentially,
[00:46:40.130]underneath a little small three by three plot.
[00:46:42.802]Base that on what would be available per acre,
[00:46:45.690]or per thousand square feet depending upon
[00:46:47.310]whatever unit you wanted to know,
[00:46:48.600]and you're talking about yields
[00:46:50.300]about half of what commercially produced potatoes
[00:46:53.010]would do with tuber production.
[00:46:55.037]No tuber production, five thousand tuber production,
[00:46:58.380]and all you did was manage the turf effectively.
[00:47:01.380]This entire area received no herbicides
[00:47:03.870]over the course of the last two years.
[00:47:05.840]So it's a pretty amazing story when you think about it.
[00:47:08.320]But I also mentioned that we have
[00:47:10.280]different fertility rates and different irrigation rates,
[00:47:13.490]so let's take a look at one of the plots
[00:47:15.950]where we put a lot of excessive water on.
[00:47:18.180]Similar to what a homeowner would do,
[00:47:20.070]irrigating every day, two inches plus rainfall,
[00:47:23.520]just a crazy amount of water which we would not recommend,
[00:47:26.290]but which is very typical of what some homeowners do,
[00:47:28.970]and for those of you in the lawn care business
[00:47:30.860]you have to contend with this sort of thing
[00:47:32.760]when you're doing your application schedule.
[00:47:34.750]So let's take a look at that plot.
[00:47:37.160]This is a high nitrogen plot,
[00:47:39.490]so it got four pounds of nitrogen
[00:47:41.210]per thousand square feet per year,
[00:47:44.050]it's also the high irrigation, excessive irrigation plot.
[00:47:47.460]Now of course when it's adjacent to the bare ground plots
[00:47:50.540]that got a single nutsedge tuber,
[00:47:52.190]you're not really seeing that much nutsedge in it,
[00:47:55.010]but we are seeing probably seven to 10 plants after a year,
[00:47:59.610]so if there wasn't some sort of strategy
[00:48:01.300]to control the nutsedge at this point
[00:48:02.870]it would just continue to proliferate.
[00:48:05.260]It was able to keep its stand in this plot
[00:48:09.270]versus the one we showed you earlier
[00:48:11.170]where it received the adequate moisture,
[00:48:13.740]the right mowing height and everything,
[00:48:14.950]this is still the right mowing height
[00:48:16.180]but it's not the right amount of fertilizer
[00:48:17.640]that we would recommend,
[00:48:18.560]nor is it the amount of irrigation we would recommend.
[00:48:21.060]And now we have roughly seven to 10 nutsedge plants
[00:48:24.220]in there but when we come in and count
[00:48:25.880]the number of tubers underneath this plot,
[00:48:28.220]it doesn't look like there's much there
[00:48:29.750]but after a year there were about 15 hundred
[00:48:32.370]yellow nutsedge tubers in this plot.
[00:48:34.260]So it's trying to recover from the dense turf stand,
[00:48:38.650]and it's gonna make it,
[00:48:39.560]because it's over-watered and over-fertilized.
[00:48:42.460]And once again it's nowhere near as catastrophic
[00:48:44.920]as the plots in and around it,
[00:48:46.230]which were a single plant in a three by three,
[00:48:48.400]but it's still starting to take hold.
[00:48:50.290]This is what we believe ecologically happens in home lawns.
[00:48:53.270]They see one or two yellow nutsedge plants,
[00:48:55.270]they don't do anything about it,
[00:48:56.859]and then they just kinda let it go
[00:48:58.810]and then four, five years down the line
[00:49:00.840]they have plots that look very similar to this.
[00:49:03.630]If they mow too short, if they put too much fertilizer on,
[00:49:06.860]if they over-irrigate,
[00:49:08.220]if they don't plant improved varieties,
[00:49:09.840]which this happens to be a very prominent improved variety
[00:49:13.470]of one of the darker green bluegrasses,
[00:49:15.410]it's gonna eventually take over.
[00:49:17.350]It's a very opportunistic weed.
[00:49:19.140]All weeds are opportunistic, but yellow nutsedge
[00:49:21.610]represents one of the most ecologically invasive weeds
[00:49:25.210]that we have in a turf system.
[00:49:26.820]And for years people have said heavy irrigation,
[00:49:29.770]low areas where it stays flooded,
[00:49:31.562]areas where you mow too short,
[00:49:33.750]and our work is not only confirming that,
[00:49:35.780]but giving us quantitative estimates of what's going on
[00:49:38.660]underneath the surface where the yellow nutsedge
[00:49:40.840]is eventually gonna re-establish itself.
[00:49:43.400]So ecologically, all weeds take advantage
[00:49:46.940]of something that you're doing wrong.
[00:49:48.610]Mowing too short, heavy traffic.
[00:49:51.620]All the things that some you have control over,
[00:49:54.020]some you don't, but maintaining a healthy, dense,
[00:49:57.160]actively growing turf goes a long way
[00:49:59.860]in suppressing weeds and making the need for herbicides,
[00:50:03.235]probably not eliminated but far less than anticipated.
[00:50:06.960](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:50:19.900]So before we actually apply the product,
[00:50:21.810]we need to calibrate the equipment
[00:50:23.200]that we're gonna use to apply it with.
[00:50:25.490]Our labels with the product we're using will tell us
[00:50:28.528]how many ounces per thousand square feet
[00:50:30.920]or gallons per acres or pounds per thousand square feet
[00:50:33.560]that we're gonna apply, so then we need to know
[00:50:36.500]how our equipment applies that product.
[00:50:40.510]We'll start off first of all by measuring a set area,
[00:50:44.540]so a known area to us.
[00:50:47.060]A thousand square feet, a hundred square feet,
[00:50:49.140]whatever you need to use to determine how you're gonna apply
[00:50:52.350]over the rest of the property you're applying.
[00:50:55.570]So once we know that then we can go in
[00:50:58.140]with what the manufacturer recommends,
[00:51:00.400]so many ounces per thousand square feet.
[00:51:02.910]We take out, so for instance our small hand sprayer,
[00:51:07.100]we'll measure over a period of time how long it takes us
[00:51:09.870]to apply a certain amount of liquid over that.
[00:51:13.450]So starting off with clear water so that way
[00:51:15.570]if there are any problems, if you have equipment problems,
[00:51:17.983]you're not worried about over-applying
[00:51:20.950]the product to that particular area.
[00:51:23.831]So when using a backpack sprayer or this smaller sprayer,
[00:51:28.214]you have your preset area, the premeasured area.
[00:51:32.050]Time yourself as it takes you
[00:51:33.490]to cover that with the water as your test.
[00:51:36.569]Once you've done that you can come back,
[00:51:38.960]and then for that amount of time spray into a measuring cup,
[00:51:42.640]and so that way it'll tell you the volume of water
[00:51:45.450]or volume of product that you will apply
[00:51:47.210]over that amount of square feet.
[00:51:49.970]And then again working with your label,
[00:51:52.000]that'll help you adjust how many ounces per gallon
[00:51:55.280]that you'll enter into your sprayer
[00:51:57.520]when you go out to actually apply the product.
[00:52:00.160]So that's the first thing is making sure
[00:52:01.690]that your equipment is working correctly,
[00:52:04.630]and then going ahead and applying that product
[00:52:06.200]over that measured, pre-known area.
[00:52:09.320]With our granular products, with our spreaders,
[00:52:11.840]whether it's the broadcast or the drop, again,
[00:52:15.330]the manufacturers and the information for the spreader
[00:52:19.480]should give you a point to start
[00:52:22.137]as far as applying the product.
[00:52:24.280]And again, starting off with a known area
[00:52:26.510]about 100 square feet, put in the amount of pounds,
[00:52:29.490]let's say if we're using fertilizer,
[00:52:31.050]the amount of pounds that you should be
[00:52:32.330]using over 100 square feet.
[00:52:34.530]So starting off with a preset
[00:52:36.700]on your gauge for your spreader.
[00:52:40.449]As you go through that if you're a little short
[00:52:43.043]or a little light with that, then you can adjust
[00:52:46.160]as you go through that and get to a setting
[00:52:49.980]that works best for that particular product.
[00:52:52.610]When using the granular spreaders,
[00:52:54.950]it's important to know the width
[00:52:56.885]that you'll be applying, so the swath width.
[00:52:59.360]With the broadcast spreader
[00:53:01.170]that may adjust with the speed as you travel,
[00:53:04.781]so that's important to maintain the same speed
[00:53:07.990]as you're applying the product,
[00:53:09.350]and that will give you an estimate
[00:53:10.820]on how wide your swath will be
[00:53:13.497]when you're applying a product.
[00:53:15.170]With the drop spreader it's obviously a known thing,
[00:53:17.650]it's only gonna drop so far, so whether its two foot,
[00:53:19.670]three foot or four foot, again, that will help gauge
[00:53:22.760]how much product you're applying.
[00:53:24.670]And the same with liquid sprayers.
[00:53:28.000]So whether it has a boom,
[00:53:29.610]again knowing the width of the total spray,
[00:53:32.660]this particular one is about 102 inches.
[00:53:35.857]And also whether it's a backpack or a bottle sprayer,
[00:53:39.340]depending on the nozzle you use
[00:53:40.730]will also depend on the width of the spray,
[00:53:43.660]the pattern that you're putting out.
[00:53:45.020]So it's important to have an idea how wide your pattern is
[00:53:48.110]as you're going through your test zone
[00:53:51.380]so you know that you cover it accurately
[00:53:53.510]as you're going through it.
[00:53:55.210]So as you've gone through
[00:53:56.440]and you're ready to make your application,
[00:53:57.910]a couple things to think about as you're applying,
[00:54:00.370]whether it's a fertilizer or a pesticide,
[00:54:02.610]to your lawn or your landscape.
[00:54:04.850]It's important that you're applying at the correct rate,
[00:54:07.010]and the label and STS will give you that information
[00:54:10.680]so you know that you're applying it at the correct rate.
[00:54:13.360]Again if you're applying too much, you're wasting money,
[00:54:17.040]and if you're applying too little
[00:54:18.740]you may be encouraging resistance to particular pesticides,
[00:54:22.440]or if it's a fertilizer you're not gonna get the performance
[00:54:25.560]out of that product that you'd hoped to get.
[00:54:28.090]So accuracy is very important,
[00:54:30.124]and that is through your calibration,
[00:54:32.430]making sure your equipment is tested
[00:54:34.430]and ready to go, and that will ensure
[00:54:37.480]that you're gonna have a successful application.
[00:54:40.375](upbeat instrumental music)
[00:54:51.970]Good afternoon, my name is Kevin Holdorf,
[00:54:53.860]I'm a pesticide inspector for the Department of Agriculture.
[00:54:58.360]Today I've been asked to talk to you about some of
[00:55:02.630]the inspector's perspectives on pesticide safety,
[00:55:06.854]and some of the things that we see in the field.
[00:55:12.800]Here's an interesting case,
[00:55:15.630]we basically got a complaint call
[00:55:19.515]that somebody had striped the lawn,
[00:55:22.240]and I went out to investigate this.
[00:55:24.290]And can anybody out there tell me, what's wrong with this?
[00:55:32.170]This happens to be a situation where
[00:55:35.700]the owner of the company told his applicator,
[00:55:41.360]who was not licensed, that he should go out
[00:55:45.400]and fill up the tank with water
[00:55:49.110]and then add some weedkiller to the tank.
[00:55:54.840]And so he went out, grabbed the weed killer off the shelf,
[00:55:58.620]put it in the tank to mix it,
[00:56:01.350]and lo and behold it was weedkiller and grass killer.
[00:56:06.640]You'll notice the nice striping in it,
[00:56:08.700]this has everything to do with the fact
[00:56:11.130]that the guy never cleaned out his equipment
[00:56:13.385]from the previous season, and the nozzles were plugged,
[00:56:17.100]and consequently he got this nice striping on his lawn.
[00:56:23.430]Now here, this guy, we've blocked his face for...
[00:56:29.220]identity reasons,
[00:56:30.480]and he is wearing the proper protective equipment.
[00:56:35.620]He's got a pre-measure on his product there.
[00:56:42.500]But there is a violation here,
[00:56:44.130]and I'm wondering if you can see it.
[00:56:47.000]If you look at the bottom of the screen
[00:56:48.580]he's got a hose that's stuck in the tank.
[00:56:52.070]There's about four feet of this hose
[00:56:54.250]at the bottom of the tank.
[00:56:56.870]What's gonna happen when he shuts off the water?
[00:57:02.220]I'm hoping that the homeowner has a backflow preventative,
[00:57:06.370]but the label here says that you must have a stopgap,
[00:57:10.280]and a stopgap is such that where,
[00:57:13.110]when you turn the water off, it's not gonna affect the tank,
[00:57:18.170]or, basically when you turn the water off
[00:57:20.731]there's a gap between where the chemical or the solution
[00:57:24.780]is going into the tank, and your hose.
[00:57:27.090]So this is a violation of the label.
[00:57:31.560]This guy's got plenty of PPE on,
[00:57:34.230]in fact he's kind of got more than is required.
[00:57:37.800]But, there's a violation here.
[00:57:41.270]If you look at the product that he's pouring into the tank,
[00:57:44.500]it has no measuring device on it,
[00:57:46.970]and glug, glug, is not a measuring option.
[00:57:55.366]In fact he has no idea
[00:57:56.700]how much chemical he's putting into this tank.
[00:58:01.000]This one's real obvious, I see this all the time,
[00:58:04.290]I drive around and look for applicators
[00:58:07.790]to do what's called a use observation on them.
[00:58:11.282]This guy of course is not wearing a long sleeve shirt,
[00:58:14.830]he's not wearing gloves, he's not wearing long pants,
[00:58:19.570]and this one's really easy, I mean this is a no-brainer.
[00:58:24.869]I spot these guys all the time,
[00:58:27.890]and it's an automatic violation.
[00:58:33.990]Again we've protected this guy's identity,
[00:58:37.580]again the PPE here is lacking,
[00:58:41.288]he's missing a long sleeve shirt.
[00:58:44.490]Otherwise not so bad.
[00:58:47.360]This guy was not licensed, by the way.
[00:58:51.990]Here's one that the guy's got his protective equipment on,
[00:58:56.725]his personal protective equipment on,
[00:58:58.682]and it looks pretty good, he's got his long sleeve shirt on,
[00:59:03.410]even has a respirator which he really didn't need.
[00:59:08.770]He's covered pretty good.
[00:59:10.730]But what if I told you that shrub that he's standing behind,
[00:59:16.100]that he's spraying around, is a fruit-bearing shrub?
[00:59:20.936]Have to take a look at the label
[00:59:23.320]and see if that product's appropriate for spraying
[00:59:27.490]around fruit that's gonna be harvested and eaten.
[00:59:32.980]I wanna do a little demonstration for you
[00:59:35.479]on some of the things that I see in the field that,
[00:59:40.480]and I just want you to kinda take notes
[00:59:43.770]and see if you can point out, or you can identify,
[00:59:47.840]all the violations that have occurred in this demonstration.
[00:59:54.050]First of all, I'm gonna get prepared here,
[00:59:58.840]and we'll just roll up the sleeves.
[01:00:06.180]And I've got a few things that I've seen
[01:00:09.410]out in people's chemical sheds,
[01:00:13.090]and here's a product that I've found on the shelf.
[01:00:17.700]It's pretty dusty, it's been there for quite a while.
[01:00:20.850]And here's another one.
[01:00:24.180]It's a mason jar filled with liquid on a pesticide shelf,
[01:00:30.490]and I have to wonder, what's in this thing?
[01:00:34.874]It looks kinda like a 2,4-D product, but I have no idea.
[01:00:40.270]I know what you're thinking, you could smell it,
[01:00:43.450]and then that way you'd know what's in it.
[01:00:46.080]So if we open this up and we (sniffs)
[01:00:50.517](coughs), whoa, that stuff is strong.
[01:00:54.370]It doesn't really smell like 2,4-D.
[01:00:56.752](coughing) Oh, I spilled a little bit of it here.
[01:01:01.360]Let me wipe that up a little bit before we go on.
[01:01:09.057]Yeah, it's a mess,
[01:01:11.500]it just keeps going all over the place here.
[01:01:15.713]Well, you know, it's something that we see a lot of,
[01:01:21.120]we see a lot of chemical that are in containers
[01:01:23.700]that have no markings on them,
[01:01:26.460]and then we'll see something like this
[01:01:28.690]where we have a measuring cup
[01:01:30.330]and some measuring spoons on the shelf and,
[01:01:34.640]you know, is that appropriate?
[01:01:37.690]I don't know, you tell me.
[01:01:41.710]Care for a mint?
[01:01:43.672]These are great, love these things.
[01:01:47.740]So you see when you go out and you're looking for things,
[01:01:51.410]you always wanna pay attention to the small details.
[01:01:56.548]You know, (exhales) chemicals are really dangerous,
[01:02:01.250]and you should really be aware
[01:02:03.270]of what's going on around you.
[01:02:05.010]I see this a lot in people's trucks.
[01:02:07.260]Oh, excuse me, my telephone is ringing.
[01:02:11.630]Hello?
[01:02:13.725]I really can't, what do you mean?
[01:02:16.880]Oh, okay.
[01:02:18.728]Well, I gotta go,
[01:02:20.220]I'm in the middle of something here, would you --
[01:02:22.610]Okay, I will, I will, I will.
[01:02:24.890]Sorry about that,
[01:02:26.180]I have to go pick up my kids after school today
[01:02:29.010]and they get out of school in about 20 minutes,
[01:02:31.600]so I'll probably need to wrap this up real quick.
[01:02:36.290]Well, that's just some of the things that I see
[01:02:38.630]out in the field, did you catch all the violations here?
[01:02:42.380]I'm wondering if you did,
[01:02:44.040]because there are some things here
[01:02:46.370]that are not that obvious.
[01:02:51.740]Oh, here's that label, I found it.
[01:02:57.590]Huh.
[01:03:00.530]Must have eye protection when handling this product.
[01:03:06.180]Oh, well, I have my glasses.
[01:03:10.390]That's gotta protect my eyes, doesn't it?
[01:03:17.320]Oh, spill kit in case something spills.
[01:03:21.420]Do you have a spill kit in your truck,
[01:03:24.089]or the vehicle that you use when you apply pesticides?
[01:03:29.280]Good thing I had my handkerchief here,
[01:03:31.370]'cause that got it up pretty good, I think.
[01:03:36.210]So those are just some of the things
[01:03:37.710]that I see out in the field.
[01:03:40.160]I'm wondering, though,
[01:03:43.040]this cup is awfully corroded on the inside.
[01:03:46.510]I'm wondering why that did that.
[01:03:52.484]Oh, this is corrosive to metal.
[01:03:56.500]Hmm.
[01:03:58.630]Oh, and it says here do not breathe the fumes of...
[01:04:04.350]Uh-oh.
[01:04:06.890]Hmm.
[01:04:08.580]Well well, at least I got my long sleeve shirt on.
[01:04:13.889]Let's continue with regulations.
[01:04:16.690]What's in it for you as an applicator?
[01:04:19.020]Well, the applicator is responsible
[01:04:22.390]for any and all pesticide applications.
[01:04:25.100]Therefore it is always important to be professional.
[01:04:28.810]You never know who's watching.
[01:04:31.020]There are people watching you everywhere,
[01:04:33.690]from their home, from their car,
[01:04:35.820]from any possible angle that you can imagine.
[01:04:39.610]Why do I know this? Because they complain.
[01:04:42.880]And I respond to their complaints.
[01:04:46.826]Read the label.
[01:04:48.550]It's your responsibility to read and understand the label.
[01:04:52.400]You should always read the label, always,
[01:04:55.420]and even if you have used the product in the past,
[01:04:59.160]read it again.
[01:05:00.850]Products change all the time,
[01:05:03.220]labels change all the time,
[01:05:05.480]it's very important to read and understand the label,
[01:05:09.280]I would do it often.
[01:05:13.460]The label is the law.
[01:05:15.550]There is a statement on every label approved by the EPA.
[01:05:19.090]And it says, 'it is a violation of federal law'
[01:05:22.190]'to use this product in a manner'
[01:05:24.080]'inconsistent with its labeling'.
[01:05:26.920]It is the applicator's responsibility to read
[01:05:30.290]and comply with all directions provided on the label.
[01:05:33.950]It is not your employer's responsibility.
[01:05:37.020]Your employer may tell you what you need to do,
[01:05:40.070]but you need to read the label.
[01:05:45.250]Personal protective equipment, or PPE.
[01:05:49.065]You've got to wear the personal protective equipment.
[01:05:52.670]It is an automatic violation
[01:05:54.580]if you do not wear the protective equipment.
[01:05:58.040]And you are putting your family at risk
[01:06:00.540]when you do not wear it.
[01:06:02.990]For instance, in the scenario that we did earlier
[01:06:06.612]where the applicator has to go pick up his children.
[01:06:12.060]If you remember, he wiped his hands on his shirt.
[01:06:16.130]He's got chemical on his hands from cleaning up the spill.
[01:06:21.240]And now he's gonna go home, maybe,
[01:06:24.944]to change vehicles, I hope, to clean up, I hope,
[01:06:30.749]but he had 20 minutes to get there
[01:06:33.470]or a half hour or whatever it was,
[01:06:36.030]and what do you think the first thing that child's gonna do
[01:06:38.800]when he sees his parent after school?
[01:06:42.240]He's gonna give him a hug, he's gonna give him whatever.
[01:06:46.212]I mean, he's gonna give him a hug,
[01:06:48.570]he's gonna maybe give him a kiss,
[01:06:50.750]and he's got chemical all over his body.
[01:06:55.760]Wear your protective equipment.
[01:06:58.309]It's important.
[01:07:02.800]Follow the directions and restrictions
[01:07:04.650]for use listed on the label.
[01:07:07.680]Here are the ones that we regulate,
[01:07:09.720]which is target site, target pest,
[01:07:12.400]rate of application, wind speed,
[01:07:14.160]distance from water, temperature,
[01:07:16.380]stand pipes, etc, there's a whole list.
[01:07:19.320]The label has every one of them on there.
[01:07:22.560]But some of the things the label doesn't put on there
[01:07:25.720]is there's no regulation for cell phones.
[01:07:29.220]There's no language on a label
[01:07:31.040]that says anything about a cellphone.
[01:07:34.070]But if you remember,
[01:07:35.360]I used my cellphone after I cleaned up my spill.
[01:07:39.585]This is gonna be a problem every time you use it,
[01:07:43.560]because you are re-introducing chemical
[01:07:47.618]either on your hand or to your ear,
[01:07:50.554]depending on how you handled this item.
[01:07:55.250]So that's not on the label,
[01:07:56.870]so sometimes you have to use common sense.
[01:08:01.430]Recordkeeping.
[01:08:03.240]Recordkeeping for ornamental and turf is not required
[01:08:06.270]unless you use a restricted-use product.
[01:08:09.140]But I'm asking you to consider using recordkeeping
[01:08:13.430]simply from the standpoint of,
[01:08:16.580]if somebody has an issue with your application,
[01:08:19.920]what are you going to be able to remember
[01:08:22.777]about that application when somebody takes you to court?
[01:08:27.870]Therefore, I encourage you all to get
[01:08:30.710]a pesticide recordkeeping requirement brochure,
[01:08:35.010]and look at all of the things that we recommend
[01:08:39.050]that you have on your records.
[01:08:43.030]There's one that isn't listed,
[01:08:44.853]but I think it's very important,
[01:08:47.760]and if you look on this list it says date and start time.
[01:08:51.730]I also think you should put your end time on there as well.
[01:08:55.980]Simply because, when you finish an application,
[01:09:00.830]what happens after the application can be important.
[01:09:04.870]For instance, the wind speed might have been
[01:09:08.505]ideal for your application when you started it,
[01:09:12.490]and when you ended it,
[01:09:14.540]but shortly after there the wind picked up.
[01:09:18.191]How do I know as a regulator when your application ended,
[01:09:24.320]and whether or not you were compliant with the label?
[01:09:29.757]It's always good to have more information
[01:09:32.120]on your records than less.
[01:09:34.880]Even though it's not required, it's important.
[01:09:41.560]Records must be maintained for a minimum of three years,
[01:09:44.760]and must be recorded within 48 hours
[01:09:47.470]of your pesticide application.
[01:09:50.400]Again here are some good resources for recordkeeping.
[01:09:56.510]Driftwatch.
[01:09:58.870]This is a service I think that is totally underutilized.
[01:10:04.560]As an applicator, you have the ability to access
[01:10:10.090]a Driftwatch site that will tell you
[01:10:13.430]where there are sensitive areas
[01:10:16.240]that you might be concerned about
[01:10:18.090]or need to be concerned about.
[01:10:20.400]Some of those places are vineyards,
[01:10:23.310]vegetables, bees, and protected species.
[01:10:27.194]It's important to know who is around you
[01:10:30.647]when you're doing an application.
[01:10:33.200]It's important for you to know your customer's neighbors.
[01:10:38.150]Talk to your customers about their neighbors.
[01:10:40.540]Find out who the troublemakers are in the neighborhood.
[01:10:43.100]It might save you a complaint.
[01:10:48.038]Well, that concludes my talk for today,
[01:10:50.660]if there's any questions,
[01:10:51.890]please contact the Nebraska Department of Agriculture
[01:10:54.870]with any of your questions or concerns,
[01:10:56.980]or call your regulatory agent or your regulatory inspector
[01:11:01.310]directly if you have his telephone number.
[01:11:03.964]You can see the telephone number here,
[01:11:06.240]and our website, and we ask that you would give us a call.
[01:11:10.130]It's always better when you call us
[01:11:12.260]than when we call on you.
[01:11:14.995]Well, that's all I have for today.
[01:11:19.050]My gosh, it's awfully hot in here.
[01:11:21.550]Phew, I wish we coulda turned on
[01:11:23.350]the air conditioning a little bit more, man.
[01:11:28.552]You know, I'm not feeling so good.
[01:11:31.755]I think I better lay down.
[01:11:34.359](upbeat instrumental music)
[01:11:46.468]This concludes the re-certification training
[01:11:49.080]for category zero four, ornamental and turf pest control.
[01:11:52.740]We hope this video has provided some new insight
[01:11:55.180]for your work, as well as offering a review
[01:11:57.300]of important pest management practices.
[01:12:00.030]Visit us any time at pest ed dot UNL dot edu
[01:12:03.720]for more information on a variety of topics.
[01:12:06.320]Thank you for your time, and be safe out there.
[01:12:08.739](upbeat instrumental music)

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Ornamental and Turf Recert 2018

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