"How To Make (almost) Anything" - Neil Gershenfeld

Neil Gershenfeld Author

10/16/2014 Added

786 Plays

Description

Analog telephone calls degraded with distance; digitizing communications led to the Internet. Analog computations degraded with time; digitizing computing led to the PC. Today's most advanced manufacturing remains analog: the designs are digital, but the processes are not. I will introduce emerging research on digitizing fabrication, and explore the implications of anyone being able to make (almost) anything.

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[00:00:51.000]GOOD EVENING.
[00:00:52.367]I AM PREM PAUL, VICE CHANCELLOR FOR RESEARCH &
[00:00:55.367]ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF
[00:00:57.767]NEBRASKA-LINCOLN.
[00:00:59.767]I AM HONORED TO WELCOME YOU TO THE E.N.
[00:01:02.333]THOMPSON FORUM ON ... FOR MORE THAN A QUARTER
[00:01:06.233]CENTURY, THE UNIVERSITY AND THE COOPER FOUNDATION
[00:01:09.667]HAVE PARTNERED WITH THE LIED CENTER FOR PERFORMING
[00:01:12.166]ARTS TO BRING A DIVERSITY OF VIEWPOINTS ON
[00:01:16.033]INTERNATIONAL & PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES TO THE
[00:01:18.533]UNIVERSITY AND PEOPLE OF NEBRASKA TO PROMOTE
[00:01:21.266]UNDERSTANDING AND ENCOURAGE DEBATE.
[00:01:25.166]WE ARE PLEASED TO BE JOINED TONIGHT BY OUR
[00:01:27.533]CO-SPONSOR FOR THIS LECTURE, NEBRASKA
[00:01:30.367]INNOVATION CAMPUS.
[00:01:32.600]NEBRASKA INNOVATION CAMPUS IS A RESEARCH CAMPUS
[00:01:34.667]DESIGNATED TO FACILITATE NEW AND IN-DEPTH
[00:01:38.500]PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN UNL AND PRIVATE SECTOR
[00:01:42.734]BUSINESSES.
[00:01:44.233]WE TRY IN A DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT THROUGH
[00:01:47.233]UNIVERSITY AND PRIVATE SECTOR TALENT, CONNECT TO
[00:01:50.200]TRANSFORM IDEAS INTO INNOVATION THAT IMPACTS
[00:01:54.133]THE WORLD.
[00:01:56.266]THIS LECTURE SERIES HONORS THE LATE E.N.
[00:02:00.834]JACK THOMPSON, LONG-TIME PRESIDENT AND CHAIR OF THE
[00:02:03.600]COOPER FOUNDATION.
[00:02:05.433]FEW INDIVIDUALS ARE AS SUPPORTIVE OF THE
[00:02:09.633]UNIVERSITY AS JACK.
[00:02:11.767]WE ARE GRATEFUL TO THE COOPER FOUNDATION WITH
[00:02:14.000].
[00:02:15.467].
[00:02:16.967].
[00:02:19.100]DECORUM FOR ITS ON-GOING SUPPORT AND TO JACK AND
[00:02:20.834]HIS WIFE KATIE FOR CREATING A FUND SUPPORTING
[00:02:22.667]DECORUM.
[00:02:24.100]SPEAKERS THIS YEAR ARE ADDRESSING THE TEAM, THE
[00:02:26.800]CREATIVE WORLD.
[00:02:28.967]IT IS NOW MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE NEAL
[00:02:31.500]GERSHENFELD, WHO IS THE DIRECTOR OF MIT'S CENTER
[00:02:35.100]FOR BITS AND ATOMS.
[00:02:37.633]PROFESSOR GERSHENFELD'S UNIQUE LABORATORY
[00:02:41.133]BREAKS DOWN BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE DIGITAL AND
[00:02:44.767]PHYSICAL WORLDS, FROM CREATING MOLECULAR QUANTUM
[00:02:48.667]COMPUTERS TO ... MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
[00:02:52.967]TECHNOLOGY FROM HIS LAB HAS BEEN SEEN AND USED IN
[00:02:56.600]SETTINGS INCLUDING NEW YORK'S MUSEUM OF MODERN
[00:03:00.333]ART AND RURAL INDIAN VILLAGES.
[00:03:03.767]THE WHITE HOUSE AND THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM.
[00:03:07.500]INNER-CITY COMMUNITY CENTERS AND AUTOMOBILE
[00:03:10.166]SAFETY SYSTEMS.
[00:03:13.467]LAS VEGAS SHOWS AND ... BIRDS.
[00:03:16.567]HE'S THE AUTHOR OF NUMEROUS TECHNICAL
[00:03:18.500]PUBLICATIONS, ... AND BOOKS, INCLUDING
[00:03:22.066]FAB...WHEN THINGS START TO TAKE THE NATURE OF
[00:03:26.567]MATHEMATICAL ... AND THE PHYSICS OF INFORMATION
[00:03:30.333]TECHNOLOGY.
[00:03:32.433]HE HAS BEEN FEATURED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE
[00:03:35.467]ECONOMIST, NPR, CNN, AND PBS.
[00:03:41.166]HE'S A FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY,
[00:03:44.233]HAS BEEN NAMED ONE OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICA'S 50
[00:03:47.633]LEADERS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AS ONE OF 40
[00:03:51.166]MODERN DAY LEONARDOS BY THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE &
[00:03:55.800]INDUSTRY.
[00:03:57.700]AND BY PROSPECT FOREIGN POLICY, AS ONE OF THE TOP
[00:04:01.266]HUNDRED PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS.
[00:04:04.467]GERSHENFELD HAS A BACHELORS IN PHYSICS FOR
[00:04:07.400]SWARTHMORE COLLEGE, A PHD IN APPLIED PHYSICS FROM
[00:04:11.800]CORNELL UNIVERSITY, AND HONORARY DOCTORATE FROM
[00:04:14.533]SWARTHMORE COLLEGE AND STARKS CLYDE UNIVERSITY.
[00:04:19.033]HE WAS A JUNIOR FELLOW OF THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY
[00:04:21.800]SOCIETY OF FELLOWS AND A MEMBER OF THE RESEARCH
[00:04:24.800]STAFF AT BELL LABS.
[00:04:27.266]AFTER PROFESSOR GERSHENFELD'S REMARKS, YOU
[00:04:29.900]WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ASK QUESTIONS.
[00:04:32.600]PLEASE WRITE THEM ON THE CARDS PROVIDED BY THE
[00:04:35.900]USHERS.
[00:04:37.467]OR SUBMIT QUESTIONS BY TWITTER USING THE HASHTAG
[00:04:40.233]E.N.
[00:04:41.433]THOMPSON FORUM.
[00:04:43.600]THE DISCUSSION OF YOUR IDEAS AND QUESTIONS WILL
[00:04:45.967]BE MODERATED BY UNL PROFESSOR AND THOMPSON
[00:04:49.166]FORUM COMMITTEE CHAIR, LLOYD AMBROCIOUS.
[00:04:53.033]FOLLOWING THIS LECTURE, PROFESSOR NEAL GERSHENFELD
[00:04:57.467]WILL BE IN THE LOBBY TO AUTOGRAPH BOOKS.
[00:05:00.633]THE TITLE OF TONIGHT'S PRESENTATION IS HOW TO
[00:05:03.200]MAKE ALMOST ANYTHING.
[00:05:05.800]PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING NEAL
[00:05:08.533]GERSHENFELD.
[00:05:09.700](APPLAUSE)
[00:05:21.300]NEAL GERSHENFELD THANK YOU.
[00:05:24.133]I'M DELIGHTED TO JOIN YOU.
[00:05:25.800]I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE OF MAKING THINGS
[00:05:29.767]AND TONIGHT I'LL MAKE SOME VERY BOLD PREDICTIONS
[00:05:32.767]ABOUT THE PRESENT.
[00:05:34.533]I'M GONNA TELL YOU STORIES ABOUT WHAT'S ACTUALLY
[00:05:36.033]HAPPENING THAT YOU MAY NOT REALIZE.
[00:05:39.367]SO ADD IN I TEACH A CLASS CALLED HOW TO MAKE ALMOST
[00:05:42.200]ANYTHING.
[00:05:44.633]AND THIS WASN'T MEANT TO BE PROVOCATIVE.
[00:05:47.000]I STARTED THE PROGRAM I DIRECT THE CENTER FOR BITS
[00:05:49.433]& ATOMS BECAUSE THEY COULD NEVER TELL THE DIFFERENCE
[00:05:51.934]BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE, COMPUTER SCIENCE
[00:05:54.767]AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
[00:05:56.266]I DIDN'T FIT IN THAT BOUNDARY.
[00:05:58.500]AND SO WE WROTE AN AMBITIOUS AND NSF PROPOSAL
[00:06:01.100]TO GET ONE OF EVERY MACHINE TO MAKE ANYTHING.
[00:06:03.467]AND WE GOT NSF ON A GOOD DAY AND THEY SAID, YES.
[00:06:06.367]BUT THEN WE HAD ALL THESE MACHINES AND IT WOULD TAKE
[00:06:08.400]A LIFETIME TO LEARN TO USE THEM.
[00:06:09.900]SO I STARTED THIS CLASS JUST TO TEACH A FEW
[00:06:12.400]RESEARCH STUDENTS HOW TO USE THE MACHINES.
[00:06:15.800]AND I HAD A PROBLEM.
[00:06:16.767]HUNDREDS OF STUDENTS SHOWED UP AND I HADN'T
[00:06:18.567]PLANNED FOR THAT.
[00:06:20.066]I HADN'T ASKED THEM.
[00:06:21.467]HUNDREDS OF STUDENTS SHOWED UP.
[00:06:23.500]THAT WAS THE FIRST SURPRISE.
[00:06:25.200]THE NEXT SURPRISE THAT SHOULDN'T BE SURPRISING,
[00:06:28.133]THEY WERE THERE TO MAKE THINGS.
[00:06:30.200]THEY WEREN'T THERE FOR RESEARCH.
[00:06:31.233]THEY WEREN'T THERE FOR BUSINESSES.
[00:06:32.433]THEY WANTED TO MAKE STUFF.
[00:06:34.133]AND THEN THE SURPRISE AFTER THAT WAS WHAT THEY
[00:06:36.133]DID.
[00:06:37.100]SO ONE OF THE STARS THE FIRST YEAR WAS KELLY.
[00:06:38.600]SHE WAS A SCULPTOR.
[00:06:40.433]THEY DID SEMESTER PROJECTS.
[00:06:41.700]THIS IS KELLY'S PROJECT.
[00:06:44.333]KELLY HI.
[00:06:45.367]I'M KELLY.
[00:06:46.367]AND THIS IS MY SCREAM BODY.
[00:06:48.433]DO YOU EVER FIND YOURSELF IN SITUATIONS WHERE YOU
[00:06:53.633]REALLY HAVE TO SCREAM, BUT YOU CAN'T BECAUSE YOU'RE
[00:06:56.200]AT WORK OR YOU'RE IN A CLASSROOM, YOU'RE WATCHING
[00:06:59.000]YOUR CHILDREN, OR YOU'RE IN ANY NUMBER OF
[00:07:01.300]SITUATIONS WHERE IT'S JUST NOT PERMITTED.
[00:07:04.800]WELL, SCREAM BODY IS A PORTABLE SPACE FOR A
[00:07:07.266]SCREAM.
[00:07:09.066]WHEN A USER SCREAMS INTO SCREAM BODY, THEIR SCREAM
[00:07:11.767]IS SILENT.
[00:07:13.567]BUT IT'S ALSO RECORDED FOR LATER ...
[00:07:17.133]THE MAIN...
[00:07:54.900]MAN THIS WAS ANOTHER PROJECT, PARENTS HAVE THE
[00:07:57.800]COGNITIVE ABILITY OF A YOUNG CHILD.
[00:08:00.166]THEY GO CRAZY LEFT HOME ALONE.
[00:08:01.400]SO THIS IS A WEB BROWSER FOR PARENTS.
[00:08:03.800]THE PARENTS LOVED IT.
[00:08:05.734]LET THEM SURF THE NET, YOU KNOW, TALKED TO OTHER
[00:08:07.233]PARENTS.
[00:08:09.834]THIS WAS AN ALARM CLOCK YOU WRESTLE WITH AND HAVE
[00:08:12.934]TO CONVINCE THE ALARM CLOCK THAT YOU'RE AWAKE.
[00:08:17.433]THIS WAS A STUDENT PROJECT WITH A DRESS WITH SENSORS AND
[00:08:20.867]SPINES, AND THEY WOULD DEFEND YOUR PERSONAL SPACE IF SOMEONE
[00:08:23.333]GOT TOO CLOSE.
[00:08:25.066]AND THIS HAPPENED SO CONSISTENTLY YEAR AFTER YEAR,
[00:08:29.066]THAT I REALIZED THE STUDENTS WERE ANSWERING A QUESTION I
[00:08:32.667]HADN'T ASKED.
[00:08:33.700]WE WERE DOING RESEARCH AND THE CLASS WAS TEACHING DIGITAL
[00:08:38.799]FABRICATION, BUT WE HADN'T ASKED WHAT THE GOOD FOR, AND THEY WERE
[00:08:42.567]SHOWING THE KILLER APP OF DIGITAL FABRICATION IS PERSONAL
[00:08:49.100]FABRICATION.
[00:08:49.867]SO THIS IS KEN OLSON, HEAD OF DIGITAL EQUIPMENT, THE HISTORY
[00:08:57.000]IS, AND THEY MADE THE FIRST COMMERCIALIZED, AND THEY WERE
[00:09:04.834]USED TO INVENT THE INTERNET.
[00:09:07.567]IT'S OUTSIDE PRIME TIME DATA GENERAL, AND HE SAID, THERE'S NO
[00:09:10.700]REASON TO HAVE A COMPUTER IN THE HOME.
[00:09:16.800]THE PRIME SALES, DATA GENERAL SALES, EVERY ONE OF THE
[00:09:22.266]COMPANIES FAILED, THEY SAW THE COMPUTERS AS TOYS.
[00:09:25.900]AND WHAT'S HAPPENING IS YOU CAN LOOK AT THESE FUN PROJECTS AND
[00:09:30.600]SAY, THAT'S FUN, NOW LET'S GET SERIOUS AND TALK ABOUT INDUSTRY.
[00:09:36.333]REMEMBER, PERSONALIZATION DROVE THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION, AND THE
[00:09:40.333]WHOLE POINT OF THIS IS THEY'RE NOT MAKING PRODUCTS YOU CAN BUY
[00:09:48.066]IN A MASS STORE, THEY'RE PERSONALIZING FABRICATION, FOR
[00:09:52.400]ONE PERSON, THAT'S EVERY BIT AS IMPORTANT OR MORE FOR MAKING
[00:09:58.700]THINGS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD.
[00:10:00.333]YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF 3-D PRINTING, THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF
[00:10:04.867]PRESS, I REALLY DON'T LIKE IT.
[00:10:06.767]IT'S OVERREPRESENTED, AND OVERHYPED, AND IT'S A CORNER OF
[00:10:11.200]A BIGGER SPACE.
[00:10:13.834]IF YOU GO BACK, 3-D PRINTING WAS INVENTED IN THE 80S, IT'S NOT
[00:10:20.700]NEW, BUT A FEW DECADES OLD.
[00:10:23.400]YOU GO FURTHER BACK, IN 1952, MIT MADE THE FIRST COMPUTER
[00:10:31.367]CONTROLLED MANUFACTURING MACHINE.
[00:10:34.667]THE COMPUTERS WERE JUST BEGINNING TO DO THINGS IN REAL
[00:10:39.600]TIME, AND THERE WAS ONE DEVELOPED FOR AIR TRAFFIC AND
[00:10:42.500]RADAR, AND SOMEBODY HAD THE IDEA TO TAKE THIS REAL TIME COMPUTER
[00:10:47.834]AND KETH IT TO THE -- CONNECT IT TO A MACHINE AND MAKE PARTS YOU
[00:10:53.500]COULDN'T MAKE BY
[00:10:56.333]HAND, COMPUTERS CONTROLLING MACHINES DATES BACK
[00:11:00.300]TO THE 50'S.
[00:11:01.834]AT THAT TIME, IT WAS AN EXCITING PERIOD.
[00:11:05.867]CLAUDE SHANNON WROTE THE BEST MASTER'S THESIS, AND HE INVENTED
[00:11:14.433]DIGITAL.
[00:11:14.767]IT'S EXPLICIT, THERE'S AN INTERESTING HISTORY, THE DIGITAL
[00:11:20.734]WORLD CAME FROM HIS MASTER THESIS.
[00:11:23.166]COMMUNICATION WAS ANALOGED, HE MADE IT DIGITAL.
[00:11:28.934]A BIGGER GROUP, DIGITIZED COMPUTING.
[00:11:33.867]ANALOG GOT WORSE WITH DISTANCE, WE NOW HAVE THE INTERNET, ANALOG
[00:11:38.133]COMPUTERS WERE GEARED, THEY GOT WORSE IN TIME.
[00:11:41.400]THE LONGER YOU WAITED, THE WORSE THE ANSWER WAS.
[00:11:46.100]THE DIGITIZED COMPUTERS, DIGITAL MANUFACTURING START IN THE 50'S,
[00:11:53.867]BUT IT'S NOT REALLY DIGITAL.
[00:11:55.800]THE COMPUTER WAS DIGITAL, BUT METAL HITTING METAL.
[00:12:01.266]I'M GOING TO TELL YOU OF THE RESEARCH, WHERE IT'S HEADING, SO
[00:12:06.633]YOU CAN UNDERSTAND WHERE IT'S HEADING TODAY.
[00:12:10.033]THE RESEARCH, IS 4 BILLION YEARS OLD, THAT'S WHEN AN EVOLUTION
[00:12:16.066]WAS INVENTED.
[00:12:20.734]THE RIBOZOME, IS A MOLECULE THAT MAKES MOLECULE.
[00:12:29.600]I'M FULL OF MOLECULE TECHNOLOGY.
[00:12:31.734]I HAVE LIGHT SENSORS IN MY EYE, THEY'RE PROGRAMMED, AND THE CODE
[00:12:40.066]LIKE YOU UNDERSTAND A MODERN CODE GOES INTO THE RIBOZOME,
[00:12:45.400]EXECUTES THE CODE, AND IT MAKES ME AND YOU.
[00:12:50.500]THAT'S WHAT MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE.
[00:12:53.266]IF YOU LOOK AT THE DESCENDENTS OF THE 1952 MILLING
[00:13:00.467]MACHINE, AND COMPARE IT TO MY FAVORITE PROCESS THE ONE ON THE
[00:13:05.133]RIGHT, DOES ANYBODY HERE USE LEGO BRICKS?
[00:13:10.767]IF YOU THINK OF THE LEGO BRICKS, WHAT'S YOUR NAME?
[00:13:15.867]LUKE PLAYS WITH LEGO, HE DOESN'T NEED A RULER, THE LEGO'S HAVE
[00:13:24.400]STUBS, YOU CAN PUT THEM RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.
[00:13:28.233]WHEN HE ASSEMBLES THE LEGO, IS TOWER OF LEGO IS TALLER THAN
[00:13:36.700]LUKE.
[00:13:37.000]WHEN HE'S DONE WITH IT, HE DOESN'T PUT THEM IN THE TRASH,
[00:13:42.133]HE TAKES THEM APART AND USES THEM AGAIN.
[00:13:46.600]NONE OF THAT LOGIC APPLIED TO THE 3-D MACHINES, ALL OF THEM
[00:13:51.667]APPLY TO YOU, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY.
[00:13:53.567]THE KEY IS THEY'RE DIGITAL, THERE'S INFORMATION IN THE
[00:13:57.133]MATERIALS, SO THE TECHNICAL REVOLUTION, DIDN'T START IN THE
[00:14:01.967]50'S, IT'S HAPPENING TODAY.
[00:14:04.000]IT'S DIGITIZING FABRICATION, BY PUTTING INFORMATION INTO
[00:14:10.333]MATERIALS.
[00:14:10.734]THAT MAY SOUND ACADEMIC OR ABSTRACT, THINK OF HOW THE
[00:14:16.967]INTERNET CHANGED YOUR LIFE, THAT'S WHAT WE'RE LIVING
[00:14:21.734]THROUGH.
[00:14:22.100]I GOT SO ANNOYED AT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, ASKING ME FOR A DEVICE
[00:14:28.467]OF THE PRINTING PROGRAMS.
[00:14:31.033]I TALKED ABOUT THE RESEARCH ON DIGITIZING FABRICATION.
[00:14:35.133]LET ME SHOW YOU OF THAT ROAD MAP LOOKS LIKE.
[00:14:39.900]WE'RE GOING FROM COMPUTERS CONTROLLING MACHINES TO MACHINES
[00:14:42.700]MAKING MACHINES, TO CODING AND THEN
[00:14:46.834]PROGRAMMING THE MATERIALS.
[00:14:48.600]ONE STEP IN, TODAY YOU BUY A MACHINE.
[00:14:51.967]BUT MY STUDENTS ARE WORKING ON MACHINES THAT MAKE MACHINES.
[00:14:55.266]AND SO THIS IS A FUN ONE.
[00:14:58.934]THESE ARE TWO STUDENTS, AND THIS IS A COMPLETE FAB FACILITY AND A
[00:15:04.467]BRIEF CASE, YOU OPEN IT UP, AND CHANGE THE HEADS, AND YOU CAN
[00:15:08.300]PRINT WITH IT, MILL WITH IT, CUT WITH IT, IT'S A UNIVERSAL FAB
[00:15:13.734]FACILITY IN A BRIEF CASE, WHAT MAKES IT INTERESTING ISN'T THE
[00:15:17.700]MACHINE, IT'S WHAT MAKES IT EASY TO MAKE THIS MACHINE.
[00:15:22.834]TO MAKE RAPID PROTOTYPING OF THE MACHINE.
[00:15:25.867]AFTER THAT, ANOTHER VERSION OF THE MACHINES RATHER THAN HAVING
[00:15:29.767]A FIXED FUNCTION IS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR MACHINES.
[00:15:33.300]THIS IS A MACHINE BUILDING KIT.
[00:15:35.100]THESE TWO STUDENTS, ONE OF MY STUDENTS WHO WORKS AT NASA,
[00:15:39.033]NEEDED A WING, THEY PUT TOGETHER A KIT OF PARTS, NOW NOT A FIXED
[00:15:45.166]MACHINE, BUT A MACHINE BUILDING KIT AND MADE A SCRIPT, WHAT THEY
[00:15:49.934]MADE IN THIS CASE, A HOT WIRE CUTTER TO MAKE AIR FOILS.
[00:15:54.600]THE MACHINE DOESN'T HAVE A FIXED FUNCTION.
[00:15:57.266]IT'S A MACHINE TO MAKE MACHINES.
[00:16:16.567]SO THEY'RE CUTTING OUT
[00:16:19.400]FOILS WITH THAT.
[00:16:21.467]TODAY YOU BUY A MACHINE, AND PRETTY SOON YOU GO TO A FACILITY
[00:16:25.467]AND MAKE A NEW MACHINE AND MAKE A MACHINE WITH THE MACHINE.
[00:16:28.500]THEN THE STEP AFTER THAT, IS RATHER THAN PRINTING AND
[00:16:32.967]CUTTING, IF YOU GO BACK TO LUKE'S LEGO, HERE'S NANO LEGO,
[00:16:42.100]MADE OUT OF PROTEIN, TODAY TO MAKE CIRCUIT, YOU NEED BILLION
[00:16:47.633]DOLLAR FACTORIES.
[00:16:50.834]THIS IS MADE OUT OF LEGO AND ELECTRONIC MATERIAL.
[00:16:56.000]THIS IS CARBON FIBER LEGO TYPE MATERIAL USED TO MAKE AIR FOILS,
[00:17:02.900]AND WE'RE DESIGNING ROBOTS TO MAKE JUMBO JETS BY CRAWLING
[00:17:07.967]AROUND AND LINKING THE PARTS.
[00:17:10.700]AGAIN IT'S DOING THE SAME THING THAT LUKE DOES.
[00:17:13.733]THE GEOMETRY COMES FROM THE PART, AND JOINING THEM, WORKING
[00:17:17.599]ON BUILDING AIRPLANES.
[00:17:19.200]WE HAVE A PROJECT WITH HOMELAND SECURITY TO BUILD LANDSCAPE.
[00:17:24.666]STORMS LIKE HURRICANE KATRINA, DO TENS OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
[00:17:29.700]OF DAMAGE, AND THE MEANS IS BAGS OF WET SAND.
[00:17:34.867]WE'RE WORKING ON USING THESE FOR LANDSCAPE DEMANDS ON EMERGENCY
[00:17:41.800]RESPONSE.
[00:17:42.166]IT'S ALL BASED ON ONE IDEA OF CODING THE MATERIALS.
[00:17:46.233]PUTTING INTELLIGENCE INTO THE MATERIALS.
[00:17:48.066]AND THEN THE STEP AFTER THAT IS, THIS IS NOW DESIGN OF MATERIALS,
[00:17:54.133]THAT CAN ACTUALLY CHANGE SHAPE.
[00:17:57.200]SO IT'S KIND OF LIFE IN ENGINEERED SYSTEMS.
[00:18:02.500]WE'RE DESIGNING CODES YOU PUT IN MATERIALS, AND RUN A PROGRAM IN
[00:18:05.567]THE MATERIAL AND THEY TURN INTO ANYTHING.
[00:18:08.700]AT THIS STAGE, THE MACHINES GO AWAY, AND THE MATERIALS
[00:18:12.700]THEMSELVES ARE PROGRAMMABLE.
[00:18:14.200]THIS IS LIKE THE TERMINATOR, IF YOU'RE FAMILIAR WITH THAT.
[00:18:26.834]SO TAKE THAT QUICK SKIM, AND NOW
[00:18:31.166]STEP BACK, THERE WERE MAINFRAMES FOR COMPUTING.
[00:18:35.567]THEN CAME MINI COMPUTER, AND THIS IS ONE OF MY FAVORITE
[00:18:40.467]PICTURES.
[00:18:41.467]THIS IS KEN THOMAS AND DENNIS RICHIE, AT BELL LABS, THEY'RE
[00:18:48.066]INVENTING UNITS THAT'S THE OPERATING SYSTEMS TO SEND FROM.
[00:18:53.400]IF YOU HAVE AN I-PHONE, RUNNING IOS, DESIST FROM
[00:19:02.233]DIRECTLY WHAT THEY'RE DOING IN THE PICTURE.
[00:19:05.367]THEY HAD TO DO INVENTORY OR PAYROLL OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT.
[00:19:08.700]HERE THE COMPUTER WAS HARD TO USE, IT FILLED A ROOM, MAYBE
[00:19:16.233]$100,000, BUT IT WAS SMALL ENOUGH FOR A WORK ROOM.
[00:19:19.266]THEY COULD HAVE ONE, TO FIGURE OUT WHAT TO DO WITH, AND THEN
[00:19:24.467]CAME HOBBYIST COMPUTERS.
[00:19:26.033]IT WAS LIFE TRANSFORMING FOR PEOPLE LIKE ME.
[00:19:30.333]THE OUT TARE, YOU WOULD FLIP SWITCHES ON THE PANEL TO LOAD
[00:19:36.000]THE PROGRAM, AND THEN RUN IT, AND THE LIGHTS WOULD WORK.
[00:19:40.433]LIFE CHANGING.
[00:19:42.100]BECAUSE IT WAS THE FIRST REALLY PERSONAL COMPUTER YOU COULD OWN
[00:19:45.266]AND THEN CAME THE PC.
[00:19:48.767]THE PC TO UNDERSTAND IS A REALLY BIG STEP.
[00:19:54.767]IN THE PDP, IT WASN'T A COMPUTER.
[00:19:58.300]THERE WAS A PROCESSOR RACK, ALL SORT OF CABLES AND SOFTWARE, IN
[00:20:03.467]THE PC, THERE'S A POWER SUBSYSTEM, A GRAPHIC SUBSYSTEM,
[00:20:09.333]A STORAGE SUBSYSTEM, ALL THE COMPONENTS INTEGRATED IN ONE
[00:20:14.800]BOX.
[00:20:15.233]THE PERSPECTIVE IS AN ON OFF SWITCH.
[00:20:18.033]IT WAS A BIG STEP.
[00:20:21.000]NOW TODAY, MIT'S 1952 MILL, BELL LABS, I'LL SPEND A LOT OF TIME
[00:20:30.400]TALKING ABOUT, AND THIS LEADS UP TO THE REPLICATOR.
[00:20:38.066]IT'S A 20 YEAR ROAD MAP, TO THIS, CODING THE FUNCTIONS WITH
[00:20:44.400]THE ASSEMBLERS THAT MAKE ASSEMBLERS, AND THAT'S THE
[00:20:48.133]RESEARCH WE'RE DOING.
[00:20:49.266]WE'RE HOPING IN A FEW DECADES, IT'LL MAKE A REPLICATOR.
[00:20:55.800]WHAT WE'RE LEARNING FROM THE HISTORY, THE INTERESTING POINT
[00:20:58.400]WASN'T HERE, IT WAS UP HERE.
[00:21:00.867]THIS IS THE MOMENT THE INTERNET WAS INVENTED.
[00:21:05.066]THE MODERN COMPUTING ERA COME OUT.
[00:21:07.934]THE INTERNET DIDN'T COME AFTER THE I-PHONE, IT WAS THE MINI
[00:21:13.734]COMPUTING ERA.
[00:21:14.934]FROM THIS POINT FORWARD, IT WENT FROM ONE, TO TWO TO FOUR, TO
[00:21:19.700]EIGHT, TO 16, IT WENT FROM DOUBLING, ONE DAY IT'S THERE,
[00:21:24.700]AND DOUBLES IN A YEAR.
[00:21:27.800]WE'RE TODAY EXACTLY AT THAT POINT.
[00:21:30.967]WE'RE TEN YEARS INTO THE DOUBLING, IT'S BREAKING THAT
[00:21:34.800]THRESHOLD, AND IN 20 YEARS, IT'LL ALL FIT IN YOUR POCKET,
[00:21:38.667]BUT YOU DON'T NEED TO WAIT 20 YEARS FOR IT.
[00:21:41.066]THE WAY I LEARNED THAT, IS WE WERE DOING THE RESEARCH, THE
[00:21:45.734]CLASS WAS CRAZY.
[00:21:47.567]HUNDRED OF STUDENT WOULD SHOW UP, BEGGING TO GET IN.
[00:21:51.367]THEY WILL SAY THING LIKE, IT SEEMS TOO USEFUL, ARE YOU
[00:21:55.333]ALLOWED TO TEACH IT AT MIT?
[00:21:57.734]AND IT HAD SUCH AN IMPACT, CONGRESS PASSED A NEW LAW
[00:22:03.400]TELLING NSF, THEY HAD TO MEASURE SOCIAL IMPACT, THEY TURNED TO
[00:22:08.900]BIG GRANTEES LIKE US, WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO DO IT, AND WE
[00:22:14.800]THOUGHT THE MACHINES WERE COOL.
[00:22:17.233]RATHER THAN TELLING PEOPLE ABOUT IT, WE DECIDED TO GIVE THEM TO
[00:22:20.300]PEOPLE.
[00:22:26.500]>> IT PROVIDES FREE ACCESS TO DIGITAL ACCESS MACHINES.
[00:22:32.533]>> WE SET UP A COMMUNITY LAB THAT WAS IN BETWEEN THE RESEARCH
[00:22:36.934]ON CAMPUS AND THE STAR
[00:22:41.867]REPLICATOR IN THE FUTURE.
[00:22:45.800]>> THE PROJECT GOT BIGGER.
[00:22:48.600]>> WHEN MIT AND THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WERE ASKED TO
[00:22:52.700]SET UP A FAB LAB, THAT WAS JUST THE BEGINNING.
[00:22:56.700]>> THEY STARTED DOUBLING.
[00:22:58.600]THERE ARE ABOUT 200 NOW, THEY'VE BEEN DOUBLING EVERY YEAR AND A
[00:23:02.533]HALF, THEY'RE ABOVE THE ARCTIC CIRCLE, AND AFGHANISTAN, AND
[00:23:08.834]SHANTY TOWNS, EVERY TIME WE OPEN ONE, EVERYONE WANTED ONE.
[00:23:14.934]THE LABS GET USED FOR CREATING, AND BUSINESS, AND FOR PLAY.
[00:23:18.734]AND ART.
[00:23:19.967]THEN WE LINKED THEM GLOBALLY WITH VIDEO AND ONLINE CON AT THE
[00:23:24.633]PRESENT TIME.
[00:23:25.100]>> PEOPLE ARE BENEFITTING FROM THESE FAB LABS, AND THE
[00:23:29.834]POTENTIAL SEEM LIMITLESS.
[00:23:30.767]>> ALL OF THAT WAS AN
[00:23:35.333]ACCIDENT, THERE'S 400, NOT 200.
[00:23:37.033]WE OPEN ONE IN BOSTON, IN A COMMUNITY CENTER, THERE WAS A
[00:23:40.667]STRONG COMMUNITY IN BOSTON, THAT LED TO OPENING ONE IN THE COAST
[00:23:46.633]OF GHANA, THERE WAS A STRONG SOUTH AFRICA CONNECTION, THAT
[00:23:57.400]LED TO A STRONG INDIAN CONNECTION, EACH OF THESE
[00:24:04.567]PLACES, I DIDN'T WAKE UP IN BOSTON THINKING, AFRICAN SHANTY
[00:24:11.000]TOWNS NEEDED THE PRECISION FABRICATION.
[00:24:14.333]EVERYTHING YOU SEE HERE WAS MADE HERE.
[00:24:16.567]THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN AT A LAB IN ICELAND, IF YOU'VE SEEN
[00:24:22.133]PICTURES OF A TOWN BEING DESTROYED BY LAVA, IT'S THIS
[00:24:26.500]ONE.
[00:24:27.033]IT'S AN ISLAND, OFF THE COAST OF ICELAND, AND THE KIDS STAY NOW,
[00:24:32.967]IN THE LAB ARE DESIGN TOOLS, PRECISION, MANAGE, TOOLING,
[00:24:39.667]CASTING, CIRCUITS, CUTTING, LASERS, ELECTRONICS, AND WITH
[00:24:48.200]ALL OF THAT.
[00:24:49.767]THIS PICTURE IS ABOUT $100,000 OF STUFF IN THAT ROOM.
[00:24:57.467]YOU CAN MAKE CUSTOM BICYCLES, WHOLE HOUSES, CONSUMER
[00:25:04.000]ELECTRONICS, EVERYTHING YOU SEE HERE WAS MADE IN THAT FACILITY.
[00:25:07.834]AND SO WE'RE UP TO 400 OF THESE LABS NOW FROM THE BOTTOM OF
[00:25:11.700]AFRICA, THIS ONE IS ONE OF MY FAVORITE ONES.
[00:25:14.600]IT'S A FEW HOURS ABOVE THE ARCTIC CIRCLE.
[00:25:19.600]SATELLITE DISHES LOOK DOWN, NOT UP.
[00:25:22.500]AND SO WITH THAT SPREAD, THEN THE LABS STARTED APPEARING IN
[00:25:27.500]THE AMAZING PLACES.
[00:25:29.133]THIS IS ONE IN INTERCITY DETROIT, WHERE BLAIR WORKS WITH
[00:25:33.300]AT RISK KIDS, IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM, THINGS LIKE
[00:25:38.166]THAT, AND THIS LAB IS VERY SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALLY.
[00:25:41.700]WHAT FUNDS IT, HE TAKES THE KIDS, TEACHES THEM TO MAKE STUFF
[00:25:47.133]AND TRANSFORMS THEIR LIVES, AND DELIVERS BETTER LIFE OUTCOMES
[00:25:51.867]THAN THE SOCIAL SERVES THEY WERE GETTING.
[00:25:54.000]SO IT'S FUNDED AS THE SOCIAL SERVICE FOR THE IMPACT ON THE
[00:25:57.900]LIVES OF THE KIDS.
[00:25:59.967]THIS IS AN INTERESTING ONE IN ALASKA, IT SENDS TERRIBLE
[00:26:06.667]ALCOHOL ITCH, AND UNEMPLOYMENT, WE'RE WORKING WITH THEM TO TAKE
[00:26:12.900]TRADITIONAL CRAFT, AND THE MODERN TOOLS.
[00:26:15.900]THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL LAB IN HAY STACK.
[00:26:19.266]ONE OF THE THE NATION'S MOST REVERED ART
[00:26:23.700]COLONY, GLASS BLOWERS, AND PRINT MAKERS, AND FIBER
[00:26:30.033]ARTISTS.
[00:26:30.834]INITIALLY WHEN WE BROUGHT THE MACHINES THERE, THERE WAS A RIOT
[00:26:33.934]OF HALF OF THE ARTISTS WERE HORRIFIED, WITH THE CRAFTS WITH
[00:26:38.667]THESE MACHINES.
[00:26:39.600]THE OTHER HALF WERE HORRIFIED OF THE ARTISTS WHO WERE HORRIFIED,
[00:26:44.567]SAYING IT'S ALL TECHNOLOGY, THIS IS NEW TECHNOLOGY, IT MATTERS
[00:26:51.800]WHAT YOU DO WITH IT.
[00:26:55.266]NOW THAT'S IN THE PAST, AND WE TURNED THAT INTO TOOLING TO
[00:27:01.133]SLUMP GLASS THAT SPARKLES LIKE THE MAIN OCEAN.
[00:27:05.734]THESE WERE SKETCHES TRANSFORMED INTO THE PROCESSES TO MAKE THE
[00:27:10.367]PROCESSING PLATES.
[00:27:12.233]THE COMPUTER ISN'T A DESIGN TOOL, IT'S TO TRANSFORM THINGS
[00:27:18.667]INTO THINGS THE ARTISTS DIDN'T HAVE MEANS TO.
[00:27:23.900]THIS THE IN IRELAND.
[00:27:26.433]THERE WERE NIL FUNDS, AND THEY DIDN'T HAVE GOOD THINGS TO SPEND
[00:27:31.734]IT ON.
[00:27:32.500]THEY SPENT IT ON A BRIDGE.
[00:27:34.700]THE KIDS COME, IT DOESN'T MATTER WHERE THEY COME, FROM EITHER
[00:27:39.300]SIDE OF THE FENCE, THEY HANG OUT AND MAKE STUFF.
[00:27:44.000]THIS IS ONE IN GIZA.
[00:27:47.834]DURING THE RIOTS, WE CALLED TO SEE IF THEY WERE OKAY, AND THEY
[00:27:52.100]LAUGHED IS SAID IT WAS OKAY.
[00:27:56.133]THE BRIGHT KIDS, TOOK A DAY OFF AND WORKED IN THE LABS.
[00:28:03.200]THIS IS ONE IN BARCELONA THIS WAS STARTED BY ARCHITECTS, AND
[00:28:12.834]DESIGNERS, AND SO ONE OF THE MOST AMBITIOUS PROJECTS THEY
[00:28:17.667]DID, RAPID PROTOTYPING OF A HOUSE, THE SAME WAY YOU MAKE
[00:28:23.066]PLAY HOUSES, THEY'RE USING THE TOOLS TO MAKE A FULL SIZE HOUSE
[00:28:28.934]IN A CONSTRUCTION KIT.
[00:28:31.934]THIS IS FROM THE EUROPEAN SOLAR.
[00:28:42.533]SO IN TURN, THE FOUNDER OF THAT LAB, IS NOW THE CITY ARCHITECT
[00:28:49.000]OF BARCELONA AND THE CONNECTION IS THEY HAVE THE FABULOUS DESIGN
[00:28:58.233]STEM, AND 50%, OVER 50% YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT, A WHOLE GENERATION
[00:29:04.967]DOESN'T GET TO WORK.
[00:29:06.433]HUGE DISCONNECT, AND SO ONCE A YEAR, THE LABS ALL OVER THE
[00:29:10.767]WORLD MEET, THIS SUMMER WE BROUGHT 50 COUNTRIES TO
[00:29:16.834]BARCELONA, AND WHAT'S HAPPENING IS EACH OF THESE IS A DISTRICT
[00:29:22.300]IN BARCELONA.
[00:29:22.934]AND THROUGH THE CENTER, THE CITY IS PUTTING FAB LABS IN EVERY
[00:29:28.133]DISTRICT IN THE CITY AS URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE.
[00:29:32.100]YOU EXPECT THE CITY TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY, CLEAN UP YOUR
[00:29:39.500]TRASH, WHAT THEY'RE SAYING THE THE MEANS TO MAKE STUFF IS PART
[00:29:43.633]OF INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CITY.
[00:29:47.700]RATHER THAN GOING TO THE BOX STORE,MEANS TO CREATE IS PART OF
[00:29:52.633]THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE BIG CITY.
[00:29:55.233]WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THIS CITY, THIS IS THE MAYOR, AND HE'S
[00:29:59.767]PUSHING A BUTTON HERE, STARTING A COUNTY DOWN, WHICH IS 40 YEARS
[00:30:05.800]TO SELF-SUFFICIENCY.
[00:30:08.900]THEY DESCRIBED IT AS A PITO, THAT'S PRODUCTS IN TRASH OUT.
[00:30:17.567]SHIPS COME IN THE HARBOR WITH CONTAINERS FROM MASS
[00:30:23.600]MANUFACTURES, AND THE CITY IS A PRODUCT TRASH CONVERSION DEVICE.
[00:30:28.300]WHAT THEY WANT TO DO IS DATA IN, DATA OUT.
[00:30:31.800]THE ATOMS STAY IN THE CITY, BUT THE BITS COME AND GO, THEY
[00:30:37.033]PRODUCE THE PRODUCTS THEY CONSUME, AND THEY WANTED TO
[00:30:41.633]PRODUCE FOOD, PRODUCE ENERGY, THEY WANT TO USE ALL THE
[00:30:46.100]TECHNOLOGIES SO THAT THEY'RE GLOBALLY CONNECTED FOR
[00:30:49.800]KNOWLEDGE, BUT SELF-SUFFICIENT LOCALLY.
[00:30:53.433]IT CAN PRODUCE WHAT IT CAN CONSUME.
[00:30:55.734]THIS IS THE FIRST CITY TO MAKE THIS PLEDGE, AND NOW OTHER
[00:31:00.367]CITIES.
[00:31:00.734]ARE DOING THIS.
[00:31:02.367]IF YOU'RE INTERESTING, THE NEXT GATHERING IS IN AUGUST, MIT,
[00:31:07.233]HOSTED WITH BOSTON SUMMERVILLE IN CAMBRIDGE.
[00:31:10.633]THIS IS MY FAVORITE EVENT, IN THIS PICTURE ARE MAKERS FROM 60
[00:31:15.433]COUNTRIES.
[00:31:16.200]EAST, WEST, ONE OF EVERYTHING, IT'S THE MOST MULTIEVERYTHING
[00:31:21.967]GROUP I KNOW.
[00:31:22.900]IT'S BASICALLY ALL THE SAME PERSON IN THE SAME PACKAGES.
[00:31:26.400]ALL THE CULTURES AND THE TRADITIONS, IT'S THE TINKER, AND
[00:31:31.500]INVENTIVE MAKER PERSON.
[00:31:32.867]THIS IS A MOBILE LAB WE SET UP.
[00:31:36.066]A WHOLE FAB LAB AND TRAILER, WE CAN DRIVE IT AROUND THE COUNTRY
[00:31:41.567]AND PLACES LIKE THE CAPITAL.
[00:31:44.000]THIS IS AN INTERESTING PERSON VISITING IT.
[00:31:46.300]HE'LL DESCRIBE IT.
[00:31:48.166]>> I'M A UNITED STATES CONGRESSMEN, BILL FOSTER, AND
[00:31:52.133]I'M ONE OF THE FEW MEMBERS WHO WAS A SCIENTIST BEFORE ENTERING
[00:31:56.767]POLITICS, AND I TELL PEOPLE I REPRESENT ONE-THIRD OF THE
[00:32:01.934]PHYSICISTS IN CONGRESS.
[00:32:03.633]WHEN I CAME INTO WORK EACH DAY IN PHYSICS, MY FIRST STOP WASN'T
[00:32:10.600]MY OFFICE, BUT THE LABORATORY MACHINE SHOP, TO CHECK ON PARTS
[00:32:15.600]THAT I DESIGNED FOR AN EXPERIMENT, SO I CAN BELIEVE I
[00:32:20.100]CAN SAFELY SAY I'M THE ONLY MEMBER OF THE UNITED STATES
[00:32:23.633]CONGRESS THAT KNOWS HOW TO PROGRAM NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED
[00:32:28.633]MACHINE TOOLS.
[00:32:29.533]I'M PROUD TO ANNOUNCE, I BROUGHT THE LEGISLATION, THAT SUPPORTS
[00:32:34.467]THE GOALS AND INTEREST OF THE FAB LAB NETWORK IN THE BEST
[00:32:38.333]INTEREST OF OUR PEOPLE AND PROMOTE IT GO GOALS OF THE
[00:32:42.667]SCIENCE EDUCATION, GREATER ACCESS TO RESEARCH AND
[00:32:46.033]PRODUCTION TOOLS AND TO POWER INDIVIDUALS TO UNDERSTAND AND
[00:32:49.533]USE TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVES.
[00:32:51.800]YOU CAN THINK OF THIS AS A NEW KIND OF NATIONAL LAB IN THE
[00:32:55.767]UNITED STATES, THAT'S A CLOUD LAB, A NATIONAL NETWORK OF
[00:33:00.900]NATIONALLY CONNECTED LABS.
[00:33:03.500]I'VE BEEN LUCKY TO VISIT NEIL, AND SEE THE FAB LABS --
[00:33:09.000]>> HE'S IN THE HOUSE AND SENATE, CHARTERS, IT'S A PUBLIC PRIVATE
[00:33:13.934]PARTNERSHIP AND IT CHARTERS, THAT'S THE SAME THING THAT SET
[00:33:17.400]UP LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL AND THE POST OFFICE, AS SAYING IN
[00:33:21.600]THE NATIONAL INTEREST IS HAVING A NATIONAL NETWORK OF LOCAL LAB,
[00:33:26.800]INSTEAD OF A NATIONAL LAB A BILLION DOLLAR THING FAR AWAY,
[00:33:30.233]IT'S CONNECTEDED TO COMMUNITY.
[00:33:33.867]BUT ANY ONE COMMUNITY DOESN'T KNOW HOW TO DO IT.
[00:33:38.600]IN FACT, THE FIRST BIG COMMITMENT TO THIS CAME FROM
[00:33:43.300]CHEVRON, THAT MADE A $10 MILLION GRANT TO THE FOUNDATION TO SET
[00:33:46.900]THESE UP IN THE COMMUNITIES WHERE IT WORKS AS INVESTMENTS IN
[00:33:53.233]CAPACITY IN THESE FUNCTIONS.
[00:33:56.233]IN TURN, THIS IS THE OTHER PHYSICIST IN CONGRESS, WHAT'S
[00:34:01.633]GOING ON IN THIS PICTURE WAS AN AMAZING EVENT.
[00:34:04.767]WE BROUGHT A MOBILE LAB, AND LITERALLY IT'S PARKED OUTSIDE
[00:34:09.967]THE OVAL OFFICE.
[00:34:11.632]THIS IS A MOST SENSITIVE PLACE IN THE WHITE HOUSE.
[00:34:18.433]WE HAD ALL OF OUR BIG LASERS, AND GIANT MACHINES THERE.
[00:34:23.266]SO THE GUARDS WERE GOING CRAZY.
[00:34:25.500]BUT OBAMA LOVED IT, AND HE WAS WAVING OFF HIS HANDLERS, WHAT'S
[00:34:31.833]GOING ON IN THE PICTURE, THE SURFACE IS OBVIOUS.
[00:34:36.667]HE'S CELEBRATING THIS MAKER STUFF.
[00:34:39.300]BUT THE BACKGROUND IS WHAT'S GOING ON IS SAYING, A LOT OF
[00:34:44.934]TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING IS PRIME DATA GENERAL.
[00:34:47.600]IT'S GOING TO GET BLOWN UP BY PERSONAL FABRICATION.
[00:34:51.333]THE NEW JOBS AREN'T COMING BACK TO THE OLD FACTORY, THE SAME WAY
[00:34:56.300]THAT OLD COMPUTING DIDN'T COME BACK TO THE OLD COMPUTER
[00:35:00.300]COMPANIES.
[00:35:00.667]IT'S A NEW ECONOMY EMERGING, AND THE ADMINISTRATION IS SHINING A
[00:35:05.166]LIGHT.
[00:35:05.467]HE CAN'T SAY YOU'RE DATA GENERAL, BUT YOU CAN DO THIS BY
[00:35:09.033]DEMONSTRATION TO HIGHLIGHT THE IMPACT OF THIS.
[00:35:13.333]SO ECONOMICALLY, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION STARTED IN
[00:35:19.066]MANCHESTER, ENGLAND, AND LEFT.
[00:35:20.967]THE ECONOMY IS A MESS.
[00:35:23.600]THIS IS A WONDERFUL FAB LAB, THESE ARE ALL STARTING
[00:35:27.166]BUSINESSES AFTER THE FAB LAB THERE.
[00:35:29.133]IN STARTING THE BUSINESSES, THEY COULD COME UP WITH A PRODUCT AND
[00:35:33.333]SHIP IT OUT, BUT THE INTERESTING THING IS THEY COULD SEND THE
[00:35:37.734]PLANS FOR THIS TO ANY LAB ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE WORLD AND
[00:35:41.633]WHAT THEY DESIGNED TO BE MADE EVERY IN PARALLEL.
[00:35:45.834]IN THEIR LAB, THEY CAN MAKE DESIGNS FROM ANYWHERE IN THE
[00:35:49.734]WORLD.
[00:35:50.433]YOU CAN GO TO MARKET BY SHIPPING DATA, NOT JUST BOXES OF THINGS.
[00:35:55.333]THIS WAS A LAB, ONE FAB LAB, ONE COMMUNITY LAB, THIS SMALL SIZE
[00:36:00.834]I'M DESCRIBING IN DENMARK, AND THEY COUNTED UP, THEY SPUN OFF A
[00:36:05.834]FEW HUNDRED EUROS, AND A THOUSANDS JOBS OUT OF THIS
[00:36:10.200]COMMUNITY LAB, CREATED AT THE MEETING IN BARCELONA, I WAS
[00:36:13.667]SHOWING YOU, ONE OF THE REPORTERS FOR THE BIG NATIONAL
[00:36:17.567]PAPER WAS COVERING IT.
[00:36:19.633]AND SHE YELLED AT ME MAD, THIS IS ALL FINE, BUT YOU DON'T HAVE
[00:36:23.967]THE UNEMPLOYED HERE.
[00:36:25.233]SORT OF REFERRING TO THIS CLASS, THE UNEMPLOYED.
[00:36:27.567]AND I EXPLAINED TO HER, EVERYBODY AT THAT MEETING HAS
[00:36:32.467]CREATE A JOB.
[00:36:35.066]THEY WERE NOT UNEMPLOYED BECAUSE THEY HAD CREATED NEW WORK,
[00:36:40.900]RATHER THAN GETTING JOBS IN TRADITIONAL FACTORIES.
[00:36:46.033]THE WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE ADVISOR COUNCIL, IDENTIFIED THE SHORT
[00:36:52.266]FALL OF THE SCIENCE COMMUNITY THAT NEEDED TO PRODUCE AS A
[00:36:55.967]COUNTRY, THIS FILLED THAT, IT'S SO EXCITING AND SO MUCH FUN, BUT
[00:37:00.600]THIS IS A GRAPH OF EMPLOYMENT VERSUS TIME, ASSOCIATE DEGREE,
[00:37:10.200]BACHELOR DEGREE, AND OUR ECONOMY IS DIVERGENT, AND WHAT'S COMING
[00:37:15.800]OUT IS WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT MANUFACTURING, AND WORK, YOU
[00:37:19.967]HAVE A PICTURE OF SOMETHING LIKE THIS.
[00:37:22.700]BUT IN ALL THE DIFFERENT WAYS IT'S COMING OUT, THIS IS THE
[00:37:26.934]FUTURE OF MANUFACTURING.
[00:37:28.600]THINK ABOUT JOBS IN A FACTORY.
[00:37:32.800]YOU TRAVEL FROM HOME TO GO TO A PLACE, MAKING SOMETHING DESIGNED
[00:37:38.333]BY SOMETHING, SOMEBODY YOU DON'T KNOW TO SELL TO SOMEBODY YOU'LL
[00:37:43.433]NEVER SEE, DOING AN OPERATION YOU DON'T WANT TO DO TO MAKE
[00:37:47.133]MONEY TO GO HOME TO GET THINGS YOU WANT.
[00:37:51.700]YOU CAN KIND OF SHORT CUT THAT AND MAKE ONE POINT.
[00:37:55.633]AND SO, REMEMBER, THIS WHOLE NOTION OF BEING AT THE END OF
[00:38:02.100]LONG SUPPLY CHAINS, BUYING PRODUCTS FROM CATALOGS, IS NOT A
[00:38:07.734]FACT OF NATURE AND NOT A FACT OF FACT OF HISTORY, IT'S A RECENT
[00:38:14.066]INVENTION, AND IF ANYBODY CAN MAKE ANYTHING.
[00:38:17.467]IT DOESN'T JUST HELP BUSINESSES, IT CHALLENGES OUR NOTION OF
[00:38:21.633]BUSINESS AND WORK.
[00:38:23.233]YOU SEE SETTINGS LIKE THIS, AND KIDS
[00:38:27.000]LIKE THIS, IT'S NOT JUST EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, IT'S
[00:38:30.667]CREATING NEW WAYS OF WORKING.
[00:38:32.467]BUT IN TURN, WE HAD A PROBLEM.
[00:38:37.133]THIS WAS VALENTINA.
[00:38:45.600]THEY'RE MAKING ROBOT TRUCKS, THEY'RE SO FAR AHEAD OF THE
[00:38:50.133]LOCAL SCHOOLS.
[00:38:51.467]THEY WERE FALLING OFF A CLIFF.
[00:38:53.500]WE STARTED A THING CALLED THE FAB ACADEMY.
[00:38:57.600]AND TO TEACH KIDS TO WORK IN FAB LABS, THE SCHOOLS WERE FAILING
[00:39:02.633]THEM.
[00:39:03.567]WHAT WE DIDN'T WANT TO DO IS SAY, YOU'RE SMART AND YOU HAVE
[00:39:07.133]TO LEAVE NOW.
[00:39:08.800]THE WAY TO UNDERSTAND HOW THIS WORKS IS, MIT IS A MAINFRAME,
[00:39:19.734]YOU GO THERE AND IT'S PROCESSED.
[00:39:21.967]THE BOOKS ARE SCARCE IN THE
[00:39:28.633]LIBRARIES, YOU HAVE TO GO THERE TO READ THEM, AND WE SAID A FEW
[00:39:34.700]HOW PEOPLE OUT OF BILLIONS ON THE PLANET.
[00:39:38.166]THERE'S ATTENTION TO MASSIVE ONLINE CLASSES, AND I DON'T LIKE
[00:39:42.133]THEM.
[00:39:42.433]THEY'RE LIKE IN COMPUTING TERMS, TIME SHARING.
[00:39:45.567]THEY'RE STILL A MAINFRAME OF KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE PERSON
[00:39:49.567]LOOKING AT A COMPUTER SCREEN, REALLY ISN'T EDUCATION.
[00:39:53.367]SO THE WAY THE FAB ACADEMY WORKS IS, STUDENT HAVE PEERS IN WORK
[00:39:58.467]GROUPS WITH MENTORS, SURROUNDED BY MACHINES, LOCALLY, AND THEN
[00:40:03.667]WE CONNECT THEM GLOBALLY BY VIDEO AND CONTENT SHARING.
[00:40:07.867]AND SO IN INTERNET TERMS, IT'S LIKE A NETWORK, AN EDUCATIONAL
[00:40:15.867]NETWORK.
[00:40:16.367]DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LETS YOU SEE PEOPLE AT A DISTANCE, AND
[00:40:20.400]COMPUTING LETS YOU ACCESS KNOWLEDGE AT A DISTANCE.
[00:40:24.133]THE CRUCIAL CONNECTION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND FABRICATION, IS
[00:40:28.066]DIGITAL FABRICATION, LETS YOU BRING THE CAMPUS TO THE STUDENT,
[00:40:32.467]RATHER THAN THE STUDENT TO THE CAMPUS.
[00:40:35.633]IF YOU TAKE ANY OF THESE LABS, TOUGH BASIC SET OF MACHINES, YOU
[00:40:39.700]CAN DOWNLOAD THE REST, AND MAKE WHAT YOU NEED ON DEMAND AND
[00:40:44.033]DESIGN STUFF AND SEND IT TO OTHER PEOPLE.
[00:40:47.934]BREAKING THE BOUNDARY,
[00:40:52.200]CONNECTING TO DIGITAL COMPUTING, AND TRANSFORMS EDUCATION.
[00:40:55.200]IF YOU LOOK AT THAT LAB IN ICELAND, MAYBE HALF OF WORK DONE
[00:41:04.633]AT MIT TECHNICALLY, YOU COULD DO THERE.
[00:41:09.033]IT HAS THE KIND OF TOOLS, AND HALF THE WORK THERE NEED MORE
[00:41:14.300]ADVANCED TOOLS, AND YOU CAN THINK ULTIMATELY OF A MUCH MORE
[00:41:18.500]DISTRIBUTED APPROACH TO ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION.
[00:41:22.734]AND SO, STEPPING BACK NOW, DIGITAL FABRICATION, THE DEEP
[00:41:31.500]MEANING OF IT IS DIGITIZING FABRICATION BY PUTTING CODES IN
[00:41:37.367]THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MATERIALS.
[00:41:38.700]THAT'S WHAT I STARTED WITH, THAT MAY SOUND ABSTRACT, BUT IT'S A
[00:41:44.200]MOMENT LIKE DIGITIZING COMMUNICATION AND COP
[00:41:48.600]COMPUTATION.
[00:41:49.033]THAT'S THE RESEARCH THAT LEADS TO THE REPLICATOR.
[00:41:53.900]THE HISTORY LESSON IS, YOU GO FROM THE MINI COMPUTER TO THE
[00:41:58.967]I-PHONE, IT DIDN'T HAPPEN CONTINUOUSLY.
[00:42:02.433]EVERY YEAR IT GOT FASTER AND CHEAPER AND BETTER INTEGRATED.
[00:42:08.066]THE 3-D, CAN'T MAKE RADIO AND BICYCLES, EACH YEAR IT'LL GET
[00:42:15.367]FASTER, BETTER, CHEAPER, AND EVENTUALLY BE A MOLECULAR
[00:42:20.900]ASSEMBLER IN YOUR POCKET.
[00:42:24.700]IT THAT WAS HARD, AND IN FACT, IT ISN'T.
[00:42:27.900]WE KNOW WHAT TO DO, WE'RE MAKING PROGRESS ON IT.
[00:42:31.600]WHAT'S HARD IS THIS WHOLE STORY I DIDN'T EXPECT.
[00:42:34.233]EVERYTHING I SAY TO YOU ABOUT THAT, ISN'T MY
[00:42:40.000]INSIGHT, IT'S HOW THE WORLD REACT.
[00:42:43.467]DIGITAL FABRICATION IS POSSIBLE TODAY.
[00:42:47.500]ANYBODY CAN MAKE ALMOST ANYTHING I DESCRIBE, IF ANYBODY CAN MAKE
[00:42:52.633]ANYTHING, IT MEAN HOW WE ORGANIZE EDUCATION,
[00:42:56.600]ENTERTAINMENT, INDUSTRY, DOESN'T REALLY MAKE SENSE.
[00:42:58.867]IT CHANNELS ALL OF THEM.
[00:43:01.767]CONSUMER CAN BE CREATORS, AND ULTIMATELY, IF FOR ME THIS IS
[00:43:06.934]THE MOST EXCITING PART OF ALL OF THIS, IN ALL THE CRAZY PLACE IN
[00:43:10.934]THE WORLD, WE'RE FINDING THE EXACTLY THE SAME PROFILE OF THE
[00:43:15.500]PEOPLE, AND THIS LEAD TO TAPPING A BIGGER FRACTURE OF THE WORLD'S
[00:43:22.500]POWER.
[00:43:22.834]THANK YOU, AND I'LL BE HAPPY TO TAKE QUESTION.
[00:43:28.500][APPLAUSE]
[00:43:47.934]>> SOCIAL MAY TO BRING THEM OVER HERE, SO WE CAN ADDRESS THOSE
[00:43:53.867]QUESTIONS TO PROFESSOR GERSHENFELD.
[00:44:09.233]>> THIS IS A REAL INNOVATION FOR US THIS YEAR.
[00:44:12.233]LAB FABS CAN CHANGE THE WORLD, HOW CAN WE ENSURE ETHICAL HELENA
[00:44:27.133]-- HANDLING OF WIDESPREAD USE.
[00:44:31.600]>> YOU CAN MAKE THING IN FAB LAB, AND MIGHT HAVE HEAR OF 3-D
[00:44:36.900]GUN, FIRST, YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND, THE 3-D GUNS WAS AN
[00:44:42.567]INTERESTING MEDIA HAT.
[00:44:43.200]THE REASON IT'S A HAT, THE 3-D PRINTED GUN IS A BAD GUN, AND
[00:44:50.333]IN WORK SHOPS ALL OVER LINCOLN, HOBBYISTS HAVE MADE THEM FOR
[00:44:56.000]YEAR.
[00:44:56.300]BEING ABLE TO MAKE THEM ISN'T NEW, IT WAS DONE OPENLY AS A
[00:45:02.500]MEDIA HAT.
[00:45:04.800]WE HAVE THE LABS IN WAR ZONES, IN PLACES OF REALLY SERIOUS
[00:45:09.800]CONFLICT, AND WHAT WE'VE SEEN IS, HURTING
[00:45:16.033]PEOPLE, DOING HARM IS A MATURE MARKET.
[00:45:18.900]IT'S A VERY WELL MET NEED.
[00:45:22.567]IN JUST ABOUT ANY PART OF A WORLD, IT'S EASY TO GET GUNS AND
[00:45:27.133]BOMBS AND WEAPONS, YOU COULD MAKE THEM, BUT THE PEOPLE WHO
[00:45:32.166]WANT TO MAKE THEM HAVE REALLY GOOD TECHNOLOGY AND CAN MAKE
[00:45:36.867]THEM EVERYWHERE.
[00:45:38.467]WHAT WE FIND THE PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO BASH HEADS IN GIZA,
[00:45:42.867]WERE OFF DOING THAT, AND THE LAB ATTRACTS THE PEOPLE WHO DON'T
[00:45:47.633]WANT TO DO IT.
[00:45:48.867]IT'S AN ALTERNATIVE.
[00:45:52.200]I DO BELIEVE IN THE WISDOM OF PEOPLE, RATHER THAN THE
[00:45:56.800]ORGANIZATIONS.
[00:45:57.233]I BELIEVE THERE'S A NICE STORY OF EMPOWERING INDIVIDUALS,
[00:46:01.333]RATHER THAN THE POP DOWN CONTROL, THE BEST ANSWER IS THAT
[00:46:07.934]WE HAVEN'T SEEN THE CREEPY STUFF, THE CREEPY PEOPLE THAT
[00:46:12.467]WANT TO DO THE STUFF, HAVE THEIR NEEDS MET, THE LABS ARE DOING
[00:46:18.233]OTHER THINGS.
[00:46:18.700]>> SUBSIDIES, AND LOBBYING, HOW DO YOU KEEP BIG BUSINESS OUT OF
[00:46:25.033]NATIONAL FAB LAB NETWORK?
[00:46:29.600]>> SO THERE'S A NUMBER OF BIG COMPANIES LIKE CHEVRON THAT HAVE
[00:46:34.734]BEEN INVOLVED, IT'S PART OF A SERIOUS COMMITMENT TO SOCIAL
[00:46:40.400]RESPONSIBILITY, WE WELCOME IT, BECAUSE THERE AREN'T CONTROL
[00:46:45.133]POINT HERE.
[00:46:46.900]SO ONE OF THE INTERESTING THING IS WE'VE BEEN WORKING CLOSELY
[00:46:52.467]AND THIS IS FROM THE LAST QUESTION, WITH GROUPS LIKE
[00:46:55.967]HOMELAND SECURITY AND THE FBI ON SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OUT THERE.
[00:47:01.066]THERE'S FACTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN SAYING, OH MY GOSH, THIS IS
[00:47:05.166]DANGEROUS.
[00:47:05.533]I WAS BRIEFING A ROOMFUL OF ARMY GENERALS, THE BRIGHTEST UP
[00:47:12.066]COMING ARMY GENERALS, AND WHEN I GOT TO THIS PART AT THE END,
[00:47:16.834]HALF OF THEM SAID, MY GOD, WE HAVE TO CLASSIFY IT.
[00:47:22.233]THE INTERESTING MOMENT, THE OTHER HALF SAID, WE HAVE TO GET
[00:47:26.000]THIS OUT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
[00:47:29.900]THIS IS THE BEST SINGLE THING WE CAN DO TO BUILD COMMUNITY AND
[00:47:34.000]ALL OF THAT.
[00:47:35.600]WHERE IT ENDED, THERE'S NOTHING TO CONTROL.
[00:47:39.233]IF MACHINES MAKE MACHINES, THERE AREN'T POINTS OF CONTROL.
[00:47:43.567]YOU MAY KNOW THAT COLOR COPIERS, WHEN THEY CAME OUT, HAS CODES
[00:47:49.700]PUT IN THEM.
[00:47:50.934]CONCERNS OF COUNTERFEITING, SO THEY HAVE CRYPTOGRAPHY HIDDEN IN
[00:47:58.934]THE DOT PATTERNS, AND THE GOVERNMENT
[00:48:03.000]COULD TRACE WHO USED IT.
[00:48:07.533]INVASION OF PRIVACY, AND TODAY, MACHINES
[00:48:19.467]THAT MAKE MACHINES, DON'T HAVE POINTS OF CONTROL.
[00:48:24.100]WHEN CHEVRON WORKS WITH US TO SET UP LABS AND COMMUNITIES,
[00:48:29.467]IT'S INVESTING IN SOCIAL IMPACT, AND NOBODY IS IN CONTROL.
[00:48:33.500]YOU HAVE TO SET IT UP AND LET GO.
[00:48:36.166]PART OF WHAT WE DO TO MAKE IT WORK IS WORK WITH THE COMPANIES
[00:48:39.500]TO UNDERSTAND, IF YOU DO IT BEHIND A FENCE WITH RULES AND
[00:48:43.734]CONTROL, YOU'LL SPEND THE MONEY AND NOTHING WILL COME.
[00:48:47.800]YOU HAVE TO SPEND THE SOCIAL ENGINEERING TO MATCH THE
[00:48:53.500]TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING.
[00:48:54.467]THE STORY I TOLD YOU IN BARCELONA, IT'S REPLICATED ALL
[00:48:59.066]OVER EUROPE, AND PLACES THE ECONOMY IS BROKEN.
[00:49:02.867]THERE'S A YOUNG GENERATION THAT'S COMING UP, GIVING UP ON
[00:49:06.233]THEIR ELDERS.
[00:49:08.033]I TALKED TO CEOS, THEY'RE DEPRESSED
[00:49:16.166]AND DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO.
[00:49:18.433]BARCELONA HAS LEFT SPAIN AND EUROPE, NOT LIKE SEPARATISM, BUT
[00:49:26.767]IRRELEVANT.
[00:49:27.166]IT'S A FAIR CONCERN, THAT THE RESPONSE TO THE CONCERN IS THE
[00:49:32.033]LEAFINESS OF THIS.
[00:49:33.000]IT'S NOT A TECHNOLOGY THAT ANYBODY CAN OWN.
[00:49:36.100]>> ANOTHER QUESTION, WHERE CAN ONE FIND FUNDING TO OPEN OR
[00:49:40.600]START A FAB LAB IN YOUR LOCAL COMMUNITY, OR EVEN
[00:49:47.000]INTERNATIONALLY?
[00:49:48.033]>> WHAT MAKES IT HARD ISN'T FUNDING, IT'S ORGANIZATIONAL
[00:49:54.233]CAPACITY.
[00:49:56.333]THE RELATE TO SCALES, MY LAB IS $10 MILLION
[00:50:02.233]IN MACHINES, THAT HAS MICROSCOPES, AND STANDARDS,
[00:50:05.967]WITHIN THAT IS A WORK SHOP THAT HAS $1 MILLION OF MACHINES, LIKE
[00:50:12.700]CUTTERS, AND WITHIN THAT IS A
[00:50:15.834]FAB LAB, IN TURN WITH THE FAB LAB, YOU CAN MAKE SMALLER
[00:50:20.600]MACHINES, OR BUY THEM, A THOUSAND DOLLARS THAT YOU
[00:50:26.600]HAVE A MACHINE THAT DOES SOMETHING, $10,000 IS A NICE
[00:50:31.133]USEFUL MACHINE, THE SCALE OF A FAB LAB AT $100,000, IS A NICE
[00:50:38.667]SCALE THAT LETS YOU MAKE MOST THINGS, IT'S LIKE, YOU WOULDN'T
[00:50:43.000]WANT IN YOUR TOWN LIBRARY TO HAVE YOU DECIDE, DO YOU WANT
[00:50:47.233]FICTION OR HISTORY?
[00:50:48.266]THERE'S A SET OF KNOWLEDGE YOU EXPECT IN A LIBRARY, IN THE SAME
[00:50:52.767]SENSE, THE SET OF TOOLS YOU WANT IN THE FAB LAB.
[00:50:55.567]THE ISSUE WITH FUNDING THEM WE FOUND IS WE HAD A LUNCH TO DO
[00:51:00.967]WITH A LOVELY GROUP OF BUSINESS LEADERS FROM THE AREA, AND I
[00:51:07.133]THINK ANY ONE OF THE PEOPLE IN THE ROOM, COULD EASILY WRITE THE
[00:51:12.200]CHECK TO BUY THIS.
[00:51:13.900]IT'S TWO TONS OF STUFF THAT COMES FROM A GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN
[00:51:19.333]WITH COMMERCIAL AND NOT QUITE COMMERCIAL EMERGING PRODUCTS,
[00:51:23.667]AND VERY SPECIALIZED MATERIALS, AND NEW SOFTWARE, THERE'S
[00:51:29.033]LOGISTICS AND KNOWLEDGE AND THINGS LIKE THAT TO MAKE IT
[00:51:33.400]WORK.
[00:51:33.700]THE PROBLEM IS LESS THAN WHERE THE MONEY COMES FROM, WHERE DOES
[00:51:37.700]THE KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY COME FROM.
[00:51:40.333]INITIALLY I DID THAT OUT OF MY LAB, AND HIJACK GOVERNMENT
[00:51:45.867]GRANTS TO SUPPORT IT, THAT DOESN'T SCALE.
[00:51:48.533]WE SPUN OFF THE FOUNDATION TO PROVIDE THE CAPACITY, BUT IT'S A
[00:51:53.767]THIN WRAPPER AROUND THE REGIONAL PROGRAMS.
[00:51:57.000]THE BARCELONA PROGRAM SUPPORTS THE LABS IN THE CITY AND A
[00:52:02.533]NETWORK IN SPAIN AND SOUTHERN FRANCE.
[00:52:05.533]THE NEW SPACE COMING HERE, NOT BEING A CAMPUS RESOURCE, BUT TO
[00:52:10.834]ANCHOR A REGIONAL PROGRAM, SO THERE IS THE FUNDING, YOU HAVE
[00:52:14.467]THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY TO BE ABLE TO SPEND IT.
[00:52:20.333]>> DOES INTELLIGENT PROPERTY HAVE A PLACE IN THE FUTURE THAT
[00:52:25.200]YOU DESCRIBE?
[00:52:29.300]>> NO.
[00:52:32.266]BUT TO EXPLAIN, MUSIC WAS OWNED BY THE LABELS, DIGITAL RIGHTS
[00:52:44.066]MANAGEMENT, IT ANNOYED HONEST PEOPLE, AND INVENTED USUALLY BY
[00:52:48.967]DISHONEST PEOPLE.
[00:52:51.066]NOW YOU CAN BUY MUSIC WITHOUT DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT, THEY
[00:52:54.800]GAVE UP, BUT MADE IT EASY TO BUY AND SELL MUSIC.
[00:53:03.266]YOU LOOK AT THE TRACKS, THE LEAST INTERESTING, THE MOST
[00:53:08.233]INTERESTING ARE TRACKS MADE BY GROUPS MADE FOR FRIENDS AND
[00:53:12.734]THEMSELVES.
[00:53:13.867]UP TO MILLIONS, WHERE WEREN'T ECONOMICALLY VIABLE, WHERE YOU
[00:53:18.600]CAN NOW BUY AND SELL MUSIC.
[00:53:22.400]SOFTWARE WAS OWNED BY BIG COMPANIES, AND THEN COPY
[00:53:26.900]PROTECTION OF SOFTWARE THAT WAS IRRITATING, EVERYBODY GAVE UP,
[00:53:31.600]NOW YOU DON'T PROTECT IT AS A SCARCE RESOURCE, BUT IN OPEN
[00:53:35.967]FOUR HOURS SOFTWARE YOU SHARE IT, BUT YOU HAVE AUTHORSHIP, AND
[00:53:41.100]MAKE BUSINESSES OF HOW TO HAVE VALUE.
[00:53:43.467]IN ONE CASE, YOU HAVE BUSINESS BECOMES SOUNDS AND NOW IT'S AN
[00:53:47.433]APP, AND NOW A THING.
[00:53:49.266]WHEN I MAKE NEW WAYS TO MAKE JUMBO JETS, I FILE
[00:53:57.667]PATENTS, ANYTHING YOU CAN MAKE IN A FAB LAB, YOU HAVE HAVE
[00:54:03.300]A PATENT, TO ENFORCE IT, YOU NEED TO IDENTIFY INFRINGEMENT
[00:54:08.066]AND ACT ON IT.
[00:54:09.567]IF ANYBODY IN ANY FAB LAB CAN MAKE IT, IT MEANS YOU HAVE TO
[00:54:13.800]SERVE A SUMMONS ON THE PLANET, SO IT'S NOT ENFORCEABLE.
[00:54:18.200]THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU GIVE IT AWAY, IT'S WHAT WE'VE BEEN
[00:54:21.433]THROUGH WITH MUSIC AND SOFTWARE.
[00:54:24.367]YOU FREELY SHARE THE DESIGNS, BUT MAKE BUSINESS WITH HOW YOU
[00:54:29.367]ADD VALUE TO IT.
[00:54:30.300]>> DO FAB LABS CREATE FOOD?
[00:54:32.633]>> FOOD IS A GREAT QUESTION.
[00:54:39.200]THERE'S A REALLY INTERESTING MIX HAPPENING, BETWEEN HACKERS,
[00:54:43.400]MAKERS AND FOOD.
[00:54:45.133]TO GO BACK TO THE BARCELONA EXAMPLE, THE DETROIT EXAMPLE, IN
[00:54:51.433]THE DETROIT LAB, THEY'RE DOING A LOT OF WORK ON BRINGING THIS
[00:54:56.734]TECHNOLOGY INTO FOOD PRODUCTION.
[00:54:59.667]WHAT MAKES LARGE SCALE AGRIBUSINESS, IS THE PIPELINE, A
[00:55:13.767]NUMBER OF THE FAB LABS ARE TACKLING FOODS.
[00:55:16.834]THE ONE IN DETROITS IS WORKING ON HYDROPONICS, BUT NOT IN THE
[00:55:24.967]FIELDS OF NEBRASKA, IN DETROIT.
[00:55:28.000]SO A NUMBER OF LABS ARE STARTING TO LOOK AT HOW THE TECHNOLOGY
[00:55:33.967]IMPACTS FOOD PRODUCTION, WHICH SHOULDN'T BE SURPRISING, THINK
[00:55:38.166]ABOUT PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND THE IMPACT IT'S HAD, BUT NOW NOT
[00:55:42.633]DOING IT IN NEBRASKA TO FEED THE PLANET, BUT LOCALLY.
[00:55:47.834]SO LOCAL SITES DOING FOOD PRODUCTION, AND FOOD IS JUST
[00:55:51.266]BECOMING COOL.
[00:55:51.934]IT'S BECOMING A SUBJECT OF A LOT OF INTEREST AND ATTENTION IN THE
[00:55:57.400]HACKER WORLD.
[00:55:58.767]IT'S NOT A BACK TO THE PEST, OF GARDEN, IT'S
[00:56:03.800]HIGH EFFICIENCY FOOD PRODUCTION, USING THIS TECHNOLOGY.
[00:56:08.567]>> HOW WILL THE MAKER ECONOMY IMPACT HIGHER EDUCATION?
[00:56:14.467]>> SO I ALLUDED TO, IF YOU SEARCH, YOU'LL FIND A FEW YEARS
[00:56:21.600]AGO, I WROTE, ABOUT THIS POINT.
[00:56:24.800]IF YOU LOOK AT THE THINGS THAT CAME TO MIT FOR, SOME OF THEM
[00:56:29.066]ARE STILL THERE, BUT BIT BY BIT, MANY OF THE THINGS I THOUGHT I
[00:56:35.166]NEEDED MIT FOR, YOU CAN DO IN THIS DISTRIBUTED WAY.
[00:56:38.867]THE SEQUENCE IS I GOT THE MACHINES TO MAKE CENTER FOR
[00:56:43.567]ATOMS, I HAD TO TEACH STUDENTS, AND THAT LED TO THE HOW TO MAKE
[00:56:48.333]CLASS, THAT WENT CRAZY AND THAT LED TO FAB LABS.
[00:56:52.000]WE INITIALLY HAD FAB LABS SIT ON THE MIT CLASS, THAT GOT TO BIG,
[00:56:59.400]AND WE STARTED THE FAB ACADEMY.
[00:57:02.300]IT'S NOT SUCCEEDING, AND NOW THERE'S INTEREST IN USING IT TO
[00:57:06.667]TEACH OTHER CLASSES.
[00:57:08.367]SO THERE'S A PROJECT AND THE NAME WAS A JOKE INITIALLY, BUT
[00:57:12.200]IT'S STICKING CALLED THE ACADEMY OF ALMOST ANYTHING.
[00:57:15.867]WHICH IS USING THE NETWORK, AND THE SECOND CLASS THAT'S GOING TO
[00:57:20.400]START NEXT FALL IS IN BIO TECHNOLOGY.
[00:57:23.433]IT'S NOT HOW TO MAKE ANYTHING, IT'S HOW TO GROW ALMOST
[00:57:28.967]ANYTHING.
[00:57:29.333]AND WHAT WE'RE DOING IS PROBING, I HAD MY DAY JOB AT MIT, WHERE I
[00:57:36.133]USED AMAZING MACHINES WITH AMAZING PEOPLE, AND THERE'S A
[00:57:39.633]FAB ACADEMY AND FAB LAB NETWORK, AND THE NETWORK IS PUSHING THAT
[00:57:45.367]BOUNDARY TO ASK WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AT A PLACE LIKE MIT, VERSUS
[00:57:49.800]WHAT CAN BE DONE IN THIS DISTRIBUTED WAY?
[00:57:54.066]AND AN INTERESTING VISIT CHAIRMAN OF THE CORPORATION, WHO
[00:57:58.734]CAME BY TO SEE WHAT THIS WAS ABOUT.
[00:58:01.500]THERE'S A LITTLE BIT OF A DISCONNECT BETWEEN THE STUFF ON
[00:58:04.633]CAMPUS AND THE GLOBAL STUFF AND HE KIND OF SMILED, AND HIS
[00:58:10.166]COMMENT WAS, THAT'S HOW YOU CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS, CHANGING
[00:58:14.433]MIT ON CAMPUS, TAKES MANY MANY YEARS, IT'S LIKE SPEARING AN OIL
[00:58:19.033]TANKER, IT'S CHANGING THE WORLD IS EASIER, AND EVENTUALLY PLACES
[00:58:22.633]LIKE MIT CAN CATCH UP.
[00:58:26.266]THAT'S HOW ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE HAPPENS.
[00:58:30.100]I THINK THESE EDUCATIONAL NETWORKS IN STEPS YOU'LL PROBE
[00:58:35.400]OUTREACH FUND CAMPUS, FROM THE NEW EDUCATIONAL NETWORKS NIP AT
[00:58:42.600]WHAT HIGHER EDUCATION NEEDS TO DO.
[00:58:44.600]AND WE'LL END UP WITH A MORE BLENDED MODEL.
[00:58:48.500]>> DO YOU CONSIDER THE FAB LAB A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE WITH HOW IT
[00:58:53.934]PROVIDES SO MUCH TO THOSE WHO MAY HAVE SO LITTLE.
[00:58:56.867]IF SO, DID YOU HAVE THE CONCEPT IN MIND AT CREATING A SOCIAL
[00:59:03.800]ENTERPRISE WHEN YOU FORMED THE IDEA OF THE FAB LAB?
[00:59:08.033]>> YES, AND NO.
[00:59:11.600]THE NO IS, REMEMBER, FAB LAB STARTED FOR ONE PURPOSE, I
[00:59:16.900]NEEDED TO SHUT NSF UP.
[00:59:20.200]THEY MADE ME DO OUTREACH, I DIDN'T WANT TO DO THAT, I WAS
[00:59:25.233]GOING TO SET UP THIS LAB IN A PHOTO CENTER, AND THE REST WAS
[00:59:32.767]AN ACCIDENT.
[00:59:33.533]CERTAINLY WASN'T MY VISION, BUT THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT THIS --
[00:59:38.367]SO ALL LABS THAT FABRICATE AREN'T FAB LABS.
[00:59:42.500]THE IDEA OF THIS NETWORK, IS IT REALLY WORKS AS A NETWORK, IT'S
[00:59:48.600]A COMMON SET OF INVOLVING CAPABILITIES SHARED AROUND THE
[00:59:55.033]WORLD, WITH GLOBAL LINKING THEM, AND OVER AND OVER, THE QUESTION
[01:00:00.300]OF ANY SITE USING THE CRITICAL MASS.
[01:00:04.000]THE POWER COMES FROM THE NETWORK.
[01:00:06.300]THERE'S NO DOUBT, THIS IS A STORY OF PEOPLE.
[01:00:10.333]IT'S NOT THE MACHINES, IT'S THE PEOPLE.
[01:00:14.033]AT HEART, WHAT IT'S ABOUT IS THE SERIES IS ABOUT INNOVATION,
[01:00:19.967]THERE'S DISCUSSION OF INVEIGH, INNOVATION IS A WORD I CRINGE
[01:00:25.300]WHEN I HEAR.
[01:00:26.867]BECAUSE INNOVATIVE PEOPLE ARE REALLY STRANGE GENERALLY.
[01:00:33.133]THEY DON'T FOLLOW RULES AND DON'T BEHAVE WELL, THEY'RE ODD.
[01:00:37.367]I THINK THAT MIT CORE'S COMPETENCE IN A STRANGE
[01:00:45.100]PLACE FOR THE STRANGE PEOPLE.
[01:00:47.967]THINGS THAT ARE CALLED INNOVATION ARE SHINEY STRUCTURED
[01:00:55.367]FACILITIES THAT'S HOSTILE TO PEOPLE DOING STRANGE THINGS.
[01:01:01.367]MIT SPUN OFF BUSINESSES ARE WORTH TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS, AND
[01:01:06.000]VERY LITTLE OF THAT WAS DESIGNED TO MAKE MONEY.
[01:01:09.467]IT WAS QUIRKY PEOPLE, DRIVEN BY VISIONS FOR THINGS THEY WANTED
[01:01:14.834]TO ACCOMPLISH.
[01:01:15.667]AND SO AT HEART, WHAT MAKES THIS WHOLE STORY WORK IS, THESE FAB
[01:01:22.333]LABS, THE MAKER SPACES, ARE SAFE PLACES FOR STRANGE PEOPLE,
[01:01:28.133]INVENTIVE PEOPLE FIT.
[01:01:28.934]AND AROUND THAT, THERE'S A CONTEXT OF HOW DO YOU PAY FOR IT
[01:01:33.333]AND TRAIN THEM AND HOW DO YOU DO IT SAFELY, AND CREATE CAREER
[01:01:39.133]PATHS.
[01:01:39.467]IT'S REALLY THE TECHNICAL ENGINEERING THAT I THOUGHT WAS
[01:01:42.967]THE PROJECT, THAT'S THE EASY PART, THE HARD PART IS THE
[01:01:47.433]SOCIAL ENGINEERING.
[01:01:48.033]IN MANY WAYS, THIS IS A SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT, HIDING
[01:01:55.066]BEHIND THE TECHNOLOGY.
[01:01:55.667]>> IF FAB LABS CAN MAKE ANYTHING FROM SHEET MATERIALS, WILL
[01:02:01.266]ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS BE THE ONLY FIELD WITH JOBS?
[01:02:07.700]>> ONLY FIELDS WITH JOBS?
[01:02:10.633]>> YEAH.
[01:02:12.934]>> YEAH, WELL YES AND NO.
[01:02:16.100]IT'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION, BUT AGAIN, IF YOU LOOK AT
[01:02:24.367]SOFTWARE, AND LOOK AT MUSIC, AND LOOK AT VIDEO.
[01:02:27.867]SO IN EACH OF THE AREAS, NEWSPAPERS.
[01:02:35.834]NEWSPAPERS GIVE NEWS.
[01:04:12.767]>> IT'S THE SPIRIT OF THE QUESTION, BUT NOW EXTENDING THE
[01:04:17.433]PHYSICAL BOUNDARY.
[01:04:18.166]>> ONE LAST QUESTION, HAS PRODUCT DESIGN FUNDAMENTALLY
[01:04:23.567]IMPROVED BY THE EXPANDED NUMBER OF PEOPLE, WORKING IN THESE
[01:04:28.000]LABS.
[01:04:28.300]>> SURE, I DID A KEYNOTE FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PRODUCT
[01:04:33.367]DESIGN ASSOCIATION.
[01:04:35.000]IDSA, AND I YELLED AT THEM, BECAUSE IF YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING
[01:04:39.900]LIKE THE HOW TO MAKE CLASS, IT INCLUDES 2 D DESIGNS, 3-D
[01:04:47.000]DESIGNS, CIRCUITS, AND THAT'S NOT TEAMS, IT'S AN INDIVIDUAL
[01:04:52.800]MASTERING ALL OF THAT.
[01:04:58.867]INCREASINGLY DESIGN MEANS, EXPRESSION ON THIS MEANS, IT'S
[01:05:01.333]NOT SEGREGATED, WHERE ONE PERSON WRITES
[01:05:09.100]CODE OR JUST MAKES THE -- YOU'RE NO LONGER CONSIDERED DESIGN TO
[01:05:15.000]BE THE SEGREGATED TASK.
[01:05:17.767]AFTERWARDS, WE HAD A DISCUSSION WITH ME, AND THE DESIGNERS ARE
[01:05:22.200]LITERALLY IN TEARS, SAYING ALL MY LIFE I WANTED TO DO THAT AND
[01:05:30.700]THEY WILLN'T LET ME.
[01:05:31.967]THE BARCELONA LAB START THE ARTISTS, AND DESIGNER, FELT THE
[01:05:36.800]ENGINEERS WEREN'T GETTING IT RIGHT, WHAT IT'S LEADING TO IS A
[01:05:41.800]MUCH DEEPER INTEGRATION OF DESIGN, IT'S DONE BY AN
[01:05:45.734]INDIVIDUAL NOT BY A BIG CORPORATE TEAM.
[01:05:48.934]BEGINNING OF THE STORY THAT END
[01:05:53.500]WITH ME NOW, IN HIGH SCHOOL, I WANT TO GO TO VOCATIONAL SCHOOL,
[01:05:59.200]YOU COULD WELL AND FIX CARS, AND THAT WAS COOL, AND I WAS TO NO,
[01:06:03.867]YOU'RE SMART, YOU HAVE TO SIT IN A ROOM.
[01:06:07.100]I WORK AT THE LAB AND AT UNION GRIEVANCES, AND THEY SAID, NO,
[01:06:15.600]YOU'RE SMART, IT WAS ONLY I COULD DO THE MACHINES MYSELF,
[01:06:21.900]THIS IS A MISTAKE IN THE RENAISSANCE.
[01:06:25.934]THIS WAS LIBERAL, THIS IS HUMANISM,
[01:06:31.667]YOU'RE TRANSFORMED, AND THAT WAS THE MOMENT WHEN THE ILL LIBERAL
[01:06:38.100]ARTS WERE PARADE, SEPARATE, AND THE ARTISANS DO
[01:06:45.100]THE ART FOR THE GAIN, AND ARTISTS DO THE LIBERAL ARTS FOR
[01:06:50.900]LIBERTY.
[01:06:51.266]THE REASON THE PRODUCT DESIGN IS SO BAD, THE MEANS OF
[01:06:57.734]EXPRESSION HAS CHANGED SINCE THE RENAISSANCE.
[01:07:06.100]THEIR MEAN OF EXPRESSION, YOU CAN VIEW THE STORY AS ULTIMATELY
[01:07:11.000]FIXING THIS MISTAKE IN THE RENAISSANCE WE'VE BEEN LIVING
[01:07:14.200]WITH, THE SEG DIVISION OF ART FROM ARTISANS AND BRINGING THEM
[01:07:20.333]BACK TOGETHER AGAIN.
[01:07:21.934]THANK YOU.
[01:07:22.300][APPLAUSE] >> DOWN IN
[01:07:36.433]THE LOBBY, YOU'LL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO OBTAIN BOOK THAT
[01:07:40.600]NEIL GERSHENFELD WILL SIGN FOR YOU.
[01:07:44.834]WE'LL LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU AT THE NEXT THOMPSON FORUM, WITH
[01:07:50.600]THE DEBATE TEAM, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

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"How To Make (almost) Anything" - Neil Gershenfeld

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